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Over the Range to the
Golden Gate

A Complete Tourist's Guide

Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California,

Oregon, Puget Sound, and the Great

Northwest

By Stanley Wood
Revised to 15104 by C. E. Hooper

Chicago
R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Publishers

1906

By S. K. HOOPER

1894

REVISED EDITION COPYRIGHT

By S. K. HOOFER
1904

iTtir Uahmtir ^jrrss

R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY, PRINTERS
CHICAGO

! )

PREFACE.

T is no light undertaking to prepare a guide-book which shall ade-
quately describe the places of interest on the great trunk lines
between Denver on the hither side of the Rocky Mountains, San

Diego at the southern extremity of California, and Portland, Seattle,
ij and Tacoma, the three commercial entrepots of the Great North-
west. Yet such is the undertaking purposed. In a work of this
character fact must ever stand paramount to fancy, and lucidity of expression
take' the precedence. No attempt will be made at "fine writing"; every effort
will be made to state just such facts as the traveler would like to know, and to state
these facts in clear and explicit language.

The country traversed is most interesting, abounding in scenes of the greatest
variety, from the broad and billowy expanse of the boundless prairie to the rugged
grandeur of the American Alps, from the picturesque quaintness of New Mexico
and the nomadic wildness of the Indian reservations to the polished civilization of
metropolitan cities. There is no journey which can be taken on the continent of
North America that presents so much of interest to the tourist, and which can be
taken with such a comparatively moderate outlay of lime and money, as the one
described in the following pages. New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, California,
Oregon, Washington Territory! What a field for investigation, investment or
pleasure! These are the lands of gold, of silver, of coal, of agriculture, of all
fruits known to the temperate and sub-tropical zones. These are the lands of
new endeavors, of fresh impulses, and for these reasons are of special interest
to tourists, business men, and seekers after health and pleasure. Aside from the
interesting character of the subject discussed, there is also a special value in the
work now presented to the reader, inasmuch as great care has been taken to gather
information that shall be found statistically accurate. In a work of this character
it is difficult to combine accurate information with matters of general interest in
such a way that neither shall have an undue prominence. The writer has endeav-
ored to attain this desirable medium. One thing is certain, nothing in this book is
venal in its character. The opinions here expressed are those of the writer; the
descriptions of scenes given here are reproductions of the feelings inspired by those
scenes. There has been no bias in any direction. On the contrary, every effort
has been made to write judicially, and at the same time, retain the enthusiasm
which the traveler naturally feels in beholding new sights and scenes.

As an aid to the traveler abundant illustrations have been prepared, which
will give the purchaser of this book an idea of what he may expect to see; and which,
after he has beheld these places, will serve as a reminder of those pleasant scenes
which by their assistance can never fade from his memory.

It has been the endeavor of the writer to meet as nearly as possible the wants of
all classes of travelers. Information of value to the tourist for pleasure, the health
seeker, the sportsman, and the man of business, will be found in the pages of this
book. Nothing has been written in the interests of any clique or class. The

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PREFACE. 7

truth, and nothing but the truth, has been told. If there are errors they arc such
as must necessarily occur in the compilation of a work covering such a vast extent
of territory. Accuracy has been aimed at, and as a whole, the writer can vouch
for the accuracy of what will be found herein. The hook is one written in the field
and not in the study. Facts are not taken at second hand. The author writes
of what he saw with his own eyes, and not what he read. The statistics have been
gathered from authentic sources, and have been condensed into the most compact
and convenient form. Hoping the book may \ rove a useful companion to the
traveler, it is submitted without further comment to the public.

dWWKH"S * *

FROM THE MISSOURI RIVER TO DENVER.

HE Missouri River lias come to be regarded, in a general way,
as the boundary line between the East and the West, although,

in truth, the: terms cast and west are extremely elastic in their appli-
cation. However, for the purposes of this book we will consider
that all on the sundown side of the Missouri River is West, and
that the traveler has reached one of the three great entrepots to
this vast country and finds himself in Omaha, St. Joseph, or Kansas City. Erom
either of these thriving cities the journey to Denver can be taken by way of first-
class transportation lines provided with all the modern conveniences and luxuries.

From Omaha one has choice of the Burlington Route, the Rock Island, and
the Union Pacific, and from Kansas City one can travel by any of the above lines
with an additional choice between the Missouri Pacific, or the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe railroads. With Chicago or St. Louis as the initial point one can go
direct by any of the trunk lines to the Missouri River and continue his journey to
Denverover his choice among the routes mentioned above.

The trip across the great plains from the Missouri River to Denver is full of
interest and variety to one who beholds this vast expanse for the fust time.
Nothing can give such a vivid impression of the greatness of our country, and the
adventurous character of our people, as the sight of these boundless prairies and the
habitations of the hardy pioneers who are rapidly turning the buffalo sod and
exposing the rich black soil to the fertilizing action of the sun and air, and
substituting for nature's scant forage, abundant harvests of corn and wheat.
The railroads, for a distance of three or four hundred miles to the west
of the Missouri River, pass through thriving cities, to which a com-
paratively thickly settled agricultural country is tributary. Then the
newer territory is reached, the towns are of less frequent occurrence and
smaller in size, the plains appear more nearly in their native stale, only dotted
here and there with the claim cabins of the settlers. As the traveler looks
out of the car window across the billowy expanse, he sees herds of cattle and
sheep, grazing on the rich bunches of buffalo-grass, and occasionally lie will catch
a glimpse of the flying form of an antelope disappearing over the brow of a distant
rise of land. Not uninteresting are the prairie dog villages with their pretcrnaturally
grave inhabitants sitting on their haunches like diminutive kangaroos, and the
writer has seen a whole carload of people filled with the most pleasureable excite-
ment over the efforts of a jack-rabbit to outspeed the iron horse. With these and
many other novel and interesting sights the time is whiled away until some traveler,
more experienced, or more sharp of sight, suddenly cries out, "The Mountains!"
There is a rush to his side of the car and everybody gazes earnestly, and amidst
eager explanations and doubting comments the blue of the sky is at last disintegrated
from the blue of the mountains, and the most skeptical at length acknowledges
that the stain of ultramarine, with its undulating sweep against the western horizon
is really the distance-enchanted range of the Rocky Mountains. Soon patches of

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. "

fleecy white appear, and with a sigh of disappointment the traveler dei ides that the
clouds are dropping down and will soon shut out the view of those "sentinels of
enchanted land," but gazing more intently, it dawns upon the mind at last that
those glimmering expanses are not veils of cloud, but are in fail mountain fields
of everlasting snow! The Snowy Range has at last declared itself, and from this
moment until the transcontinental journey shall have been accomplished, the
traveler will have the immediate memory or the intimate presence of the mountains
with him continually.

The view of the Rocky Mountains which the traveler gains on approaching
Denver from the east is one of unsurpassed beauty, and that this statement may
not rest on the dictum of this book, let us take the testimony of the greatest traveler,
and the most graceful descriptive writer America has yet produced. Bayard
Taylor says: "I know no external picture of the Alps that can be placed beside it.
If you take away the valley of the Rhone, and unite the Alps of Savoy with the
Bernese Overland, you might obtain a tolerable idea of this view of the Roi kv
Mountains. Pike's Peak would then represent the Jungfrau, a nameless snowv
giant in front of you, Monta Rosa and Long's Peak, Mount Blanc. The altitudes
very nearly correspond, and there is a certain similarity in forms. The average

height of the Rocky Mountains, however, surpasses that of the Alps

From this point there appears to be three tolerably distinct ranges. The first rises
from two to three thousand feet above the level of the plains, is cloven asunder by
the canons of the streams, streaked with the dark lines of the pine, which feather its
summits and with sunny, steep slopes of pasture. Some distance behind it appears
a second range, of nearly double the height, more irregular in its masses, and of a
dark velvety violet hue. Beyond, leaning against the sky, are the snowy peaks, all
of which are from thirteen to (nearly) fifteen thousand feet above the sea. These
three chains, with their varying but never discordant undulations, are as inspiring
to the imagination as they are enchanting to the eye. They hint of concealed
grandeurs in all the glens and parks among them, and yet hold you back with a
doubt whether they can be more beautiful near at hand than when beheld at this
distance."

The doubt so gravely expressed in the last sentence of our quotation, the trav-
eler, when he shall have taken the transcontinental tour, will be fully able to
resolve for himself. He will have beheld a bewildering variety of beauty, and in
the quiet evenings at home, he will find material for the most exquisite enjoyment
of pleasing reminiscence and reverie.

With such an approach, Denver must needs be something more than ordinary
not to strike the traveler as a discord in the grand harmony of the scene. It is a
fact, and it is a pleasure for the writer to record it, that Denver is never a disap-
pointment. What its peculiar charms may be, and how it appears to the stranger
within its gates, will be described in the succeeding chapter.

VIEW OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, DENVER

CTY HALL. P08TOFFICE AND CUSTOM HOUSE.

COURT HOUSE, CITY AND COUNT* ~ c DENVER. 8TATE CAPITOL BUILDING.

OLD MINT.

FROM DENVER TO PUEBLO.

DENVER,

Capital of Colorado.

Population, 170,000.
Elevation, 5,198 feet.

There are only a few cities in the world that
please at first sight. Denver is one of this favored
few. The liking one gets for Boston, Philadelphia
or London is an acquired taste, but one falls in love
at once with Paris, Denver, or San Francisco. It
docs not follow that because the cities mentioned
are immediately pleasing, they must of necessity
resemble each other, any more than that a peach,
an apple, or an orange should have a similar flavor.
We like the fruit and we like the cities without having to learn to like them, but not
for the same reasons. One feels a sense of exhilaration in the atmosphere of Den-
ver. The grand view of the Snowy Range of mountains to the north and west,
and the broad expanse of horizon-bounded plains to the east and south exalt the
spirits, the bland but bracing breezes cool the fevered pulse, and the abundant
oxygen of the air thrills one like a draught of effervescing champagne. A beau-
tiful city, beautifully situated, is Denver, with broad, tree-shaded streets, with
public buildings of massive proportions and attractive architecture, with residences
erected in accordance with the canons of good taste, with innumerable lawns of
shaven grass, ornamented with shrubs and flowers, with charming suburbs and an
outlying country, studded with fertile farms and flowering or fruiting orchards,
peace is within her duellings and plenty within her palaces. Denver has now nine-
teen railroads, an extensive street railway system operating one hundred and sixty
miles of electric railroad, reaching all the various portions of the city. Strangers
will find that the most convenient and satisfactory manner of viewing the city is
from the windows of the street cars, and to this end is operated a "Seeing Denver"
car, which makes a tour, twice daily, of almost the entire city. The town is lighted
by gas and electricity, its principal streets arc paved with asphaltum, has paid fire
and police departments, and obtains its water from mountain sources by means of
Holly works, and from over 600 artesian wells, varying in depth from 350 to 1,600
feet. The public buildings, exclusive of churches and schools, cost $4,771,000.
The real estate belonging to the city is worth $3,439,207, the bonded debt is
$1,422,800, and the assessed valuation of Denver is nearly $110,000,000. The
commerce of Denver is now annually not less than one hundred and fifty millions ot
dollars. Denver is situated at the junction of Cherry Creek and the Platte River,
and is the capital of the State, and the seat of the "City and County of Denver."
All the railroads which enter Denver land their passengers at the Union Depot, a
massive and handsome edifice of native stone; originally built in 1SS0, and destroyed
by fire in the spring of 1894, now re-erected, more beautiful and complete than before.
Opposite the main entrance of the Union Depot, on Seventeenth Street, and at the
south end of the building, on Sixteenth Street, electric car lines diverge to all parts
of the city, passing the principal hotels and all points of interest. On the town-
ward side of the Union Depot are the carriage stands, and if arrangements for

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

l 5

transportation have not already been made on the train, with the carriage company's
agent, before reaching the city, a carriage can be engaged here. Prices are regu-
lated by ordinance, and extortion prohibited by law. There are many objects of
interest to see in Denver: The smelters, the public buildings, the Tabor Grand
Opera House, the Broadway Theater, Brown Palace Hotel — probably the finest in
the United States — magnificent business blocks, beautiful parks, the beau-
tiful private residences, the homes of mining princes and cattle barons, the lovely
suburbs, and Fort Logan, the United States Military Post. The hotel accom-

COURT HOUSE, CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER.

modations of Denver are probably the most complete of any city of its population
in the country. There are ten first-class hotels, provided with all modern improve-
ments, to say nothing of some sixty odd less pretentious ones. A day, or better two
days, can be profitably spent in D^ ver, and then, refreshed and rested from the
long ride across the plains from the Missouri River or beyond, the tourist is ready to
resume his transcontinental journey. If he wishes to behold the wonders of
nature, and to get a familiar acquaintance- with the grandeur of the mountains, he
will take the Denver & Rio Grande Railroai", which by universal acclaim has been
designated "The Scenic Line of the World."

Seated in a comfortable car, whose large windows give an excellent outlook
on the scenery, the traveler is ready and anxious to be off. The busy Union Depot

OVER THE RANGE

may amuse him for a moment, but anticipation of the wonders in store makes him
impatient of delay. Soon the conductor gives the signal to the engineer, the inev-
itable late passenger is seen chasing the rear end of the Pullman out of the depot, and
whether he catches it or not, one thing is assured, the journey to the Pacific coast
has begun, and from this time on the eye and mind will both find plenty to
do in noting and recording Nature's most marvelous works. The first stop is
made at

I tn I'll h;i III. The station for the suburb of West Denver and the site of the
great shops of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The buildings of the machine
shops cover an area of five acres, and were erected at a cost of $300,000. (Distance
from Denver, 2 miles.)

Overland Park is a pleasant suburb to the southwest of Denver, and is

COLORADO STATE CAPITOL, DENVER.

supplied with one of the best race courses in the West. It is a fashionable resort,
and connected with Denver by the suburban train service of the Denver & Rio
Grande Railroad.

Petersburg' is a small town surrounded by farms, market gardens, and
plats laid out as additions to Denver. (Distance from Denver, 8 miles.) To
the west of Petersburg, 2 \ miles distant, lies Fort Logan, the United States Mili-
tary Post.

Fort Logan. A regimental post of United States troops has been here
established, and has become the center of great interest. The quarters are ele-
gant and substantial, consisting of handsome brick edifices. The parade ground
is ample in proportions, and no expense has been spared to make this Post a model
of its kind. The military band gives frequent concerts, and the citizens of Denver
take great interest in and make frequent excursions to the Post. The Denver &
Rio Grande Railroad has established a very complete suburban train service
for the accommodation of the Post and the general public, which is very largely
patronized.

Littleton is prettily situated on the east bank of the Platte River, is the

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 7

center of a good agricultural country, and is destined to be the location of the
suburban residences of many (if Denver's best citizens. Already an adequate
suburban train service has been inaugurated for the convenience of persons having
country homes at this delightful spot. (Population, 1,200. Distance from Den-
ver, 10 miles. Elevation, 5,372 feet.)

Wollllirst. Four miles beyond Littleton, the home of former United States
Senator Wolcott.

Aceqilia. A small station for the accommodation of ranchmen. TT.-re the
High Line Canal, one of those great irrigating ditches characteristic of Colorado,
crosses the track and takes its winding way to the northeast over the rolling plains,
having under its fertilizing power at least a hundred thousand acres of otherwise-
arid land. (Population nominal. Distance from Denver, 17 miles. Elevation,
5,530 feet.)

Setlalia. A little village. Home market and post-office for cattle-growers
and ranchmen. (Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 25 miles. Elevation,
5335 ^et.)

Castle Rock. The town takes its name from a peculiar upthrust of rock
on the summit of a conical hill, resembling, in the distance, an old martelle tower,
and nearer by an irregular pentagonal structure. Under the shadow of this hill
and surmounting tower lies the town, which is a pretty village and the count}- seat
of Douglas County. Fine quarries of red sandstone are worked here, and pastoral
industries contribute to the prosperity of the town. (Population, 500. Distance
from Denver, 33 miles. Elevation, 6,219 feet.)

Doilg"laS. A station near which are stone quarries and grazing lands. (Popu-
lation nominal. Distance from Denver, 35 miles. Elevation, 6,325 feet.)

Between Douglas and Palmer Lake are the small stations of Glade, Larkspur,
and Greeland.

Perry Park is reached by stage from Larkspur station. This park abounds
in curious formations of red sandstone; is watered by sparkling brooks and is one
of the most popular resorts near Dei ver.

As the train rolls into the station the traveler

PALMER LAKE.

Health and Pleasure

Resort.

Population, 250.

Distance from Denver,

52 miles.

Elevation, 7,237 feet.

Eating Station.

sees to his left a beautiful little lake cradled in
the hills. Along the shore has been placed a hand-
some cut stone embankment, and a neat and taste-
ful boat-house has been erected and well storked
with boats. The lake is a natural body of water,
though the fact that a fountain plays in its center,
casting a jet of water to the height of 80 feet, leads
many to suppose that it is entirely artificial. Palmer
Lake in addition to being a place of great beauty, is a natural curiosity, poised
as it is, exactly on tin- summit of the "divide,"' a spur of the outlying range of the
Rockies extending eastward into the great plains and from the crest of this
summit the waters divide flowing northward into the Platte, which empties into the
Missouri, and southward into the Arkansas as it wends its way to the Mississippi.
Red-roofed picturesque cottages nestle here and there among the hills, gayly painted
boats float gracefully upon the bright blue waters, and on either hand rugged peaks,
pine clad and broken by castellated rocks, rise into a sky whose cerulean hue is
reflected in the placid waters of the lake. Excellent hotel and livery establishments
furnish good accommodations for sojourners.

TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 1 9

Glen Park, an assembly ground modeled after the famous Chautauqua, and
destined to become equally as popular in the West as its prototype in th<
is only half a mile beyond Palmer Lake. Obje< tsof natural interest are abundant
and the walks and drives to Glen D'eau, Bellview Point, ben Lomond, the An lied
Rocks and the canons and glens adjacent afford material for enjoyment in the
seeing and for many pleasant memories. One hundred and fifty acres are com-
prised in the town site. The park is at the foot of the Rocky Mountain Range,
and is sheltered at the rear by a towering cliff 2,000 feet high, and on the two sides
by small spurs of the range. A noble growth of large pines is scattered over the
Park. A skillful landscape engineer has taken advantage of every natural beauty
and studied the best topographical effect, in laying out the streets, parks, reservoirs,
drives, walks, trails, and lookout points. It is a spot that must be seen to be appre-
c iated, and every visitor, whose opinion has been learned, has come away captivated.
There are building sites for all tastes. Some have a grand lookout, taking in a
sweep of the valley for a distance of 50 miles, with the fountain in Palmer Lake
and the beautiful lake itself in view. Elephant Rock, Table Mountain, the town
of Monument, the railroad trains from both ways f or over an hour before reaching
the station can be seen. Others have pretty vistas, partlv hidden by the pine
branches, promises, so to speak of grand views, but not so ambitious as the first.
Still others are sylvan nooks where the shades are deepest and the murmur of the
cool waters of the babbling brooks makes music forever.

Monument. The five miles ride from Palmer Lake to Monument is interest-
ing. On the left are giant upthrusts of brilliant red rocks castellated in shape and
reaching an altitude of two and three hundred feet. The town takes its name from
the creek which flows near, and the creek is so designated from the curious monu-
mental forms of rock alonr its course. To the right is the Front Range of the
Rockies, which the road parallels from Denver to Pueblo, and near the center of this
stretch of one hundred and twenty miles, stands Pike's Peak. Agriculture and
pastoral industries are tributary to Monument. (Population, 500. Distance from
Denver, 56 miles. Elevation, 6,974 feet.)

Two miles beyond is Borst, and four miles further Husted, both men' side
tracks for convenient shipping of cattle and produce.

Monument Park is reached by private conveyance from Edgerton Station —
distance from Denver, 67 miles. This valley is quite remarkable for the very
fantastic forms into which the action of air and water, through long reaches of time,
have worn the sandstone rocks, forming grotesque groups of figures that very
generally keep their broad brimmed sombreros, formed of iron stained cap-rock.
Visitors to Monument Park obtain a line view of Pike's Peak and Cheyenne Moun-
tain Range. A hotel in the Park is open at all
times for the accommodation of guests, and can
furnish saddlehorses and carriages on premises.
The grotesque group of figures into which the
cream-colored sandstone rocks have been worn,
some of them resembling human forms, have been
given quaint, descriptive titles, viz.: Dutch Wedding,
Quaker Meeting, I. one Sentinel, Dutch Parliament,
Vulcan's Anvil, and Workshop, Romeo and Juliet,
Necropolis or Silent City, The Duchess, Mother
Judy, and Colonnade; all of these and many others too numerous to mention are
within easy walking distance to "The Pines." The Park is a favorite resort and

Colorado Springs.

Residence City and
Health Resort.

Population, 25,000.

Distance from Denver
75 Miles.

Elevation, 5,992 feet.

TO THE GOLDEX GA TE.

has comfortable accommodations for guests. (Population, nominal. Distance
from Denver, 67 miles. Elevation, 6,354 feet.)

Many of the most influential business men of Colorado have their residence
in Colorado Springs. No more delightful home city can be found than this.
Mansions and cottages of the highest architectural beauty abound, and the society
is composed of cultivated and wealthy people.

The town was originally laid out as a health resort, and while it still maintains its
superiority in this respect, has grown beyond that single characteristic, and is now a
thriving commercial place, in addition to being
a favorite residence city. The town is sheltered
on the west by the range of mountains with
Pike's Peak in the center, on the east by blufTs,
on the north by the spur of the mountains called
the "Divide, " and on the southwest by Chey-
enne Mountain. The streets arc unusually
wide, one hundred feet, and the avenues are
160 feet broad. Trees line both sides of the
streets, and on Nevada Avenue, the central
street of the city, there are six rows of trees,
two on each side and two down the center.
Water for irrigation is brought into the town
by means of a winding canal, and cold, clear
water, for domestic uses, is conducted from
mountain sources in iron pipes. The pres-
sure is such that no fire engines are necessarv,
the water being forced from hydrants to the
tops of the tallest buildings. Monument
Creek flows west of the town, and the Fon-
taine qui Bouille to the south, where the two
streams form a junction. The scenery
around Colorado Springs Is of a very inter-
esting and attractive character. The hotels
of Colorado Springs arc noted for their excel-
lence; special attention being paid to the
entertainment of tourists. There arc am-
ple accommodations and of different grades to suit all tastes and pockets. The
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad has a very handsome stone depot, erected in
accordance with good taste and correct architecture. The plains to the cast and
the mountains to the west give unlimited variety. Cheyenne Canon, Austin's
Bluffs, Crystal Park, Broadmoor, Cameron's Cone Monument Park, and Manitou,
with its environs, are all within the radius of nine miles, and accessible by trolley lines.

Cheyeillie Mountain. It is impossible to contemplate the grandeur of
Cheyenne's bold outlines and great massiveness, and to become in the least familiar
with its ever- varying play of light and shadow, without acknowledging the striking
beauty of this noble mountain. From Colorado Springs, a superb view of its front
is seen. Looking at the mountain it will be observed that at almost the nearest
point, in reality four miles distant, the base of the mountain is deeply deft by two
yawning chasms, the outer rocks of which present sharp, jagged points. These
clefts are, respectively, the North and South Cheyenne Canons. They certainly
should be visited by every traveler who has an eye for the beautiful. On the eastern

RAINBOW FALLS-

TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 23

side of Cheyenne Mountain, and accessible from South Cheyenne Canon, is the
grave of the well-known author and poet, "II. II." The direct road from Manitou
takes the tourist a distance of eight miles, turns off to the southward from tin- road
to Colorado Springs, on the top of the hill half a mile from the town; they 1 an also
be reached by making a detour of one and a half miles through Colorado Springs,
and following the continuation of Nevada avenue to the southward. Either road is
pleasant, and the drive or ride is one replete with interest, and abounding in
attractive scenery. An electric car line connects Colorado Springs with the foot of
the mountain and the canons.

Broadmoor. Nestling under the shadow of Cheyenne Mountain lies the
famous Broadmoor resort. Connected with Colorado Springs and Manitou by an
electric railway, and therefore easy of access from cither of these places, this beau-
tiful spot, with its fine casino, lake, drives, etc., is one of the many attractions sur-
rounding the Western Spa.

Colorado City. This town, once the seat of the State capital, is two
miles west of Colorado Springs, on the Manitou branch of the Denver & Rio
Grande Railroad. Located in this thriving little town are extensive railroad repair
shops, three large cyanide ore reduction works for handling the output of the
famed Cripple Creek mines, making it one of the principal cities of the State.
(Population, 3,500. Distance from Denver, 77 miles. Elevation, 6,110 feet.)

The one resort of all the West is certainly
Manitou. The attractions of this watering place
have secured for it fame, and fame secures for it
largely increasing patronage each year. No resort
has had a more rapid growth than this, and none
has more truly deserved its prosperity. There are
more places of extraordinary interest to visit in the
vicinity of Manitou than can be found contiguous to
any other resort in the world. It is situated six
miles from Colorado Springs, immediately at the
foot of Pike's Peak. Here are the famous effervescent soda and iron springs which
in an early day gave the name of "Springs" to the town of Colorado Springs.
A branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad unites the two plat es, over which
trains run daily with sufficient frequency to accommodate the most exacting.
A trolley line also connects the three towns of Colorado Springs, Colorado City, and
Manitou. There are a thousand ways in which to enjoy one's self in Manitou. A
favorite pleasure is that of riding. The saddle horses are excellent. Comfortable
saddles for ladies, and well-trained horses are furnished by all the livery stables at
reasonable prices. A burro (donkey) brigade is a feature for the special benefit of the
children, a careful guide taking the little ones for a ride every morning. Carriage
riding and excursions on foot are excellent meansof diversion. Following is a partial
list of places of interest near Manitou, with the distan< e in miles from town attai hed :

Manitou Grand Caverns 2

Cave of the Winds x

Ute Pass and Rainbow Falls 1 ',

Red Canon 1

C rystal Park 3

MANITOU.

Watering Place,

Mineral Springs and

Health Resort.

Population, 2,000.

Distance from Denver,
80 miles.

Elevation, 6,3i8 feet.

Garden of the Gods

G len Eyrie r

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

2 5

Summit of Pikes, by rail n

Summit of Pikes, by trail i?

Seven Lakes, by horse trail o

Seven Lakes, by carriage road 25

North Cheyenne Canon gl

South Cheyenne Canon o

Broadmoor Casino, by electric railway 7

In addition to these well-known localities there are scores of canons, caves,
.water-falls, and charming nooks which the sojourner for health or pleasure can seek
out for himself. The village is thronged with visitors throughout the sum-
mer months; it is some-
what cooler and less dry
than Colorado Springs in
the summer, and warmer
in winter. The springs all
contain more or less soda,
and some iron. They are
peculiarly adapted for the
dyspepsia of the consump-
tive, and the Ute Iron
Spring is especially remark-
able for its blood-making
qualities. For the pleasure
seeker and the invalid,
Manitou is one of the most
satisfactory resorts in the
State. During the season
the hotels are filled with
guests from all parts of
the Union. Society is
represented by many of its
best people, the evenings
are made merry with hops
and social gatherings, and
the days delightful with
drives and rides and walks
among the myriads of at-
tractions this place affords.

T h e C ripple
Creek Short Line.
From Colorado Springs to
Cripple Creek and Victor
runs the recently con-
structed Colorado Springs
& Cripple Creek District
Railway, primarily built into
the marvelously rich min-
ing region of Cripple Creek
as a means of hauling out T HE SEVEN FALLS, CHEYENNE CANON.

TO THE GOLDEN GA TE 27

its gold and silver ores, but more noted perhaps on account of its most astoundinglv
beautiful scenery. The ride of 45 miles from Colorado Springs to Cripple (reck
District is one continuous panorama of nature's most gorgeous mountain and
canon scenery, condensing, as it were, the glories of the world within the compass
of a two and a half hours' trip. It starts where the beauty begins, it chooses tin-
most lovely spots as its pathway, and seems to lead us to a very high mountain
apart, whence we may behold the glories of the world.

TheGreat Gold Camp of Cripple Creek, Statistics are usually drv

reading, but the record of this wonderful district is so remarkable that a few figures
will prove interesting. But twelve years ago gold was first discovered here in pay-
ing quantities. In that brief period it has Income one of the greatest gold pro-
ducing regions in the world, and in rapid development and in the richness of its
ores, nothing like it has ever been known before. In twelve years the cattle ranges
have been transformed into a populous district with 60,000 people.

The production to date approximates $136,000,000 in value. In 1002 it was
$22,000,000. The dividends paid to date amount to over $26,000,000, nearly
$3,000,000 having been paid in 1^02.

Before Colorado had acquired a name. Pike's
Peak was the landmark of the Indian, the trapper,
and the explorer. In later times it was the beacon
by which the adventurous gold-hunters steered their
prairie schooners into the wonderful and mysterious
West; now it has become the goal of those in search
of the grand and beautiful in Nature, the enjoy-
ments of an attractive summer resort, or the resto
ration of impaired health. The mountain is one of
great beauty, and never entirely discrowned of snow. The Cog Wheel Railroad to
the summit of Pike's Peak is the most novel railway in the world. When it reaches
its objective point above the clouds, at a height of 14,147 feet above sea-level, it
renders almost insignificant, by comparison, the famous cogway up Mt. Washington
and the incline railway up the Rhigi in Switzerland. From its station in Manitou.
just above the Iron Springs, to the station on the summit of Pike's Peak, the Manitou
& Pike's Peak Railway is just eight and three-quarters miles in length. The cost
of construction of the road was a half million of dollars. While it could have been
built for many thousands of dollars less by putting in wooden bridges and trestles,
light ties and light rails, those in charge of the building of the road would not con-
sent to the use of any flimsy material for the sake of the saving of any sum of money
— a substantial road that would insure absolute safety being economical, as well as
a guarantee for putting the road from the start on a paying basis. The railroad
closely follows Ruxton Creek, generally at an elevation of two or three hundred
feet above it; the sides of the Glen are clothed with beautiful pines and spruces.
Some very pretty falls are passed on the way, two of whii h are named respectively,
the Shelter and the Minnehaha. Stupendous granite boulders are in places piled
up in chaotic confusion over the stream, frequently hiding it from view. Two
prominent ones are plainly visible from Manitou, and are appropriately named Gog
and Magog. One of the most < harming features during the ascent is the oppor-
tunity afforded for exquisite views of the world below, on looking back through the
pine trees with the far-stretching plains glowing in the sun and forming a golden
horizon. It goes without saying that the view from the summit is grand beyond
description. To any one accustomed to mountain climbing, no guide is required in

PIKES PEAK.

Colorado's Landmark.

Elevation,
14,147 feet.

PUEBLO.

Commercial and
Manufacturing City.

Population, 45,000.

Distance from Denver,
120 miles.

Elevation, 4,672 feet.
Dining Station.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 29

making the ascent of Pike's Peak, as the trail is good and well defined, and there is

a station on the summit where visitors ran ob ain food and shelter.

Fountain. A pretty little town on the Fontaine qui Bouille Creek, fou
miles south of Colorado Springs. The town has taken a new growth within ret enl
years, and bring surrounded by a good grazing and agricultural country, has a
fair prospect of permanent improvement. (Population, :oo. Distance from Den-
ver, 88 miles. Elevation, 5,568 feet.)

There are between Fountain and Pueblo, side-track stations as follows: Buttes
Wigwam, Pinon, Eden and Dundee. These places an- useful to the railroad and
convenient for the residents of the surrounding country, but they possess little 01
no interest for the traveler. All the way from Denver to Pueblo the traveler has tin
Front Range of mountains on his right, to the west, while on his left are the great
plains. Below Colorado Springs the country is very fertile, and good crops art
grown wherever water for irrigation can be procured.

"The Pittsburg of the West" is a title often
conferred on Pueblo, and it is the name which
pleases its citizens best, and which comes the
nearest to expressing the salient characteristics
of the town. It is a live city, full of enter] irisi
and push, and it has been favored by Nature,
both in the matter of its immediate situation ami
of its surroundings. Plenty of coal is found not
fifty miles away, iron ore is not more distant, and
on the mesa, just south of the town, is Minnequa,
the site of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Works, one of the largest plants of this
character in the world. There are also many great smelters for the reduction of
gold and silver ores, together with a large number of manufactories, planing mills
flouring mills, machine shops, etc. The city of Pueblo is surrounded by great
stretches of rich agricultural land, which in places here and there is under a high
state of cultivation. But it is only here and there that cultivation shows its elevating
work. Tourists wonder at this, and cannot divine why, if the land is rich, it should
lie fallow and uncultivated. The answer is easy to find. All this land is arid.
Crops will not grow without water, and the rains of heaven are not half copious
enough to promote the growth of vegetation. Where the land is watered by irri-
gation it is as fertile as the valley of the Nile, where it is not irrigated it is nearly as
sterile as the desert of Sahara. This condition of affairs will not long remain.
Storage reservoirs to conserve the winter anil spring rainfall and snow deposits are
in course of construction, also a series of great canals to be taken from the Arkansas
river to carry the water on to the waiting land. In the mean time this uncultivated
country, which appears so barren, supports tens of thousands of sheep and cattle.
The short, dry, crisp, curled buffalo-grass, whii h looks about as succulent as shav-
ings, ai tually contains great nutritive qualities, and if cattle or sheep < an get enough
of it they grow fat and command the highest price in the markets. Pastoral and
agricultural interests contribute to Pueblo's prosperity, live trunk lines of railroad
center here, and manufactories increase the business of the town. Many people
of great wealth make Pueblo their home and do business here-. Handsome man-
sions, pretty cottages, large business blocks, and fine stocks of all kirnb of merchan-
dise testify to the good taste and enterprise of Pueblo's citizens. It is admitted
on all sides that this must of necessity become the leading manufacturing town
between the Missouri River and the Pacific coast, and the manufacturers in the East

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

who contemplate extending or removing their works, arc now carefully studying
the resources of Pueblo. Pueblo is well provided with hotels, one of them repre-
senting an expense of $250,000 in its erection. All grades of excellence can be
found among the hostelries, and the traveler will find no difficulty in securing
accommodations suited to his tastes. Through Pueblo, the traveler passes to
reach Sante Fe, Espaiiola, Durango, and Silverton on the south, Canon City,
Salida, Leadville, Glenwood Springs, Aspen, Grand Junction, Salt Lake City, and
Ogden on west en route to San Francisco; and Gunnison, Montrose, and Ouray,
via the narrow gauge line over Marshall Pass.

Parnassus Springs. A pleasant drive of twelve miles, southwest of Pueblo,
takes us to Parnassus Springs, among the foothills of the Greenhorn Mountains.
These waters — muriated alkaline — have been tested with marked benefit, espe-
cially in cases characterized as gastric complaints.

Carlile Spring's are situated twenty miles above Pueblo, on the Arkansas
River. These purgative alkaline waters are as yet unimproved, but give good prom-
ise of becoming popular on account of their medicinal qualities.

Clark's Magnetic Mineral Springs. This celebrated spring in the
city of Pueblo has recently been improved by the erection of a large bath-house
and fine hotel, fitted up with all the latest improvements and conveniences for
bathing.

UNITED STATES MINT, DENVER.

PUEBLO TO OGDEN

o^^v^as T'R O M Denver to Pueblo, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles,
the traveler has followed the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains
and kept his course mainly to the south. At Pueblo, however,
he turns his face westward, and this will be his outlook, in the main,
until he finds himself standing on the shore of the Pacific Ocean,
watching the descent of the sun into the wilderness of waters.
The country between Pueblo and Florence is fine agricultural land, being the
bottoms of the Arkansas River, up whose course the railroad follows until Salida
is reached, ninety-seven miles from Pueblo. Back from the river rise high buttes
of sandstone worn into fantastic shapes by the action of the elements. Banded with
a great variety of colors and dotted here and there by groups of pines, the scene is
one of much interest and adds an element of variety to the journey, which is exceed-
ingly grateful to the traveler. The river bottoms are irrigated by means of ditches
taken from the river, and the result is crops of marvelous growth and yield. One
interesting and peculiar feature is the frequent occurrence of the ancient Egyptian
water-wheels suspended in the current of the Arkansas. This method of securing
water for irrigation is rarely observed in Colorado. This valley of the Arkansas is
also a good fruit country, and grapes and apples grow in abundance and of fine
quality.

Florence. This town is in the center of the petroleum fields of Colorado.
Glancing from the car window the traveler will here see the tall derricks of the well
machinery and the tanks for storing, together with the tank cars for transporting
the oil, and several large refineries. There are a very large number of wells already
in operation and more are being sunk. The oil is used for lubrication, fuel,
and illumination, and gives the best of satisfaction. Florence is the junction point
of the Denver & Rio Grande and the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroads; the
latter line having been completed and opened for business to Colorado's famous
Gold Camp — Cripple Creek — on July 4, 1894. This new railroad has made this
bustling little city one of the foremost in the state. (Population, 5,000. Distance
from Denver, 152 miles. Elevation, 5,199 feet.)

The Florence and Cripple Creek
Railroad. This railroad, 40 miles in length,
was built for the purpose of opening up to com-
merce the vastly rich gold fields of Cripple Creek
and vicinity. The principal points on the line
are Arequa, Anaconda, Victor, and Cripple Creek
itself, all of which are heavy shippers of rich gold
ores. The scenery on this line from beginning to
end is of a most beautiful character, canons and
gorges, mountain peaks and passes, valleys and
vales — combined in a panorama of startling loveliness.

The town of Cripple Creek has advanced with the prosperity of the mining

CRIPPLE CREEK.

Great Gold Mining

Town.

Population, 15,000.

Elevation, 9,400 feet.

Distance from Denver, 103
Miles.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 33

district of which it is the center. From a camp of a few w len shanties and

cents, a few years ago, it has risen to a well-built, well-defined mining town.
Brick buildings are being erected in the business center and dwellings of a
permanent character are dotting the slopes around the town. There is a stability
about it which is most encouraging. The hotel accommodations are first-class,
considering the age of the town. The population is about 15,000. There is an
excellent water service, the supply being piped from the mountains above, and the
town is peaceably and well governed. The advent of the railroads, the greal
attention being paid to gold mining, and the immense quantities of ore that are
being uncovered in the mining district all go to show that Cripple Creek is but
entering upon an era of great prosperity.

The Cripple Creek Gold Mining 1 District is situated near
the western base of Pike's Peak, at an elevation of 9,400 feet. It consists of rolling
hills, sparsely wooded, and small valleys and gulches. Lying a little south of west
from Colorado Springs at a distance of about twenty miles in an air line, seventy
miles from Denver, and forty-four miles from Pueblo, down to 1S91 it was to all
intents and purposes exclusively a pastoral district. It is true that for many years
past, in fact ever since 1S59, prospectors have, from time to time, been over the
ground and brought back samples which demonstrated the presence of gold. How-
ever, no serious efforts were made toward development, though some exploration
work was done, as for instance in 1874 when a tunnel was driven in Arequa Creek,
and again in 1879 in Poverty Gulch. In these, as in other instances, prospectors
were unfortunate and just missed the ore which is now being profitably mined.

In February, 1891, some Colorado Springs men determined upon a serious
attempt to test the capabilities of the district, taking up several claims which
promised so well that, during the following spring and summer, many prospectors
flocked in, and by the close of the year some 2,000 people were there, really deter-
mined to prove its worth. The camp is now well under way and during 1892 its
progress was rapid. Work was mainly confined to the location and establishment
of claims, and testing their value. In the course of that year some ten or a dozen
mines became regular shippers of ore, and their output reached a total of some
$600,000.

Since the period of original discovery progress has been remarkably rapid.
Numerous new claims have been located and the number of regular shipping
mines has increased to nearly one thousand, while many others not actual shippers
have pay ore in sight, and the total output has increased to $18,291,229 for the year
of 1902.

Coal Creek Braiiell. A branch line of the Denver & Rio Grande
Railroad runs from Florence to Coal Creek, a distance of six miles, where excellent
and extensive coal mines are in operation. This
line is one of great commercial importance, opening
one of the most extensive coal fields in the State.

Coal Creek is at the terminus of this branch
of the line. It is well supplied with stores and
shops of all kinds and does a thriving business.
(Population, 1,800. Distance from Denver, 155
miles. Elevation, 5,360 feet.)

This city is rightly named, for it stands at the
entrance to the greatest canon penetrated by any railroad. The Grand Canon of
the Arkansas is acknowledged by a universal consensus of opinion to br one of

CANON CITY.

Health and Pleasure

Resort.

Business Center.

Distance from Denver,

160 Miles.

^o^ulaiion, 5,500.

Elevation, 5,343 feet.

OVER THE RANGE

the great wonders of the world. The Arkansas River, which rises in Fremont
Park, one hundred and seventy miles to the northwest of Canon City, here breaks
its way through the Front Range of mountains and enters upon its uneventful
course to the Mississippi. The town is one of the oldest in Colorado, and is essen-
tially a place of pleasant homes. It is the county-seat of Fremont County, and is
the seat of the State Penitentiary. Its warm and equable climate makes it a favorite

resort for invalids. In ad-
dition to its pleasant cli-
mate it possesses valuable
mineral springs, both hot
and cold. The water of the
cold springs is almost icy in
temperature, and strongly
impregnated with soda.
The cold springs are situ-
ated just above the peniten-
tiary. The scenery round
about Canon City is ex-
ceedingly attractive. The
drive of about twelve miles
to the brink of the Royal
(lorge and the view of that
wonderful chasm from the
Lop, which can there be ob^
nined, are experiences never
to be forgotten. The town
and its contiguous country
possess the finest orchards
in the State, and the culti-
vation of fruit is the leading
industry. The city is well
built, has handsome busi-
ness blocks, and comfort-
able and elegant residences.
The Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad has a terminal here, as well as at Florence,
and tourists en route to the Cripple Creek district will find the change of trains
at this point fully as convenient as at Florence.

The Hot Spring's. Having left Canon City and traversed a mile to the
westward, the traveler will observe to his left a picturesque, many-gabled building,
across the river, a rustic foot-bridge leading thereto. This is the Royal Gorge
Hotel, situated at the Hot Springs. The hotel has excellent accommodations for
guests, and is a favorite resort for health and pleasure seekers. The springs are
recommended by physicians as excellent in cases of cutaneous and blood diseases.
Prof. Loew's analysis of the waters is as follows:

Grains in a Gallon of Water.
Temperature of 104 Fah.

Chloride of Sodium 18.2

Sulphate of Soda 79.3

Carbonate of Soda 73.2

Carbonate of Lime 33.5

Carbonate of Magnesia i.t.8

Lithia Trace.

217.0

CANON OF THE GRAND.

THE ROYAL GORGE.

ROYAL GORGE.

Distance from Denver,
163 miles.

Greatest Height of
Walls, 2,627 feet.

Length, 7 miles.

36 OVER THE RANGE

Baths have been provided at the hotel and are supplied with all the modern
conveniences.

Just beyond Canon City the railway enters the Grand Canon of the Arkansas,
the narrowest portion of which is known as the Royal Gorge. When first examined
it seemed impossible that a railway could ever be constructed through this stupen-
dous canon to Leadville and the west. There was scarcely room for the river

alone, and granite ledges blocked the path with
their mighty bulk. In time, however, these obstruc-
tions were blasted away, a roadbed closely following
the contour of the cliffs was made, and to-day the
canon is a well-used thoroughfare. But its grandeur
still remains. After entering its depths, the train
moves slowly along the side of the Arkansas, and
around projecting shoulders of dark-hued granite,
deeper and deeper into the heart of the range.
The crested crags grow higher, the river madly
foams along its rocky bed, and anon the way be-
comes a mere fissure through the heights. Far above the road the sky forms a
deep blue arch of light; but in the Gorge hang dark and somber shades which the
sun's rays have never penetrated. The place is a measureless gulf of air, with solid
walls on either side. Here the granite cliffs are a thousand feet high, smooth and
unbroken by tree or shrub; and there a pinnacle soars skyward for thrice that dis-
tance. No flowers grow, and the birds care not to penetrate the solitudes. The
river, somber and swift, breaks the awful stillness with its roar. Soon the cleft
becomes still more narrow, the treeless cliffs higher, the river closer confined, and
where a long iron bridge hangs suspended from the smooth walls, the grandest
portion of the canon is reached. Man becomes dwarfed and dumb in the sublime
scene, and Nature exhibits the power she possesses. The crags menacingly rear
their heads above the daring intruders, and the place is like the entrance to some
infernal region. Escaping from the Gorge, the narrow valley of the upper Arkan-
sas is traversed, with the striking serrated peaks of the Sangre de Cristo close at
hand on the west, until Salida is reached.

Parktlale. This is the point where tourists who desire only to see the
famous Royal Gorge disembark from the west-bound train, to return again to
Pueblo, Colorado Springs, or Denver. (Population nominal. Distance from Den-
ver, 172 miles. Elevation 5,800 feet.)

Beautiful Mountain View. Emerging from the canon, a most
beautiful mountain view is obtained; to the left stretch the serrated summits of
the Sangre de Cristo Range, while to the front and right are the towering peaks
of the Collegiate Mountains.

TVxa s Creek. This is the junction point of the West Cliff branch with the main
line. (Population, nominal. Distance from Denver, 185 miles. Elevation, 6,210 feet.)
West Cliff" Branch. Realizing the vast importance of the Wet Mountain
Valley as a mining and agricultural region, the Denver & Rio Grande in 1901
constructed a branch line extending from Texas Creek station to West Cliff, Silver
Cliff, and Rosita, heretofore reached by stage lines. This branch is but another
addition to the already large number of paying and interesting branches. The
scenery on the new line is equal to that on the main line, with gorges and passes,
mountains and valleys, difficult feats of engineering, and altogether well worthy
a side trip from the main line.

OVER THE RANGE

THE ROYAL GORGE.

West Cliff. This town is beautifully situated in the Wet Mountain
Valley, surrounded by a fine grazing and agricultural country. The view is a
grand one, lofty mountains bounding the entire circle of the horizon. A mile from
the station is Silver Cliff, which after the discovery of the Racine Boy mine, was
the center of a tremendous rush of miners, resulting in several other great discov-
eries, but the large mines were few in number and the prospectors left for other
fields. The good mines are still productive and add their quota to the prosperity
of the valley. West Cliff is the shipping point for Silver Cliff and Rosita, being the
railroad station. (Population, 1,000. Distance from Denver, 210 miles. Eleva-
tion, 7,861 feeO

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

Wellsville Hot Spring's are on our left across the Arkansas River, six
miles before Salida is reached. Here is a natural warm plunge hath, the waters
of which are strongly impregnated with medicinal qualities. The Wellsville Springs
are a favorite resort, and are made the objective point for many pleasant excursion
parties.

This prosperous town is situated on the right
bank of the Arkansas River, and is the converging
point of the four great divisions of the Denver &
Rio Grande Railroad. The first division being
the line to the east; the second is the main line
to the west via Leadville, Glenwood Springs, and
Grand Junction; the third is the narrow gauge
line to Grand Junction over Marshall Pass and
via Gunnison and Montrose, and the fourth is the
southern extension to Alamosa, Durango, Silverton,
and Santa Fe. In addition to its importance as a
railway point, Salida is admirably situated for smelting purposes. One large
modern smelting plant is in operation, one under construction, and a third in con-
templation. These industries will largely enhance the importance of this growing

SALIDA.

Health and Pleasure

Resort and

Business Center.

Population, 5,000.

Distance from Denver,
217 miles.

Elevation, 7,050 feet.
Eating Station.

THE PORTALS

city. The view of the mountains from Salida is especially grand. The Collegiate
Range rises to the west with Yale, Harvard, and Princeton Peaks in plain view
crowned with perpetual snow, while to the south stands the Sangre de Cristo Range,
and in the southwest tower Ouray and Shaveno. The beauty of its situation, the
near proximity to hot medicinal springs, the wonderful salubrity of ; ts climate, make
Salida an extremely popular health and pleasure resort. Tributary to the town
are mines of copper, silver, gold, iron, and coal; great quantities of charcoal are
burned near Salida, and the agricultural and pastoral interest are of great extent.

The trip from Salida to Grand Junction and Ogden abounds in interest for
the tourist. It leads one through a most varied country, and presents to the inspec-
tion of the traveler almost every variety of industry, from the agriculture and

4° OVER THE RANGE

stock raising of the Arkansas, Eagle, and Grand River valleys, to the gold and
silver mining of Leadville and Aspen, and it may be said, in passing, that Leadville
and Aspen are two of the greatest mining camps in the world, and well worthv
of a visit. The scenery after Salida is passed grows in interest with each mile of
advance. We are steaming up the left bank of the Arkansas River, and are crossing
the western border of the Great South Park. The mountains capped with snow
shut us in throughout the whole circle of the horizon. The Collegiate Range,
including the peaks of Yale, Harvard, and Princeton to our left, and beyond, the
great volcano-made cones of Ouray and Shaveno, which tower above Marshall
Pass. Away off to the right are the Kenosha Hills. Agriculture and stock raising
are the main industries of South Park, and the ranchmen find these pursuits of
an exceedingly lucrative character. A number of small stations are passed beyond
Salida as follows: Brown's Canon, Hecla Junction, Nathrop, and Midway.

BrOWll's CailOli. After passing the station of Brown's Canon, fine
views of the Sangre de Cristo peaks present themselves close by, and then the rocks
are heaped up again into the grand defile of Brown's Canon, where one of our
illustrations was made.

Buena Vista. Buena Vista is the county seat of Chaffee County. The
town was incorporated in the month of December, 1879, and, for its age, is a won-
derfully thriving place. It is beautifully situated on the Arkansas River, thirty-six
m ; les below Leadville, and 242 miles from Denver. The town is quite an impor-
tant station, and is surrounded by good mines of gold and silver, fine pasture lands
for stock and many improved ranches. The state reformatory is situated here.
The city has an abundance of pure water, fine shade trees, churches, schools, stores,
etc. (Population, 1,800. Distance from Denver, 240 miles. Elevation, 7,967
fee,t.)

Cottonwood Spring's. The Cottonwood Hot Springs have long been
famous in Colorado for their curative properties. They were the resort of the
Indians before the whites took possession of the country, and have since been
greatly improved and made accessible to invalids and tourists. The springs are
situated six miles from Buena Vista, whence a stage line conveys passengers arriving
on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to the springs. For cases of inflammatory
rheumatism, lead poisoning, and diseases of the blood, these waters possess remark-
able curative properties. The scenery of the valley in which the springs are situated
is of great loveliness, the Collegiate Range of mountains forming an imposing
background. Fine trout fishing can be found in ten minutes' walk up and down
Cottonwood Creek, and the neighboring hills abound in game. There are good
accommodations here for tourists and invalids.

Mount Princeton Hot Springs are located nine miles from Buena
Vista. There are about forty of these springs, with a flow of hot water aggregating
1,000,000 gallons daily. These waters are especially beneficial for rheumatism,
cutaneous diseases, paralysis, etc. The temperature is 130 F. The climate and
scenery are superior, and good hotel accommodations will be found.

After leaving Buena Vista the following small stations are passed: Americus,
Riverside, and Pine Creek.

Granite. At this point the stage line to Twin Lakes connects with the
trains. Placer mining by huge hydraulic systems are in full operation and have
been successfully worked for the past twenty years. (Population, 300. Elevation,
8,940 feet. Distance from Denver, 257 miles.)

These most beautiful mountain tarns are best reached by a seven miles stage ride

TWIN LAKES.

Pleasure Resort.
Elevation, 9,367 feet.

42 OVER THE RANGE

from Granite Station. The drive is in itself a delightful experience, and the lakes
prove a most charming culmination. You find yourself in a little valley about
seven miles in area. Around you on all sides, looming up grand and precipitous, are
snow-capped mountain peaks, each of them towering fully a mile high, from where
you stand, completely walling you in from the outer world. These mountains are
Mount Elbert, La Plata, and Twin Peaks, each
of them higher than the famous Pike's Peak,
Lake Mountain, Mount Sheridan, and Park Range.
They are all more or less covered, up to the timber
line, with fir and spruce trees, the fragrance of
which perfumes the atmosphere, and, owing to the
rarified air, the tops of the peaks, on which rest
the eternal snows, seem so near that you think you
could almost throw a stone to their summits, though
in fact the length of that very uphill stonethrow would be considerably more than a
mile. For about three-fourths of its area the valley is occupied by the lakes, and
to an ordinary observer it is plain that these lakes were formerly one and occupied
the whole valley up to the very foot of the mountains. At present, however, they
are twins — Siamese twins for they are connected by a mountain stream, which,
as well as the lakes themselves, abound in the most delicious mountain trout that
ever nibbled at a hook or smoked on a platter.

Now let us row out into the middle of the upper lake. It seems as if you were
in the center of a mighty amphitheater, the arena of which is water, the sloping
sides fir-clad mountains, and the roof a great bowl inverted, painted a gorgeous
blue, and lightly resting on the snow-capped mountains. The sizzling dweller of
cities may ask what is the thermometer here? I do not know. I never saw one
here. These people have no more use for a thermometer than a toad has for a
pocketbook. Old Sol rises bright and fierce-looking every morning in an Italian
sky, but his rays are so tempered by the breezes from the mountains that by the
time they reach the valley they are just pleasantly warm and exhilarating. But
there is one thing his rays will do, and city folk would better beware of them if they
do not want to peel off their outer cuticle, they will sunburn as effectually as if
conveyed through the medium of a burning glass; this is owing to the rarity of the
atmosphere. Flannels can and ought to be worn here every day, and a person
sitting reading or writing indoors for an hour or so, in a room where there is no fire,
and while the sun is shining brightly outside, will find the cold stealing up his
nether limbs.

Returning to Granite and resuming the journey, the following small stations are
passed: Twin Lakes, Hayden, Gordon, and Malta. At Malta the main line turns
to the left, while a branch line continues on to Leadville. Suburban trains are
operated between Malta and Leadville, and we will take advantage of this service
and go to the "Great Carbonate Camp."

This wonderful Cloud City first became known to fame in 1859 as California
Gulch, one of the richest placer camps in Colorado. From 1859 to 1S64,
$5,ooOjCoo in gold-dust were washed from the ground of this gulch. The camp
was afterwards nearly abandoned, and it was not until 1S76 that the carbonate
beds of silver were discovered. Immediately after this discovery a great rush en-
sued to the carbonate camp, which was named Leadville, and the population
rose from a nominal number to 30,000. Leadville is the county-seat of Lake
County. It is the fourth city in size in Colorado, and the greatest and most

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 43

unique carbonate mining camp in the world. The visitor to Leadville is irre-
sistibly reminded of the words of Joaquin Miller: "Colorado, rare Colorado!

Yonder she rests; her head of gold pillowed on the

LEADVILLE.

The " Great Carbonate
Camp."

Population, 20,000.

Elevation, 10,200 feet.

Distance from Denver,
277 miles.

Rocky Mountains, her feet in the brown grass; the
boundless plains for a playground; she is sel on a
hill before the world, and the air is very clear, so
that all may set' her well." The city is lighted by
gas and electricity; has telephonic communication
with surrounding points; has the usual conven-
iences and luxuries of cities of corresponding size,
and in all respects ranks as one of the greatesl cities
of this great State. Leadville is one of the most in-
teresting cities in the world to the tourist. It abounds in scenes of a novel and char-
acteristic nature, and presents views of life entirely foreign to the conventional. Min-
ing methods are here fully illustrated in every form, from lode mining to hydraulic
and sluicing work. Leadville has a handsome theater, the Tabor Opera House,
having a seating capacity of 1,000. The scenery around Leadville is magnificent.
h is walled in on all sides by towering mountains whose summits are crowned with
eternal snow. Occupying so high an altitude, the effect is remarkable, and tourists
can find no more striking nor interesting scenes than those presented by Leadville
and its weird and wonderful surroundings. Leadville is well supplied with good
hotels. Livery accommodations are first-class, and the boulevard affords one of the
finest drives in the State. Situated on the front of Mount Massive, at the mouth of
Colorado Gulch, and distant five miles from Leadville, are the popular Soda Springs
and Evergreen Lakes. The boulevard, a carefully constructed drive, one hundred
feet in width, and as smooth as a race track, gives access to the springs and lakes, a
stage connecting with Leadville twice a day. The springs are strongly impregnated
with soda, and are of a highly medicinal character. There is excellent trout fishing
within a few minutes' walk of the springs, pleasant drives and rides are numerous,
■\nd placer as well as lode mining are in progress in near proximity, easily accessible
to the inspection of the tourist. Near the Evergreen Lakes is located an extensive
United States Fish Hatchery, under the direction of the government, and from it
millions of trout fry are yearly planted in all the streams of the Slate of Colorado.
As a business point, Leadville is recognized as among the first in the Slate; with its
large population, great smelting works, and vast mining industry, it cannot help
commanding the attention of business men and investors.

Chrysolite Extension. This branch of the Denver & Rio Grande System
extends from Leadville to all the principal mines of the famous Leadvil'e mining
district. Xo passenger trains are operated thereon, but the net-work of trai ks
zigzagging up the mountain sides, with marvelous switchbacks, sharp < urves, and
heavy grades is extremely interesting from an engineering standpoint.

Between Leadville and Tennessee Pass are the following unimportant stations:
Leadville Junction, Keeldar, and Crane's Park.

Tennessee PaSS. Rising along a tortuous path cut at a heavy grade,
as usual, into the side hills, we mount slowly into Tennessee Pass, which feeds the
head of Eagle River on the west side, and one source of the Arkansas on the east
side. It is a comparatively low and easy pass, covered everywhere with dense
timber, and a wagon road has long been followed through it. Reaching an eleva-
*ion of quite 10,240 feet, the train darts into a tunnel half a mile long, and on
emerging at the western end, we are on the Pacific slope. There is nothing to be

44 OVER THE RANGE

seen except an occasional pile of tics, or a charcoal oven, save that now and then a
gap in the hills shows the gray, rough summits of Galena, Homestake, and the
other heights that guard the Holy Cross. At each end of the Pass is a little open
glade or "park," where settlers have placed their cabins and fenced off a few acres
of level ground whereon to cut hay, for nothing else will grow at this great elevation.
We can do no better service to tin- tourist than to quote Ernest Ingersoll's
description of this famous mountain given in "The Crest of the Continent." He
says: "One of the side valleys, coming down to the track at right angles from the
southwestward — I think it is Homestake Gulch —
leads the eye for a momentary glimpse up through
a glorious Alpine avenue to where the cathedral
crest of a noble peak pierces the sky. It is a sum-
mit that would attract the eye any a here — its feet
hidden in verdurous hills, guarded by mighty crags,
half-buried in seething clouds, its helmet vertical,
frowning, plumed with gleaming snow —

MOUNT OF

THE

HOLY CROSS.

Elevation, 14,176 feet.

'Ay, every inch a

"It is the Mount of the Holy Cross, bearing the sacred symbol in such heroic
characters as dwarf all human graving, and set on the pinnacle of the world as
though in sign of possession forever. The Jesuits went hand in hand with the
( 'hevalier Dubois, proclaiming Christian Gospel in the northern forests; the Puritan
brought his Testament to New England; the Spanish banners of victory on the
Golden shores of the Pacific were upheld by the fiery zeal of the friars of San Fran-
cisco; the frozen Alaskan cliffs resounded to the chanting of the monks of St. Peter
and St. Paul. On every side the virgin continent was taken in the name of Christ,
and with all the Sclat of religious conquest. Yet from ages unnumbered, before
any of them, centuries oblivious in the mystery of past time, the Cross had been
planted here. As a prophecy during unmeasured generations, as a sign of glorious
fulfillment during nineteen centuries, from always and to eternity, a reminder of
our fealty to heaven, this divine seal has been set upon our proudest eminence.
What matters it whether we write 'God' in the constitution of the United Slates,
when here in the sight of all men is inscribed this marvelous testimony to His
sovereignty! Shining grandly out of the- pure ether, and above all turbulence of
earthly clouds, it says: Humble thyself, () man! Measure thy fiery works at their
true insignificance. Uncover thy head and acknowledge thy weakness. Forget
not, that as high above thy gilded spires gleams tin- splendor of this ever-living
Cross, so are My thoughts above thy thoughts, and My ways above thy ways."

Crime's Park is a beautiful park in the mountains at the western foot of
Tennessee Pass. Here are to be seen the kilns of charcoal burners, and a wonderful
valley and mountain view.

Red Cliff CailOn. Just beyond Crane'.- P. irk the railroad enters Red
Cliff Canon, a comparatively short but very interesting gorge in the mountains.

Red Cliff. This picturesque little town is the county-seat of Eagle
County, and the entrepot of a large mining district. The mines of the P.attle
Mountain and other districts contribute greatly to the business of the place. Lead-
ville, with its smelters, is only 25 miles distant, and this fact is also an element of
success among the many which give promise of future prosperity to the town.
The scenery around Red Cliff is of the grandest and most beautiful description.
To reach the town the traveler makes the ascent and descent of Tennessee Pass,

4 6

OVER THE RANGE

EAGLE RIVER
CANON.

Height of Walls.
2,000 feet.

and obtains the bust distant view that can be had cf the famous Mount of the Holy
Cross. Just bevond Red Cliff are the wonders of Eagle River Canon. (Popu-
lation, 1,000. Distance from Denver, 293 miles. Elevation, 8,608 feet.)

Beyond Red Cliff the Eagle River Canon opens
to the view at first a comparatively wide expanse,
later more narrow, walled in on each side by cliffs
of vari-colored rocks, whose lofty and apparently
insurmountable summits bear the dark banners of
the pine. Admiration and awe at this stupendous
work of Nature take possession of the mind, when
suddenly these emotions are overshadowed by
wonder and almost incredulous surprise at the daring
of man, for there above us on the right, perched like the nest of heaven-scaling
eagles, rest the habitations of men! There are the shaft houses and abiding places
of adventurous miners, who, having climbed these cliffs, pick in hand, have here
discovered rich veins of the precious metal, which, being blasted from its matrix,
is conveyed to the railroad track 2,000 feet below, by a most ingenious system
of tramways and endless steel ropes. There is something very impressive in the
sight of these frail cliff-perched dwellings; and the shaft-penetrated, tunnel-pierced
peaks suggest irresistibly the fabled cavernous labyrinths of "Kor. " Nowhere can
the traveler find a more interesting and instructive illustration of mining methods
than is here presented by the shaft-scarred sides of Battle Mountain and the pinna-
cle-perched eyries of Eagle River Canon.

Milltlll'll. Having passed through the canon, the train brings up at the
divisional and eating station at Minturn. At this point is located extensive round
houses and repair shops of the railway. (Population, 500. Elevation, 7,825 feet.
Distance from Denver, 302 miles.)

The Valley Of the Eagle. Leaving Minturn, one enters the
Valley of Eagle River. Quieter scenes of pastoral and agricultural achievements
follow. Here are comfortable ranch houses surrounded by fertile fields; there are
herds of cattle feeding contentedly in natural pastures; while on all sides are seen
evidences of peace, prosperity, and plenty. The Eagle River, a beautiful stream,
whose pellucid waters do not conceal the bright colored gravel of its bed, meanders
through the valley, adding to the beauty of the scene, and carrying with it the prac-
tical benefits of irrigation, without which the soil would produce nothing but vege-
tation suitable for grazing purposes. The clear, cold water swarms with trout,
augmented yearly by additions from the hatchery at Leadville, and here the
disciples of old Izaak Walton cannot fail to find am-
ple room and verge for plying their gentle craft.

In our journey through the valley we pass the fol-
lowing stations: Avon, Allenton, Wolcott, Sherwood,
Eagle, Gypsum, Dotsero, Shoshone, and Sulphur
Springs.

Leaving the railroad at Wolcott station, the
tourist can go by stage or private conveyance to
Steamboat Springs, distant eighty miles, and reached
by a most interesting and picturesque route. The
road follows up the divide between the Eagle and Grand rivers through a fine
grazing country, dotted here and there with beautiful little lakes. The Kokomo
and Shcephorn ranges rise to the east, while the Mount of the Ticly Cross

STEAMBOAT
SPRINGS.

Wonderful Hot Springs
of Routt County.

Population, 500.

Elevation, 6,500.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 47

towers to the south. From the summit of the divide a fine view of the
Flat Top Mountains can be obtained. Descending, the traveler enters Egeria
Park, famous for its lovely scenery, a noted feature of which is the Topanas, or
"Sleeping Lion." Finger Rock, 265 feet high from base to top, is also a remark-
able landmark. The first stream crossed is the Roaiing Forkof the Yampa River,
along which is to be found the finest trout-fishing in Colorado. Elk, deer, bear, and
mountain-sheep abound here. Progressing, "Court-Housr Rocks" come into view
and beyond is the "Devil's Grave." This curious uplift in the form of a grave, with
a great headstone rising from one extremity, is an object of great interest. Pa
through Yellow Jacket Pass, the Harrison Bottoms lint- grazing lands arc entered
and soon the famous "Steamboat Springs" are reached. The springs send off
clouds of steam and its escape makes a peculiar puffing noise, wheni e the name.
There are sixty of these springs, embracing those characterized by sulphur, mag
nesia, iron, and soda. The springs vary from 156 degrees of heat to cold. The
scenery around the Springs is exceedingly attractive. The Storm Mountains,
around whose summits storm clouds always gather, Crystal Park, Soda Park,
Sheddegger's Park, and Fish Creek Falls are all objects of interest, and within a
radius of ten miles. The Fish Creek Falls are three miles east of Steamboat
Springs, they are 150 feet in height, and have a width of eighty feet. Those in
search of health, the beautiful in nature, or who enjoy the recreation of the sports-
man or fisherman cannot do better than make a visit to Steamboat Springs.

The town of Steamboat Springs is a thriving village with a wonderful future.
It has free public library, public schools, churches, fine water supply, an unusuallv
large number of mercantile establishments, banks, planing mill and flouring mills.
Good hotel accommodations for sportsmen and health seekers.

Returning to the railway after our pilgrimage
to Steamboat Springs, we again resume the journey
by rail through the Canon of the Grand.

Gradually the valley narrows, high bluffs hem
us in on the left, the river is close to the track on
the right, and its fertile banks suddenly change into
a tumbled, twisted, black, and blasted expanse of
scoria, the outpouring of some ancient volcano of
tremendous activity. The few trees on the hither side
of the stream arc also black; an inheritance of lire;
the waters under the black banks, and reflecting the
blackened trees, take on a swarthy hue — a stygian picture! Just beyond, a distant
glimpse of fertile country, and the clear waters of the Eagle are lost in the muddy
current of the Grand, and a canon greater in extent and more varied in character
than that of the Arkansas opens before us. As the train speeds downward, the
mountains on the horizon behind us seem to rise up towards the zenith as
though the miracle of creation was being repeated before our eyes. Soon, how-
ever, the distant mountains are shut out and only the sky above, the river and track
beneath and the cliffs around arc visible; and here begins a panorama, kaleidoscopic
in its ever changing forms and colors, the wonder of the one who sees, the despair
of the one who wished to tell others what he saw.

In places the effect is that of giant Egyptian art and architecture. Vast bastions
of granite, strata on strata, rise to a stupendous height, braced against rock masses
behind them, infinitely vaster. Suggestions of the Sphinx and of the Pyramids can
be caught in the severe and gigantic rock-piled structures on every hand. These

CANON

OF THE

GRAND RIVER.

A Marvelous Gorge.

One of the World's
Wonders.

4 8

OVER THE RANGE.

are not made up of boulders, nor are they solid monoliths, like those in the Royal
Gorge. On the contrary, they are columns, bastions, buttresses, walls, pyramids,
towers, turrets, even statues, of stratified stone, with sharp cleavage, not in the
least weather-worn, presenting the appearance of Brobdingnagian masonry — hence

I use the phrase " rock-piled
structures" advisedly and as
best descriptive of what
there exists.

But the kaleidoscope is
shaken and the rock pieces
are rearranged. The effect
is startling. We have left
Egypt, with her shades of
gray and her frowning,
massive, and gigantic forms.
We are in a region of glow-
ing colors, where the ver-
milion, the maroon, the
green, and the yellow
abound and mingle and
contrast. "What strange
country was the prototype
of this? Ah! yonder is
something characteristic — a
terraced pyramid banded
with brilliant and varied
colors — the tcocoli of the
Aztecs.

Whirling around a head-
land of glowing red rock,
which it seems ought to be
called "Flamingo Point,"
wc are in a region of ruddy
color and of graceful forms.
Minarets, from whose sum-
mits the muezzin's call
might readily be imagined
falling upon the cars of the
dwellers in this "Orient in
the West," spires more
graceful than that of Bruges,
more lofty than that of
Trinity, towers more mar-
velous than Pisa's leaning
wonder, columns more curi-
ous than that of Yendome,
splintered and airy pinna-
cles, infinite in variety, in-
numerable! inimitable! in-
describable!

EXPLORING T 2 WALLS.

Glenwood Springs,

Health and Pleasure
Resort.

Wonderful Hot
Springs.

Distance from Denver,
360 miles.

Elevation, 5,758 feet.

Population, 3,000.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 49

In a moment darkness and the increased rumble of wheels; then light and
another marvelous view. We have passed tunnel No. 1. the portcullis; darkness
again for a moment, then the blue sky above us. Wc have entered through the
postern gate; darkness for the third time absolute, unmitigated blackness of dark-
ness; this must be "the deepest dungeon 'neath the castle moat." Bui soon again
we see the blessed light, and there before us lies Glenwood Springs! — Color
Greatest Resort.

Glenwood Springs is the pleasure and
health resort of Colorado, as well as a flourishing
and growing town. It is the county-seal of Gar-
field County. The picturesque scenery of the
Grand River, from its source midst the peaks and
crags of the Rockies, to its debouch into the mag-
nificent waters of the broad Colorado, has been the
theme of able writers in prose and poetry, but at no
spot in its rapid march to the sea, do the waters of
the Grand glisten and ripple upon the shores of a
lovelier valley than at its confluence with the Roar-
ing Fork, where are situated the springs and city of Glenwood. Here the sentinel
ranges, which have guarded the stormy passage of the turbulent stream through
mountain pass and precipitous canon, seem to have deployed their ranks, that they
might surround and embrace a valley so lovely in its landscape and set in a frame
of such scenic grandeur. The springs themselves are phenomenal, innumerable
fountains bubbling up over an area covering both sides of the river, and varying in
volume from twenty to one thousand cubic inches per second. The principal springs
on the north side of the Grand River discharge an immense body of water, heated
in nature's furnace to 140 Fahrenheit, which flows in a broad stream to its outlet
through an aqueduct recently constructed, forming a beautiful island, upon which
is erected a commodious and well-appointed bathing-house, provided with every
convenience for sitz, plunge, and vapor bathing. The waters have been found of
great benefit to invalids, and as a result the springs are largely patronized. Aside
from the beautiful valley selected for its site, and the attractions presented by its
wonderful springs, Glenwood City possesses many advantages and material
resources which arc destined to make it one of the most important points on the
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The town has electric lights, waterworks, and
all of the modern improvements. Glenwood is well supplied with hotels. The new
Hotel Colorado, which cost 8350,000, is probably one of the finest resort hotels in
the United States. It is built of Roman tiles and Colorado peach-blow stone, and
contains two hundred guest rooms and forty private baths, is built in Italian style,
and located under the shadow of the mountains, with the banks of the famous
Pool immediately in front of it. It is surrounded by beautiful parks and drives,
and withal, is a most delightful place to spend a season. There are other hotels,
though less pretentious, the Hotel (lien wood, the Kendrick, the Grand being
among the number.

Accommodations for Bathing. The bath-house ere. ted at the won-
derful hot springs here is of the most elegant design. It is built of red sandstone,
and the walls of all rooms are of red or cream colored pressed brick, wainscoted
with Texas pine and colored enamels. There art- forty four large bath-rooms, in
two departments, for the respecth e sexes. Eai 11 bath-room has two compartments.
One is lined with enamel and set with a porcelain tub, having bronze appliances for

$0 OVER THE RANGE

readily supplying hot, warm or cold mineral water, and hot, warm or cold fresh
water, also showers of warm or cold water. Any desired temperature, from 45 up
to 120 Fahrenheit, can be supplied. The other compartment is furnished as a
dressing room, and provided with a settee for reclining after the bath. These
compartments have high ceilings, and are well lighted from elevated windows by
day, and by incandescent electric lamps at night. Light refreshments are served in
each room by attendants summoned by electric bells. Massage treatment is
administered in a room for that purpose. Besides the bath-rooms, the building
contains handsome sitting and smoking rooms with open fires, physician's room,
billiard-room, coffee kitchen, linen-rooms, hairdressing-rooms, laundry, etc. All
rooms are kept supplied with fresh air at an equable temperature throughout the
year. Every accessory for the luxurious and health-giving bath is provided in the
building. The baths arc supplied from the main or Yampa spring, which yields a
constant flow of 2,500,000 gallons per day of highly mineralized hot water, at a
temperature of 124.2 Fahrenheit. This water is a remarkable remedial agent,
aiding or effecting cures of scrofula, rheumatism, gout, lead poisoning, diabetes,
Bright"s disease, and all skin and blood diseases. The new bath-house stands on
the margin of the Mammoth Swimming Pool.

Tlie Bathing' Pool. This is remarkable for its size and the completeness
of its conveniences. It is six hundred feet in length, by one hundred and ten feet in
width at the widest part. Its depth gradually increases from three and one-half feet
at one end to six feet at the other. The walls are of red sandstone, and the bottom
is paved with hard pressed brick. Its surface area is 43,000 square feet, or one
acre, and the capacity 1,500,000 gallons. It is constantly supplied with mineral
water from the main or Yampa Spring, and kept at a temperature of about 05°
Fahrenheit. There are one hundred and thirteen dressing-rooms, in separate
departments for the sexes. These are warmed in winter, and a hooded way leads
into the water. At night the pool is brilliantly lighted by arc electric lights.
Bathing suits are supplied at a moderate charge. Thousands who have tried
bathing in the pool pronounce it the most delightful of baths. The exercise which
it admits of while bathing is deemed especially beneficial to many kinds of invalids.

The Vapor Cave.S. A remarkable feature of these springs are the vapor
caves — natural openings in the rocks to which the steam from the hot springs
obtains access. In one of these natural caves the company has erected a unique
vapor bath-house, with ample dressing-rooms, a number of private vapor rooms,
shower bath-room, etc., all lighted by electric lights, affording vapor baths in either
cave or private rooms at a temperature of 150 to no° Fahrenheit. These baths
are not only a luxury to those who are well, but are especially recommended by
physicians for a number of serious ailments.

Aspen Branch. Extending from Glenwood Springs in a southeasterly
direction is the branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to Aspen, and its
wonderful mines. The following points are on this line:

Carhondale. Situated at the confluence of Rock Creek and Roaring Fork,
twelve miles south of Glenwood Springs. This is the junction with the Crystal
River Railroad leading to the coke ovens and coal mines owned and operated by
the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company. (Population, 500. Distance from Denver,
373 miles. Elevation, 6,181 feet.)

The Crystal River Railway, starting at Carbondale, where it con-
nects with the Aspen branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, runs up the
valley of Rock Creek, in a southerly direction, for about twenty miles, to Placita,

52 OVER THE RANGE

with a branch from Redstone to Coal Basin, a distance of twelve miles. This rail-
way is owned by the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, and is an important feeder
to the Rio Grande System, bringing to the main line vast quantities of coal and coke.
Avalanche Creek. Twelve miles from Carbondale. This will be the
shipping-point for silver and iron ores located six to eight miles up Avalanche Creek.
Penny's Hot Spring's. Fourteen miles south of Carbondale, on Rock
Creek. These springs are said to be equal to those of Glenwood in healing and
restorative power.

Redstone. The junction of the Coal Basin branch, and seat of the summer
home of the president of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company.

Coal Basin. Nineteen miles from Carbondale. At this station all the
coal from Coal Basin is received. This is the largest and finest body of coking
coal in Colorado, and is controlled by the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company.
Extensive coking ovens have been erected at this point.

Placita. Twenty miles from Carbondale. At this point is located the
coal breaker and extensive plant of the company, who own the extensive anthra-
cite coal-fields of Chair Mountain. This company is shipping large quantities of
anthracice coal daily. This coal is said to be equal to the best red ash coal of
Pennsylvania.

Scenic Attraction. The line passes the base of Sopris Mountain and
Chair Mountain, and terminates in the great elbow of the Elk Mountains at Placita.
No finer scenery can be found in the West. In a ride of two hours the tourist can
be transported from the beautiful valley of Roaring Fork nearly to the summit of
the Elk Mountain Range, and can view nearly all the prominent peaks from Mount
Massive west.

Returning to Carbondale, the stations on the main line to Aspen are as follows:
Emma, Rose, and Woody Creek.

Aspen, the county-seat of Pitkin County, is
located in one of the most noted mining regions
of Colorado, and is the terminus of the Aspen
branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.
The valleys of the Roaring Fork River and its
confluents, Castle, Hunter's, and Maroon creeks,
are especially fitted for agriculture, and the hills
and mesas adjacent form a fine range for stock,
which in addition to the mining interests will surely
make Aspen one of the most prosperous cities in the
State. Stores and shops of all kinds, carrying large
lines of goods, are abundant and the business done here would do credit to a town
boasting five times its present population. The good faith of the people is mani-
fested by the character of the buildings they have erected. It is a town of beauti-
ful homes, and has most excellent society All the principal religious denomina-
tions have suitable houses of worship, and the public schools are of an excellent
order. The hotels are good, there is a fine opera house and hotel, and the town
is supplied with pure water from Castle Creek. An electric-light plant illuminates
the principal places of business as well as the streets. The climate is delicious
and especially beneficial in all pulmonary complaints. Aspen is a garden town,
and displays many beautiful lawns, sprinkled and beautified by flowers.

The main industry of Pitkin County, of which Aspen is the county-seat, is
mining. The town is situated uoon the great zone or belt which passes through

ASPEN.

Great Mining Town.

Health and Pleasure
Resort.

Population, 5,000.

Elevation, 7,874 feet.

Distance from Denver,
402 miles.

OVER THE RANGE

the country in a northeasterly and southwesterly course, and has tributary territory
for from twenty to thirty miles each way. The ores are of good grade and are
found in remarkably large deposits. The Great Central lead, with its spurs and
lateral feeders, resembles a river with many branches. Silver and lead are the

principal mineral products,
although gold has been
found and profitably worked
at Independence, in the
eastern part of the county,
and the iron ores at Coop-
er's Camp, in the south-
western part, are found in
immense deposits, and are
of the very finest quality.
Building stone is found, and
the rock is unsurpassed in
texture or color, and the
surrounding hills will be
great producers for out-
side markets. Some coal
is found in Pitkin County,
but not in extensive meas-
ures as in Garfield, the
great coal county of the
United States, which ad-
joins upon the north. There
is no territory of similar
area with richer or more
varied products than Pit-
kin County. The scenery
around this thriving city is
wonderfully varied and
beautiful. Situated in the
heart of ti»? mountains,
and surrounded by the
most wonderful works of
nature, Aspen will always
be an attractive -dace to
the tourist and the lover
of the grand and marvel-
ous. Hunting and fishing
are found here in their per-
fection. Nature seems to
have made Aspen her
favorite child, and has poured out at her feet all the rich gifts of her cornu-
copia. (Population, 5,000. Distance from Denver, 402 miles. Elevation,
7,874 feet.)

Returning to Glenwood Springs, we cross to the western bank of the river,
and resume our journey towards the Occident, down the beautiful valley of the
Grand.

MARBLE CANON.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 55

New Castle. Here are located extensive coal-mines and coking <>vcn=
of the Colorado Fuel &: Iron Company. (Distance from Denver, 373 miles.
Population, 1,000. Elevation, 5,562 feet.)

Rifle. The debarking point for Meeker and other points reached by stage
lines. Excellent hunting and fishing grounds surround Rifle in all direction
Elk, deer, bear, trout, and all kinds of game are in abundance. (Distance from
Denver, 387 miles. Population, 500. Elevation, 5,310 feet.)

Meeker. (45 miles north of Rifle by daily stage.) Meeker is situated in
the heart of the finest fishing and game country in the state, and naturally the great
goal for hunters, fishermen, health, and pleasure seekers generally. Meeker
has excellent stores, livery, and is headquarters for guides, and with this point as
a base, excursions into the game country, varying in distance from 5 to 100 miles,
may be made, well repaying the participants for the outlay of time and money.
The principal hunting and fishing resorts are along the north and south forks of
the White River and on the White River itself, Marvin Creek, Trapper's Lake,
Marvine Lakes and numerous tributaries of the streams named. Guides, horses,
wagons, pack-horses, dogs, fishing-tackle, guns, ammunition, tents, and tamp
equipage, together with all manner of food supplies., are obtainable at Meeker at
reasonable rates. The game country around Meeker is prolific in all kind" of
big game, and in the open seasons is the mecca of many sportsmen from all over
the United States. It was from this point that President Roosevelt made his
famous lion-hunting expedition. The agent for the Denver & Rio Grande at
Meeker will give his personal attention to any requests for information, or will
make advance arrangements for parties desiring to visit this region.

The Grand Valley is noted for its agricultural resources, being one
of the most prolific producing portions of the state. All manner of grains are raised
in great abundance, and the fruits, especially peaches, grown in this valley are unsur-
passed. The principal railroad points are Parachute, DeBeque, and Palisade.

In the Valley of the Grand River, and sur-
rounded by a fertile and well-watered countrv,
Grand Junction is the leading city of western
Colorado. An extensive system of irrigating
ditches has been established, and all the land
under these ditches taken up, and most of it culti-
vated. The comparatively low altitude of this
valley (it being the lowest among the Rocky Moun-
tains, with but one exception, in Utah) makes it
especially adapted to the cultivation of fruit and
sugar beets. Peaches, grapes, apricots, pears, and
small fruits flourish here in great luxuriance, and
most of the farmers have planted orchards and
vineyards of greater or less extent. The usual
farm products thrive in the valley, and large crops can be counted on with the
greatest confidence. The discovery that sugar beets could be raised cheaply and
satisfactorily in the country around Grand Junction, led the capitalists of the State-
to invest in the construction of a plant for the conversion of this vegetable into
sugar. The plant is large and has enormous capacity and as the production of
beets increase can easily enlarge this capacity. The beets raised in the vi< inity
are particularly valuable for sugar manufacture, running as high as fifteen and eigh-
teen per cent in saccharine matter and being fully ninetv per cent pure. Farmers

Grand Junction.

Chief City of

Grand River Valley, at

Junction of Grand and

Gunnison Rivers.

Population, 5,000.

Distance from Denver,
450 miles, via Standard

Gauge Line; 424 miles
via Narrow Gauge Line.

Elevation, 4,594 feet.

Eating Station.

OVER THE RANGE.

GRAND CANON OF THE COLORADO.

in the neighborhood are devoting large acreages to the cultivation of the beet,
as remunerative crops, with the aid of irrigation, is assured. This industry is also
being developed in other parts of the State, and the day is not far distant when
Colorado will rank among the foremost in the production of sugar, a truly valuable
and interesting addition to its long list of business interests. Grand Junction is
the county-seat of Mesa County, and has business and public buildings of a sub-
stantial character. Shade trees have been planted on each side of the streets
giving the town a most pleasing and attractive appearance. There is one thing
sure about the Grand River Valley, and that is, it will never want for water; and
with plenty of water for irrigation secured, the future urosperity of the valley and

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 57

the consequent growth of Grand Junction arc both assured. Hack in the hills
great herds are pastured, and extensive coal-mines reached by the Little Book
Cliff Railroad and large natural gas wells add to the many resources of this thriv-
ing city.

Grand Junction is well named, for here is the converging point of tin- standard
and narrow-gauge lines of the Denver &• Rio Grande Railroad with the Rio Grande
Western line for Ogden, Salt Lake, and the Pacific roast, as well as the confluem e
of the two largest rivers in Colorado, the Grand and the Gunnison.

Fruita is the next station to the west, and is in the heart of a most magnificent
fruit-growing region. The peaches, apricots and nectarines reaching a high degree
of perfection and of phenomenal yield. (Population, 300. Distance from Denver,
460 miles. Elevation, 4,510 feet.)

The Utah Desert. For a stretch of about 160 miles beyond Fruita
no agricultural country will be seen — over one hundred miles of this, in fact, is
known as the "Utah Desert." But well-informed people assert that all this desert
needs to be made fertile is irrigation. Water can be got on this land from the
Grand River or Green River, and perhaps before another decade has passed
away the "Utah Desert" will be ranked with that geographical myth of twenty
years ago, "The Great American Desert."

The Book Cliffs. The intervening space of one hundred miles be-
tween the Grand River and the Green would be monotonous were it not for the
glimpses one obtains, to the left, of the snow-crowned San Rafael and Sierra La Sal
Mountains, and the constant presence, to the right, of the multiform and vari-
colored Book Cliffs. These Cliffs are the northern shore of what in former ages
must have been a great inland sea, across whose basin the railroad runs. They
vary in altitude from seven thousand to nine thousand feet and divide the waters of
the Grand River from those of the White, extending two hundred miles from east
to west.

Thompson's. Distance from Denver, 528 miles. Elevation, 5,160 feet.
Population nominal. At this point, during the season, vast droves of sheep are driven
in from the south, the wool clipped, and shipped to market. The region to the south,
of which Moab, Utah, is the center, contributes large quantities of fruit to the
Denver and Salt Lake City markets, which is all brought to Thompson's by wagon,
and thence by rail to the cities named. West of Thompson's there are no stations
of importance until the crossing of the Green River.

Gl'een River is an oasis in the desert, and on alighting from the ears
the traveler is astonished at the beauty of the surroundings, situated as it is, away
out on the edge of the desert. A handsome lawn of shaven grass surrounds the
station, ornamented with trees, shrubs, and flowers. Green River is a shipping
point of considerable importance for stock. (Population nominal. Distance from
Denver, 555 miles. Elevation, 4,080 feet.)

Grand Canon of the Colorado. From the bridge across Green
River the traveler can, if the day is clear, catch a glimpse of the rugged walls of
the Grand Canon of the Colorado, scarcely fifty miles to the southward.

ClinihillJ>- the Wasatch Range. from Green River to Soldier Sum-
mit, a distance of ninety-nine miles, the grade is a constant ascent, the scenery
growing wilder and more varied as the advance is made. The road extend-, to the
northwest, and, after passing Sphinx, Desert Switch, and Cliff Siding, unimpor-
tant sidetracks, reaches Woodside, twenty-five miles from Green River.

Woodside is situated on Price River in the midst of interesting scenery.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE 59

Stock raising is tributary to the station. (Population norrinal. Distance from
Denver, 580 miles. Elevation, 4,645 feet.)

Price Situated on the south fork of the Price River, the town has a very
fertile valley, though of limited extent, surrounding it. What arable land there is
has been carefully utilized, and large crops of potatoes, alfalfa, oats, and vege-
tables arc raised here, through the aid of irrigation. There are mine-; of asphaltum
to the northward, which are worked extensively, and the product shipped to tin
East. Price is also an important shipping-point for cattle, sheep, and wool. The
scenery here is very attractive, and the hunting and fishing are excellent. (Popu-
lation, 100. Distance from Denver, 619 miles. Elevation, 5,547 feet. - )

Fort <lu Cliesne. Eighty miles to the northward from Price, on the
Uintah and Untompahgre Indian reservation, is Fort Du Chesne, the Government
post, supplies for which are forwarded from Price. Fort Du Chesne has four
companies of infantry, and two of cavalry, numbering in all three hundred men. '
There are 4,000,000 acres in the reservation, all of which are at the service of only
2,500 Indians.

Helper. End of the railroad divisions and dining station. (Population,
500. Distance from Denver, 626 miles. Elevation, 5,840 feet.)

Four miles beyond Helper station the train
enters the famous portals of Castle Gate, which
stand at the entrance of the Price River Canon.
Castle date is similar in many respects to the gate-
way in the Garden of Gods. The two huge pillars,
or ledges of rock composing it, are offshoots of the
cliffs behind. They are of different heights, one
measuring five hundred, and the other four hundred
and fifty feet, from top to base. They are richly
dyed with red, and the firs and pines growing about them, but reaching only to
their lower strata, render this coloring more noticeable and beautiful. Between the
two sharp promontories, which are separated only by a narrow space, the river and
the railway both run, one pressing closely against the other. The stream leaps
over a rocky bed, and its banks are lined with tangled brush. Once past the gate,
and looking back, the bold headlands forming it have a new and more attrai the
beauty. They are higher and more massive, it seems, than when we were in their
shadow. No other pinnacles approach them in size or majesty. They are land-
marks up and down the canon, their lofty tops catching the eye before their bases
are discovered. It was down Price River Canon, and past Castle Gate, that
Albert Sidney Johnston marched his army home from Utah. For miles now, and
until the mountains are crossed, the route chosen by the General is closely followed.
The gateway is hardly lost to view by a turn in the canon before- we are scaling the
\rooded heights. The river is never lost sight of. The cliffs which hem us in are
filled with curious forms. Now there is seen a mighty castle, with moats and
towers, loopholes and wall; now a gigantic head appears. At times side canons,
smaller than the one we are in, lead to verdant heights beyond, where game of
every variety abounds.

Kyillie. Large stone quarries are worked here. (Distance from Den%*er,
639 miles. Elevation, 6,960 feet.)

Coltoil. This little town is situated in the midst of ri< h and extensive coal
measures. A branch road runs to the coal-mines, a distance of about twenty miles
to the southward. The coal is valuable for coking, and is used in the various

CASTLE GATE.

Entrance to
Price River Canon.

Height, 500 feet.

60 OVER THE RANGE

smelters of the territory, and is shipped in large quantities to the Pacific Coast.
(Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 644 miles. Elevation, 7,071 feet.)

Pleasant Valley Branch. From Colton the branch extends to Clear
Creek, a distance of twenty miles. The intervening stations are Hale, Scofield,
and Winter Quarters. The chief business of the road is the transportation of coal,
which is mined extensively here.

Soldier Summit. Here we are on the highest railroad point on the
Wasatch Range, and at this point General A. S. Johnston crossed the range in his
march to Utah, and here is '->uried one of his soldiers, hence the name of the station.
Good pasturage covers the mountain tops, and great herds of cattle, horses, and
sheep graze here among the sage brush. The scenery here is wild and picturesque,
and the view is wide, embracing a great sweep of serrated mountain summits.
(Population nominal. Distance from Denver, 652 miles. Elevation, 7,454 feet.)
From this point the descent is made to the Utah Valley.

Red Narrows. Here the cliffs rise on each side of the track, assuming
fantastic forms, and glowing with varied colors, among which red is predominant;
hence the name.

Thistle Junction. This is the junction point of the main line and the
San Pete branch extending to Marysvale. (Population, 100. Elevation, 5,033
feet. Distance from Denver, 677 miles.)

The San Pete Branch of the Rio Grande System starts toward the vast
mines and quarries, grain fields and fruit gardens that lie toward the south from
Thistle. Glance for a moment down this branch line. Two miles from Thistle is
Asphaltum station, where there is a bed of nearly pure asphaltum, covering a
square mile, and from eight to fourteen feet thick. Six miles further, and at Pines,
a view is caught of Mount Nebo, one of the tallest and grandest peaks in Utah,
snow-capped all the year. About a mile below Pines the road enters the Indian
Reservation, and seven miles onward is Indianola, around which cluster the adobe
houses and tepees of a branch of the great Ute tribe, whence Utah has its name.
They do a little farming and stock-raising, and a good deal of hunting and fishing,
and, all things considered, are generally doing well. Whirling on through twenty
miles of pastures and farms, past Hilltop and Milburn, at Fairview a glorious view
of the San Pete Valley, "the granary of Utah," bursts upon the enchanted eye.
The whole country for fifty miles is a mingling of field and garden. Only six miles
more, and the train sweeps into Mount Pleasant, nestled in peach and apricot,
apple, pear, and plum trees, all bowed down with their loads of fruit. The town
stands at the foot of the mountain on a commanding site. It has about 3,000
population, a fiouring-mill and planing-mill, and is the seat of Wasatch Academy,
a Presbyterian school of some repute. Five miles in twelve minutes, and Spring
City is passed, with great masses of snow-crowned mountains east and southeast of
it, and in ten miles more, Ephraim's bowers of fruit and shade are entered. In a
population of 2,200 there are 800 school children, besides all those too young for
schooling. A new depot, new hotel, and many other new buildings tell the story of
prosperity.

A dash of seven miles onward, and Manti is reached, with 2,500 people, and
hardly a poor man among them. Here, at the top of four lofty terraces hewn from
the mountain side, stands the magnificent Mormon temple, which has cost
$2,500,000, and is only second to the one in Salt Lake City. It is nearly two hun-
dred feet long, one hundred wide, and one hundred high, with massive towers at
each end, rising one hundred and seventy-five feet in the air. It is built of snow-

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 6 1

white oolite, quarried out of the site on which it stands, and the whole workmanship
is exquisite. It can be plainly seen for forty miles up and down the valley. A hot
spring on the edge of the town pours out a hundred cubic feet a minute of water
gifted with remarkable medicinal qualities. Just below Manti are the strange
"Saleratus Beds," where for two miles or more the road runs through vast deposits
of soda pure enough for cooking purposes.

The train rushes on through a continuous succession of grain fields and ore hards.
Sterling, Gunnison, and Axtell are passed, the Sevier Valley is entered, and the
locomotive screams its greeting to Salina, a thriving town of 1,000 industrious
citizens. Just back of the town are mountains of rock salt, much of it as clear as
crystal, and absolutely pure. Millions on millions of tons of it can be blasted
out as cheap as dirt. About a mile south of these mountainous monuments to
the memory of Lot's wife is a mountain of almost pure gypsum, and there is
kaolin enough to furnish all the potteries and candy-makers of the world. The
whole region abounds with game and fish. The railway company are now con-
structing a branch line in a northeasterly direction from Salina to a connection
with the main line at a point near Green River, thus shortening the distance be-
tween the east and this rich valley by almost one hundred miles. Leaving Salina
the San Pete Branch continues to the southward past Richfield, Elsinore, and
Sevier to Marysvale, a distance of forty-seven miles. Through this stretch of
beautiful valley will be found many charming orchards and fields of waving
grain, and back in the hills the mines give forth their hoard of precious metals.
Marysvale is destined to be a city of great importance at no distant day, as all
southern Utah and Nevada will be tributary to it, and projected lines of railway
to southern California have their northern terminals here. Returning again to
the main line we find that the

Spanish Fork Canon is charmingly picturesque, and a spot which
would delight the artist. It is characterized by fresh foliage, soft contours, charm-
ing contrasts, and sparkling waters. Emerging from the canon the traveler realizes
that one stage of his mountain journey has been achieved, and before him lies one
of the most fertile valleys in the world.

Utah Valley. This favored spot presents the appearance of a well-culti-
vated park. It has an Arcadian beauty, and resembles the vales of Scotland. In
the center rests Utah Lake, where

". . . the stars and mountains view
The stillness of their aspect in each trace
Its clear depth yields of their far height and hue."

A little back from the lake stand the towns of Springville and Provo, shaded by
the near peaks of the range. Utah Valley possesses a fertile soil, a delightful
climate, and is one of the best farming sections of Utah. Fruit trees and grape
vines grow as readily as hay and cereals, and the sugar beet is rapidly proving a
source of great wealth to the farmers in this favored region. Eastward the oblong-
shaped basin is shut in by the Wasatch Mountains; and on the west in the Oquirrh
Range. Northward are low hills, or mesas, crossing the valley and separating it
from that of the Great Salt Lake; while in the south, the east and west ranges
approach each other and form blue-tinted walls of uneven shape. To the left of
this barrier Mount Nebo, highest and grandest of the Utah peaks, rises majestically
above all surroundings. Its summit sparkles with snow, its lower slopes are wooded
and soft, while from it, and extending north and south, run vast, broken, vari-
colored confreres. The valley is like a well-kept garden; farm joins farm; crystal

OVER THE RANGE

streams water it; and scattered about in rich profusion are long lines of fruit trees,
amid which are trim, white houses. All these evidences of prosperity testify to
the virtues of industry, frugality, and perseverance, which no one can deny are
possessed by the Mormon farmers.

Springville. This is a typical Mormon town, and is really the first Mor-
mon settlement we enter. The town derives its name from the fact that a strong
hot spring pours its waters into a stream just above the town, in Hobble Canon.
The water does not freeze in winter, and thus a flouring mill run by it is enabled to
work the year round. (Population, 3,500. Distance from Denver, 692 miles.
Elevation, 4,555 feet.)

Tintic Branch extends southward from Springville, on through Spanish
Fork, Payson, and Goshen, a region rich in all agricultural productions. West of
Goshen, the branch line enters Pinon Canon, and runs for ten miles through as
wild and rugged scenes as can be found in all this region of scenic wonders. The
track through the canon is a dizzy puzzle in engineering. It winds and climbs,
twists, turns, and wriggles, and at last absolutely crosses itself backward and for-
ward, tying itself into a loop like a double bow-knot. There are but two similar
track tangles in the United States, one in California and the other in Colorado.
Out of this canon labyrinth, the line emerges at Silver City in the far-famed Tintic
mining-camp; and just on beyond that, will doubdess ere long rush its iron horse
into the newly discovered Deep Creek bonanza region, whose richness is now
attiacting wide-spread attention.

Spanish Fork. This is the first town on the Tintic Branch that the
tourist enters. It is situated on the Spanish Fork River, and is a most pleasant
rural village. Fruit and shade trees abound. Agricultural, horticultural, and
pastoral industries are pursued by the inhabitants. Vineyards flourish, wine is
made, dairy products are a specialty, and the cereals and all kinds of vegetables
are cultivated. (Population, 3,000. Distance from Denver, 695 miles. Eleva-
i.on, 4,570 feet.)

This pretty little city belongs to the best type
of Mormon towns, and a description of it will
serve to give the reader a good idea of the charac-
teristics of all the towns built by the Mormons.
The dwellings, as a rule, are comfortable, but not
imposing in appearance. Many of them are con-
structed of adobe or sun-dried bricks, and all are
situated in lots of generous proportions and sur-
rounded by ornamental and fruit trees. Water
for irrigating purposes flows down each side of the
streets, and shade trees in abundance and of luxuri-
ant growth render the walks cool and inviting.
Gardens filled with fruits, flowers, and vegetables are the rule, and a quiet, peace-
ful, industrious, semi-rural life is the good fortune of the residents here. The town
is eminently fitted for a health and pleasure resort, and has also great advantages
as a manufacturing center. The Timpanogas River furnishes unexcelled water
power, while inexhaustible supplies of artesian water are to be found at a depth of
from forty to two hundred feet. The city has, in fact, the finest water supply of
any in Utah Territory. Provo has a fine public school system and is the scat of the
Brigham Young Academy, which was amply endowed by the first president of
the Mormon Church, from whom the school takes its name. Its churches and pub-

PROVO.

County-Seat of Utah Co.
Summer Resort.

Population, 6,500.

Distance from Denver,
696 miles.

Elevation, 4,512 feet.

64 OVER THE RANGE

lie buildings, including an opera house, are a credit to its people, who are of a
literary taste and inclined to liberality of thought. Utah Lake, a fine body of
fresh water, lies to the southwest, and to the north and east are the Wasatch Moun-
tains. Farming and beet sugar raising, horticulture, and the raising of cattle and
sheep are tributary industries, while in the town are large saw-mills, sugar
factories, flouring mills, and woolen mills, the most extensive in Utah.

PrOVO Canon or Hebor Branch. This branch traverses its entire length
the beautiful Provo Canon. The railway follows the windings of the Provo River
from the mouth to the head of the canon, where it widens into the picturesque
Heber valley. It offers, therefore, innumerable shady spots along a stream that

LAKE SAN CRISTOVAL.

abounds with mountain trout. At Bridal Veil Falls, whose waters dash over a
precipice 400 feet high, likewise at the Forks of the River, accommodations for
tourists have been provided. A trip through this canon to Midway, the Natural
Hot Pots and Heber will convince you that no lovelier or more healthful spot exists
in the state. The "Hot Pots" are natural craters of boiling waters, and here has
been established a comfortable sanitarium, with baths of all temperatures and
description. This is also the route to the Strawberry and Duchesne valleys.
En route are passed Caryhurst, Nunns, and Charleston, the latter a charming village
of 250 inhabitants. At Heber, the terminus of the branch, we find a thriving town
of 1,600 people. (Distance from Denver, 722 miles. Elevation, 5,550 feet.)

XJtilll Lake. Mention has already been made of this beautiful body of
water, but the statistical traveler may want to know something more definite about
its dimensions. The lake is thirty miles long, six miles wide, and is fed by the
American Fork, Spanish Fork, and Provo Rivers, and Salt, Peteetweet, and Hobble
Creeks. Its outlet is the Jordan River which, flowing northward, empties into
Great Salt Lake. There are plenty of fish in Utah Lake, chiefly trout and mullet.

American Fork. On the western extremity of Utah Lake, is American
Fork, a thriving town beautifully situated and embowered in tr?.cs. Agricultural
and pastoral industries are tributary to its prosperity. (Population, 3,000. Dis-
^«ce from Denver, 709 miles. Elevation, 4,563 feet.)

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

Lelii. Four miles from American Fork is Lehi, another thriving town also

on Utah Lake. Fruit and shade trees abound and make the town a place of sylvan
beauty. The same industries thrive here as in the sister town mentioned above.
Situated at Lehi is the main establishment of the Utah Sugar Co.'s beet sugar
plant. Here the beet is reduced in vast quantities to commercial sugar of excellent
quality. At several other points in the Utah Valley the Sugar Company have
crushing plants, where the syrup is extracted from the beets and pumped in long

THE BALANCED ROCK.

pipe lines to the works at Lehi for final refining. Much could be written on the
beet sugar industry, but suffice here to say, that this new source of wealth bids
fair to place Utah at the head of her sister states in the production of sugar, and of
wealth consequent thereon. The plants mentioned herein are of most recenl
and modern construction and capable of handling an enormous amount of beets
daily. (Population, 3,000. Distance from Denver, 713 miles. Elevation, 4,544
feet.)

Bingham Junction. This station is at the junction of the Bingham
and Alta branches of the road, and therefore is quite a bustling place in the way
of railroad business, though it has but a nominal population. (Distance from Den-
ver, 730 miles. Elevation, 4,365 feet.)

66 OVER THE RANGE

Bingham Branch. This branch extends southwest to Bingham, a
distance of fourteen miles. The intervening stations are Revere, Lead Mine, and
Terra Cotta.

Bingham. The town may almost be classed as a suburb of Salt Lake
City, as it is less than an hour's ride from the capital of Utah Territory. The
main industry of the surrounding population is mining. (Population, 900. Dis-
tance from Denver, 744 miles. Elevation, 5,862 feet.)

Little Cottonwood Branch. This branch extends to the northward
from Bingham Junction to Wasatch, a distance of ten miles. The intermediate
stations are Sandy and Davenport. The line passes through the Little Cottonwood
Canon en route.

Alta. This is a mining town known all round the world. The place is not
on!y entertaining in itself, but in its neighborhood are a large number of easily
accessible gorges, lakes, and hilltops full of artistic material and of trout fishing; or,
if the tourist goes late in the season, of good shooting and ample opportunity for
dangerous adventures in mountaineering. The Little Cottonwood canon is one
of those great crevices between the peaks of the Wasatch Range, plainly visible
from Salt Lake City, and distinguished by its white walls, which, when wet with
the morning dews, gleam like monstrous mirrors as the sunlight reaches them from
over the top of the range. Alta is reached by a narrow gauge tram from Wasatch
a distance of about eight miles.

The River Jordan. After the valley of Utah Lake has been left behind,
en route to Salt Lake City, on the left of the track is seen a small river of yellow
water meandering through the sage brush and volcanic scoria. The river is the
Jordan, so called because it connects the Utah with the Great Salt Lake, as its
namesake does Galilee and the Dead Sea.

In July, 1847, Brigham Young stood on Ensign
Peak, the "Mount of Prophecy,' and announced
to his followers that down in the valley below
should be founded the new "City of Zion, " the
future home of the Latter Day Saints. Up to
1S71 the original settlers virtually lived apart from
the rest of the world. This was owing to the
religious \iews of the Mormons, which made them
a peculiar and isolated people. To mining is due
the first incursion of Gentile population,' which
population has steadily increased, until at present the community of Salt Lake
City differs but little from any other in its social, business, or religious aspect, except
that it possesses, in addition to the accepted religious associations which exist else-
where, one which differs from all others. The city is situated at the base of the
Wasatch Mountains, which are a part of the great Continental Range dividing the
Far West from the plains which extend from the base of the Rockies to the Missouri
River. The finest residence portion of the city occupies the mountain bench, once
the shore of a great inland sea, known to geologists and scientists as "Lake Bonne-
ville," from which, ages ago, the waters receded until they settled in the basin of
the Great Salt Lake, distant eighteen miles from the water marks yet plainly to be
seen above the city. The location is such as to command a view of the entire
valley, both ranges of mountains, and the southern portion of the lake. The
streets are one hundred and thirty-two feet wide and bordered on each side with
long rows of shade trees. Streams of pure water are conducted in ditches along

SALT LAKE CITY.

Capital of the State
of Utah.

Population, 70,000.

Elevation, 4,225 feet.

Distance from Denver,
741 miles.

6S OVER THE RANGE

both sides of all the streets. The business sections are well built, and the business
streets are paved. One of the largest business enterprises of the city is the Co-opera-
tive Establishment. For convenience it is universally called the "Co-op."; its title
in full is the " Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution. " It has a central building
for headquarters and branches throughout the city and State. Whenever
one sees a building with the mystic initials "Z. C. M. I." on its sign, one may
know it is a branch of the great "Co-op." The headquarters of this institution
are of brick, three hundred and eighteen by fifty-three feet in size, three stories
high, and built over a large cellar. This building is crowded with merchandise
of every description, and does an extensive wholesale and retail business. " Tem-
ple Square" is a great attraction for the tourist. Here are situated the Mormon
Temple, Tabernacle, and Assembly Hall. The Tabernacle is immense in its pro-
portions, the roof resembling an upturned boat, and is risible from nearly every part
of the city. The Temple is, with the single exception of St. Patrick's Cathedral
in New York, the grandest and costliest ecclesiastical structure in this country.
It was begun in 1853, completed in 1893, and cost nearly $6,000,000. It is two
hundred feet long, a hundred feet wide, and a hundred feet high, with four towers,
one at each corner, two hundred and twenty feet in height. The walls are ten feet
thick, and the massiveness and solidity of its construction insure its defiance of
the ravages of time for ages to come. It is built wholly of snow-white granite from
the Cottonwood Canon; and, standing on one of the loftiest points in the city, can
be seen for fifty miles up and down the valley. Near by arc the Bee Hive and Lion
Houses, once the homes of Brigham Young and his many wives. The
Hot Springs and the Warm Springs of Salt Lake are highly
medicinal, and the large baths at both places are resorted to for many
ailments. "Within a short radius of the city the attractions are varied and
numerous. Fort Douglas, the Lake, Emigration City, Bingham, Little
and Big Cottonwood Canons, the Hot Pots at Heber are easily reached.
From Ensign Peak a panoramic view of the surrounding country is had. One
may look from it down the greater part of Utah's length, while near at hand lie
the city and lake. The Fort is also a popular resort, and not only commands an
extensive view, but affords excellent opportunities of studying garrison life. The
rides, drives, and rambles are innumerable. Every taste is catered to. For those
who love grandeur, there are the mountains, with their narrow trails, secluded
parks, wild canons and deep gorges; for those preferring gentler aspects, the valley,
glowing with freshness, affords continual pleasure; for those craving the mysterious,
there is the lake, large, silent, and strange. The hotels are excellent, the climate
unexcelled, and days may be passed delightfully in exploring and in studying the
wealth of attractions. There are theaters, reading rooms, good horses, excellent
electric railways reaching to all parts of the city and suburbs, perfect order and
universal cleanliness. Many of the private houses are palatial, and altogether the
city is one of rare beauty and interest.

As far as can be learned, the first mention in history of the Great Salt Lake
was by the Baron La Houtan, in 1689, who gathered from the Western Indians
some vague notions of its existence. Captain Bonneville sent a party from
Green River in 1833 to make its circuit, but they seem to have given up the
enterprise on reaching the desert on the northwest, on which they lost their
way, and after weeks of aimless wandering found themselves in Lower California.
To General John C. Fremont must be given the credit of first navigating its
waters. In 184-', on his way to Oregon, General Fremont pushed out from the

Great Salt Lake.

Area, 2,500 square
miles.

Mean Depth, 20 feet.

Specific Gravity, 1.107.

Length, 126 miles.

Breadth. 45 miles.

70 OVER THE RANGE

mouth of Webber River, in a rubber boat, for the nearest island. He found it to
be a desolate rock, fourteen miles in circumference and named it Disappointment
Island. Captain Stansbury, on a subsequent visit,
re -named it Fremont's Island, which name is re-
tained. In 1850 Captain Stansbury spent three
months in making a detailed survey of the Lake,
its shores and islands. In brief, he found the west
shore a salt-encrusted desert; the north shore com-
posed of wide salt marshes, overflowed under steady
winds from the south; the east shore possessed good,
irrigable lands; the south shore was set with moun-
tain ranges standing endways towards the lake, with
the grass} - valleys, Spring, Toelle, and Jordan, inter-
vening. The principal islands are Antelope and
Stansburv, rocky ridges ranging north and south, rising abruptly from the water to n
height of three thousand feet. Antelope is the nearest to Salt Lake City, and is six-
teen miles long. Stansburv is twenty miles to the westward and is twelve miles in
length. Both have springs of fresh water and good range for the stock, with which
they are now covered. Of minor islands there are Fremont, Carrington, Gunni-
son, Dolphin, Mud, Egg, and Hat, besides several small insular promontories without
names. The first white man's boat to navigate the lake was probably that of
Fremont; Captain Stansbury came next with his exploring boat curiously named
the "Salicornia"; next in order were the Walker brothers, merchants of Salt Lake
City, who sailed for some years a lonesome pleasure yacht. The lake covers an
area of 2,500 square miles. Its mean depth does not probably exceed twenty feet,
while the deepest place between Antelope arid Stansbury is sixty feet. From
1847 to 1856 the lake gradually filled five or six feet, and then slowly subsided to
its old level. In 1863 it began to fill again, and in four or five years reached a
point considerably higher than its present level, .perhaps four or five feet. In the
year 1875 a pillar was set up at P.lack Rock, by which to measure the rise and fall,
resembling a tide, but having no ascertained time. It is very slight compared with
what it formerly was. Professor Gilbert of the Geological Survey, says that twice
within recent geological time it has risen nearly a thousand feet higher than its
present stage, and, of course, covered vastly more ground. He calls that lake
after Captain Bonneville, the original explorer of these regions, and whom Irving
has immortalized, Lake Bonneville. Causes which learned men assign as produ-
cing what they call a glacial period might easily fill the lake until it extended nearly
the whole length of Utah. During the last high stage, Professor Gilbert says there
were active volcanoes in it. It is generally agreed that its first outbreak was vi 1
Marsh Creek, and the Portneuf into the Snake. At the present height of that
channel (where the Oregon Short Line passes out of Cache Valley) it remained a
long time stationary and then seems to have receded rapidly to a second stationary
point, and so on down to its present stage. There is one very heavy beach-mark
on all the hills surrounding its extended area and on the hills, which were then
islands, and a curious thing is the fact that this beach-mark varies in altitude from
one hundred to three hundred feet, showing that the earth in this valley is still far
from having reached a stable equilibrium.

The most mysterious thing about this inland sea, aside from its saltness, is the
fact that it has no known outlet. A great number of fresh water streams pour into
the lake from all sides, yet the water remains salt and the lake does not overflow.

7 2

OVER THE RANGE

The saline or solid matter held in solution by the water varies as the lake rises and
subsides. In 1842 Fremont obtained "fourteen pints of very white salt" from five
gallons of the water evaporated over a camp-fire. The salt was also very pure,
assaying 97.80 fine. In 1850 Dr. L. D. Gale analyzed a sample of it which yielded
twenty per cent of pure common salt, and about two per cent of foreign salts, chlo-
rides of lime and magnesia. Sergeant Smart, U. S. A., analyzed a sample in 1877,
and found an imperial gallon to contain nearly 24^ ounces of saline matter, amount-
ing to fourteen per cent, as follows:

Common salt 1 1-735

Lime carbonate .016

Lime sulphate .073

Epsom salt 1-123

Chloride of magnesia .843

Percentage of solids I 3-79°

Water 86.2 10

100.
One hundred grains of the dry solid
matter contained:

Common salt 85.089

Lime carbonate .117

Lime sulphate .531

Epsom salt 8.145

Chloride of magnesia 6. 118

It compares with other saline waters
about as follows:

Water. Solid.

Atlantic Ocean 96.5 .... 3.5

Mediterranean 96.2 .... 3.8

Dead Sea 76 24.

Great Salt Lake 86.2 13.8

And in specific gravity, distilled
water being unitv:

Ocean water 1 .026

Dead Sea 1.116

Great Salt Lake 1.107

The solid matter in the water varies between spring and fall, between dry
and wet seasons, and also between different parts of the lake, for nearly all the
fresh water is received from the Wasatch on the east. It is the opinion of salt
makers that an average of the lake at its present stage would show the presence of
seventeen per cent of solid matter.

Salt Lake has become a fashionable bathing resort. In the long sunny days of
June, July, August, and September the water becomes deliciously warm, much
warmer in fact than the ocean, and this pleasant temperature is reached a month
earlier and remains a month later. The water is so dense that one is sustained
without effort, and vigorous constitutions experience no inconvenience from remain-
ing in it a long time. A more delightful and healthy exercise than buffeting its
waves when it is a little rough can hardly be imagined. There is a magnificent
bathing resort on the Lake, near Salt Lake City.

Saltair. The bathing resort is at Saltair, on the Great Salt Lake, about eigh-
teen miles from the city. During the season bathing trains are run almost hourly
from Salt Lake City to Saltair. These trains enable all overland passengers
stopping off at Salt Lake City to have a bath in the great dead sea. Here is located
the finest bathing pavillion on the continent; each of the elegant bath-rooms is
fitted with shower-bath, stationary water-bowls, mirrors, chairs, incandescent
electric lights, etc., making Saltair one of the most attractive watering places on the
continent. There is a first-chss restaurant; careful male and female attendants
and a silver-cornet band furnishes music day and evening, and one of the finest and
largest dancing pavillions in the world. Professor John Muir, the celebrated scientist
and litterateur, speaks as follows concerning a bath in the Great Salt Lake:

"Since the completion of the trans-continental railways this magnificent lake

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

in the heart of the continent has become as accessible as any watering place on
either coast, and I am sure that thousands of trawlers, sick and well, would throng
to its shores every summer were its merits but half known." Saltair is only a
few minutes' ride from the city and has good hotel accommodations, and then besides
the bracing waters, the climate is delightful. The mountains rise into a cool sky,
furrowed with canons almost Yoscmitic in grandeur and filled with a glorious
profusion of flowers and trees. Lovers of science, lovers of wilderness, lovers of
pure rest, will find here more than they ever may hope for.

Park City Branch. The Park City line of the Rio Grande system
traverses the beautiful Parley's Canon. Nearly the whole distance from Salt Lake

OURAY.

City to Park City is a succession of camping-out and shade places and resorts with
the railroad and the mountain stream in close company. At Pharaoh's Glen, the
Old Arm-Chair, Mountain Dell, and Felt's Resort, there are cool, cozy nooks,
Alpine walks and climbs, groves of quaking asp, birch, maple, and pine, rugged
crags, and mossy brooks that dance down over a hundred tiny waterfalls. This
is an ideal outing canon, with hunting and fishing in the vicinity. Cabins, cottages,
and tents for rent; guides and saddle-horses for hire. Visitors from Salt Lake
City, picnic parties, etc., may leave the train at the various resort points at which
it stops and select their own camping-place in the canon.

Park City. At the head of the canon lies Park City, one of the greate I
gold, silver, and lead mining camps in Utah -an extremely interesting point to visit.
(Population, 4,000. Elevation, 6,970 feet. Distance from Denver, 771 miles.) At
Park City stage can be taken over the hills to Heber Hot 1'ots and Provo canon,
returning to Salt Lake City by way of the valley of the Jordan. Or stage may be
had for Brighton's, ten miles distant, a summer resort 9,000 feet above sea Level.
Brighton's is an entrancing spot surrounded by Silver Lake, Lake Mary, and Lake
Blanche, in the very heart of the Wasatch Mountains. It has the combined attrac-

OVER THE RANGE

tions of mountain, lake, and stream, and is the favorite resort for Salt Lake's bon
ton. Good hotel and cottages. En route through the Canon are passed Roper,
Pharaoh's Glen, Old Ann-Chair, Altus, and Gogorza.

Salt Lake to Ogden. From Salt Lake to Ogden the Denver &
Rio Grande system traverses a narrow plain. On the west lies the Great Salt Lake,
while to the north and east rise the serrated peaks of the Wasatch Mountains.
This region is under a high state of cultivation. Farms reach their golden or green
fields over its length and breadth, and little streams run in bright threads out of
the mountain canons down across the meadows. The lake is in full view of the
traveler most of the way, and is a never-ending source of interest. The train speeds
on, and entering an amphitheater, set around with mountains, reaches Ogden, the
western terminus of the Denver & Rio Grande and Union Pacific Railroads, and
the eastern end of the Southern Pacific — as well as the southern outlet of the Oregon
Short Line. (Population, 25,000. Distance from Denver, 77S miles. Elevation,
4.293 feet.)

*» *»*-^-"'" -' iJ " ■■-Vr'-T^T"'- 1 ■ '

QUEEN'S CANON

GRAND CANON, FROM TO-RO-WASP.

SALIDA TO GRAND JUNCTION

VIA MARSHALL PASS.

T Salida the tourist holding tickets over the line of railroad with
which this book treats, may have the choice of two routes to Grand
Junction. Either the standard gauge line via Leadville and Glen-
wood Springs, as described in the foregoing pages, or the narrow
gauge line via Marshall Pass, Gunnison, and Montrose. At Grand
Junction these two lines unite and continue on to Salt Lake City and
Ogden. The points of interest en route are as follows:

Poiielia. This little town, five miles west of Salida, is the station for
Poncha Hot Springs and the junction of the Monarch Branch with the main line.
It is really a suburb of Salida, and is connected with that town by a beautiful boule-
vard, which is one cf the pleasantest of drives.

Monarch Branch. From Poncha this branch runs in a rich mining
countrv, its terminus is Monarch, a prosperous mining town, 235 miles from Denver
and 15 miles from Poncha. The intermediate stations on the line are Maysville
and Garfield. Mining is the chief industry.

As a resort for invalids, Poncha Hot Springs
offers superior inducements, especially to those
suffering from chronic troubles. The sick get
well here in less time and with less medicine than
in any other sanitarium outside of Colorado. The
return to health here is made radically permanent.
A great variety of diseases are cured by the peculiar
earth-heated and earth-medicated waters and an
intelligent system of baths. The effect on the sick
is wonderfully beneficial, correlating a specific
energy with the climate and pure atmosphere, and
the very feeble are enabled to tolerate much hotter baths than in damper or lower
altitudes, and secure correspondingly greater results. The analysis of the Poncha
Hot Springs corresponds almost exactly with the waters of the Hot Springs in
Arkansas. The temperature of the various Arkansas Hot Springs varies from
90 to 175 , that of the Poncha Springs varies from 90 to 185 Fahrenheit. The
water is as clear as crystal and perfectly odorless and tasteless. It quenches thirst
whether cold or hot, and does not disturb the stomach in any manner. There are
one hundred of these Hot Springs, all flowing from a great field of tufa, the natural
precipitation of ages, loss of temperature from contact with the atmosphere and
chemically the same as the tufa of the Arkansas Hot Springs. The springs have
a capacity large enough to bathe 40,000 persons daily. The following is an analysis
of the Poncha Hot Springs:

Poncha Springs.

Hot Springs,

Watering Place,
and Health Resort.

Distance from Denver,
220 miles.

Elevation, 7,480 feet.

,-ff

ill

* », »

7$ OVER THE RANGE

Silicic Acid 32.73

Sesqui-oxide of Iron 1.27

Alumina 5.20

Lime 20.00

Magnesia 74

Chlorine 06

Carbonic-Acid Gas 22. so

Organic Matter 6.24

Water 1.72

Sulphuric Acid 4.46

Potash 2.0S

Soda 1 .00

Iodine 1 . ^o

Bromine 1 .50

The waters are said to be a sure cure for rheumatism and all blood and skin
diseases, and catarrhal affections.

Poncha Pass. After leaving Poncha Station the railroad begins to
climb the mountains, and makes its entry into Marshall Pass by way of Poncha
Pass. As the train makes a long curve around the side of a great hill, about two
miles above the town of Poncha, the tourist can see the Hot Springs on the side
of the opposite hill to the left, a deep gorge intervening, at the bottom of which
flows a clear mountain stream. The scenery here is wild and beautiful, and the
interest increases with each mile of the ascent.

Meai'S Junction. This little station, 226 miles from Denver, in the
heart of the hills, is the junction of the San Luis Valley branch with the main line,
and from this point the real ascent of Marshall Pass begins.

San Luis Valley Branch. This branch of the Denver & Rio Grande
extends from Mears Junction to Alamosa where it connects with the line coming
over Yeta Pass, to Silverton, and to Creede, as described elsewhere in this volume
En route the first station of importance is

Villa Grove This town is situated at the northern extremity of the
great San Luis Valley, and is surrounded by a rich agricultural country. There are
many good mines of gold, silver, and coal in the near vicinity. Eight miles from
Villa Grove, on the Orient Branch, is located the famous Orient Iron mine, from
which is annually produced about 100,000 tons of a fine quality of iron ore. This
ore is smelted and formed into all kinds of commercial iron and steel at the works
of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company located at Minnequa, near Pueblo. (Popu-
lation, 500. Distance from Denver, 245 miles. Elevation, 7,972 feet.)

Valley View Hot Springs. Five miles beyond Villa Grove is situated
a group of hot springs of great medicinal value. There are so many of these
springs in Colorado that all of them have never been fully developed, and this
particular group of springs has not been given the attention they really deserve.

For a distance of fifty-two miles this branch extends through the grand San
Luis valley in an absolutely straight line with a gradual descent towards the south.
Moffat, Hooper, and Mosca are the principal stations en route and are all towns
of considerable importance as entrepots for this wonderful agricultural valley.
There are a number of small lakes in the valley, insuring water in abundant quan-
tities for irrigating purposes and constituting a home for myriads of wild fowl.
Hunters from Denver, Pueblo, Leadville, Salida, and Alamosa, and in fact from
all parts of the state, visit this valley each season. From Moffat station a branch
line extends to the rich mines at Crestone, a distance of seventeen miles from Moffat
and 279 miles from Denver. Crestone is rapidly becoming one of Colorado's
prominent mining towns. (Population, 300. Elevation, 788 feet.) Alamosa,
the end of this division, will be found fully described in another part of this
book.

Resuming the journey to the westward, after leaving Mears Station on the
main line the road advances by means of a series of curves absolutely bewildering,
following the convolutions of the gulches. As the altitude grows greater, the view

MARSHALL PASS.

OVER THE RANGE

becomes less obstructed by mountain sides, and the eye roams over miles of cone-
shaped summits. The timberless tops of towering ranges show him that he is
among the heights and in a region familiar with the
clouds. Then he beholds, stretching away to the
left, the most perfect of all the Sierras. The sun-
light falls with a white, transfiguring radiance upon
the snow-crowned spires of the Sangre de Cristo
Range. Their sharp and dazzling pyramids,
which near at hand are clearly defined, extend
to the southward until cloud, and sky and snowy
peak commingle and form a vague and bewilder-
ing vision. To the right, towers the fire-scarred
front of old Ouray, gloomy and grand, solitary and forbidding. Ouray holds the
pass, standing sentinel at the rocky gateway to the fertile Gunnison. Slowly the
steeps are conquered until at last the train halts at the station, upon the Summit of
Marshall Pass. The awful silence of the storm-tossed granite ocean lies beneath.

Marshall Pass.

Ralroading
Among the Clouds.

A Marvel
cf Engineering Skill.

Elevation, 10,856 feet.

CRESTED BUTTE MOUNTAIN AND LAKE.

The traveler looks down upon four lines of road, terrace beyond terrace, the last so
far below as to be quite indistinct to view. These are only loops of the almost
spiral pathway of descent. Wonder at the triumphs of engineering skill is strangely
mingled with the feelings of awe and admiration at the stupendous grandeur of
the scene.

Marshall PaSS Station is directly on the summit of the pass, and
the track is inclosed by a large snow shed. Fine views can be obtained, however,
from the loop holes, from either end of the shed or from the observatory, erected

OVER THE RANGE

above the station. The elevation is 10,856 feet above the sea. The descent begins,
and the road winds around projecting headlands, on the verge of vast precipices,
threads dark recesses where patches of light fall through leafy canopies upon the
green slopes, follows the windings of the Tomichi, and later courses through culti-
vated meadows dotted with hay-stacks and small ranch houses. As the train rolls
swiftly on, a backward glance gives the traveler a comprehensive idea of the vast
heights overcome in the passage. The stations between Marshall Pass and Gunni-
son are as follows: Shawano, Chester, Buxton, Sargent, Elko, Crookton, Doyle,
Eonita, Parlin, and Mounds. These stations are all small, but situated in the midst
of beautiful scenery.

The Wailllita Hot Spring's are situated ten miles from Doyle. The
waters have long been famous for their great medicinal qualities, and they have
been frequented by those suffering from ill health with the most surprising and
gratifying results. First-class hotel and. bathing accommodations have been
provided for guests. A daily stage-line is operated from Doyle connecting with
all trains. The scenery surrounding the Springs is unsurpassed, and no pleasanter
place can be found by the searcher after health or pleasure.

Camp Bowerman. Four miles beyond Waunita is located the most
recently discovered gold camp of Colorado. Gold was discovered here in July,
1903, in very rich veins and what a few months ago was a barren and uninhabited
region, is now a lively and prosperous mining camp.

Tomiclli Meadows. Beyond Parlin the line crosses a wide expanse of
natural meadowland, through which meanders the beautiful Tomichi Creek.

Gunnison is the county-seat of Gunnison County,
and is situated on the Gunnison River. From
its central position in the great Gunnison Valley,
it must of necessity always be the distributing
point; and therefore its growth is assured as
being coincident with that of the country in which
it is situated. From Gunnison extends a branch
of the Denver c\: Rio Grande Railroad up to Crested
Butte and Floresta, situated in the heart of a rich
gold and silver mining country, and being the center
of the wonderful anthracite coal measures of the state. The town is beautifully
situated and is in such close proximity to some of the most attractive scenerv in
the Rocky Mountains, that it has become a favorite objective point with tourists.
The Gunnison River and its many confluent trout brooks offer fine sport for the fish-
erman, and the hills abound in game. The La Veta Hotel, the eating station for
passengers, is one of the most magnificent in Colorado, having been erected at an
expense of $225,000. It is elegantly furnished, and offers first-class accommoda-
tions for the tourists who may wish to spend a few days or weeks here, hunting and
fishing.

Crested Butte Branch. From Gunnison the Crested Butte branch
of the road extends to the northwest to Crested Butte, a distance of twenty-eight
miles. The line extends up the Gunnison River, which swarms with trout and is
an extremely picturesque stream. The Elk Mountains are in plain view, and add
grandeur to the scene. The intervening stations are Almont, at which place is a
recently erected "Sportsman's Lodge," Jack's Cabin, and Glaciers.

Crested Butte. This pretty village is situated most delightfully among
the mountains, one castellated peak directly opposite the town conferring the name

GUNNISON.

Population, 2,500.

Distance from Denver,
288 miles.

Elevation, 7,683 feet.

Eating Station.

EAGLE RIVER CANON.

84 OVER THE RANGE

it bears. This is the center of the most remarkable coal region yet discovered in
Colorado, and abounding also in rich mines of gold and silver. At Crested Butte,
just back of the village, is found abundant measures of exceedingly bituminous
coal, which is mined largely and made into coke. A few miles north of the town
at Floresta anthracite coal, equal in every respect to the best found in Pennsylvania,
is taken from the top of a mountain, and shipped all over Colorado and Utah.
The fishing and hunting in the mountain streams, and over the wooded hills, furnish
abundant sport for the residents and tourists, and the rides and drives afford an
almost infinite variety. (Population, 7,200. Distance from Denver, 316 miles.
Elevation, 8,878 feet.)

Floresta. Eleven miles beyond Crested Butte. The present terminus of
this branch, and the shipping point for the anthracite coal mined in the vicinity.

Sapiliero stands at the eastern entrance to the Black Canon, and is beauti-
fully situated on the banks of the Gunnison River. The town was named after a
sub-chief among the Utes, who was regarded by the whites as a man of unusual
intellectual and executive ability. In addition to commanding the entrance to
the canon, Sapinero is the junctional point for the Lake City extension of the line.
(Population, 100. Distance from Denver, 314 miles. Elevation, 7,255.)

Lake City JB ranch. This extension is thirty -six miles in length, and
has its terminus at Lake City. The line turns to the left about a mile west of Sapi-
nero, and passes through remarkable Lake Fork canon en route.

Lake Fork Canon. This canon is a most attractive bit of scenery. It
is noted for its narrowness, and the height and grandeur of its walls. For thirteen
miles the railroad winds through this tortuous chasm, the walls rising on each hand
to a height varying from eight hundred to thirteen hundred feet. The river claims
the right of way but the railroad also asserts its rights, and by the exercise of engi-
neering skill has forced a passage. In many places the solid wall of granite has been
blasted away, and from the fallen blocks a solid embankment constructed, upon
which the rails have been laid. The Lake Fork is a rapid and tumultuous stream,
abounding in rapids and presenting a most interesting, varied, and exhilarating
panorama to the eye. Emerging from the canon and gaining a greater altitude, the
view is one of magnificent extent and grandeur. Northward the peaks of the Elk
Range form a long line of well-separated summits. Northeastward, the vista
between nearer hills is filled with the clustered heights of the Continental Divide
in the neighborhood of the Mount of the Holy Cross. Just below them confused
elevations show where Marshall Pass carries its lofty avenue, and to the southward
of that stretches the splendid, snow-trimmed array of the Sar.gre de Cristo.

The enterprising and thriving mining town of Lake City stands in a little park
at the junction of the Lake Fork of the Gunnison
River with Hensen Creek, both typical mountain
streams. A substantial and pretty town has been
established. Mines of marvelous value surround
the town, and give life and energy to all the
commercial and speculative projects of the people.
The development of her mining resources has been
carried on steadily, and the shipments of precious
ores has reached a very heavy tonnage. It will
not be long before Lake City's mines will become
as famous as those of her fortunate sisters in the wide circle of the San Juan silver
region. The romantic surroundings of this pretty town — the lovely lake, San

LAKE CITY.

Picturesque Mining

Town.

Population, 1,000.

Distance from Denver,

350 miles.
Elevation, 8,686 feet.

GATE OF LADORE.

BLACK CANON

OF THE

GUNNISON.

Height of Walls,

2,500 feet.

Length of Canon,
14 miles.

86 OVER THE RANGE

Cristoval, from which it takes its characteristic name, the grand mountains and
the grassy parks — have made it a favorite for the lovers of nature in the past, and
will still attract them in the future. This is a paradise for a sportsman. Over
these rolling uplands, among the aspen groves, upon the foothills and along the
willow-bordered creek deer now throng, and even an occasional elk and antelope
are to be seen. In the rocky fastnesses the bear and panther find refuge, and every
little park is enlivened by the flitting forms of timid hares and the whirring escape
of the grouse disturbed by our passing.

Beyond Gunnison, the railway traverses the
valley of the same name, following the river closely
and encountering nothing but meadows and low,
grayish cliffs. The Gunnison River abounds in trout,
and is a great resort for the disciples of Isaac Walton.
Soon, however, the channel, which the stream
has worn, becomes narrower. The cliffs grow
higher and steeper, the vegetation is less abundant,
and suddenly the sunlight is cut off by broken sum-
mits, and directly after leaving Sapinero, the Black
Canon holds us fast in its embrace. This gorge is
grander, deeper, darker, and yet more beautiful than
the one we have so lately penetrated. It is twite as long, has more verdure, and,
although the walls are dark hued enough to give the place its name, still they are
of red sandstone in many places, and from their crevices and on their tops, shrubs,
cedars, and pinons grow in rich abundance. The river has a deep, seagreen color,
and is followed to Cimarron Creek, up which the road continues, still through rockv
depths, to open country beyond. The Black Canon never tires, never becomes
commonplace.

Cllipeta Falls starts from a dizzy height, is dashed into fragments by
lower terraces, and, tossed by the winds, reaches the river in fine white spray; there
another cataract leaps clear of the walls, and thunders unbroken upon the ground
beside us. In the cliffs are smaller streams which trickle down and are lost in the
river below. At times the canon narrows, and is full of sharp curves, but again
has long wide stretches, which enable one to study the steep crags that lower heaven-
ward two or three thousand feet.

Clirecanti Needle, the most abrupt and isolated of these pinnacles has
all the grace and symmetry of a Cleopatra obelisk. It is red-hued from point to
base, and stands like a grim sentinel, rising to an elevation of 1,500 feet above the
track, watchful of the canon's solitudes. At the junction of the Gunnison and
the Cimarron a bridge spans the gorge, from which the beauties of the canon are
seen at their best. Somber shades prevail; the stream fills the space with its heavy
roar, and the' sunlight falls upon the topmost pines, but never reaches clown the
dark red walls. Huge boulders lie scattered about; fitful winds sweep down the
deep clefts; Nature has created everything on a grand scale; detail is supplanted
by magnificence, and the place is one appealing to our deepest feelings. It greets
us as a thing of beaut}-, and will remain in our memory a joy forever. Long ago
the Indians of this region built their council fires here. By secret paths, always
guarded, they gained these fastnesses, and held their grave and somber meetings.
The firelight danced across their swarthy faces to the cliffs encircling them. The
red glow lit up with Rembrandt tints the massive walls, the surging streams and
clinging vines. They may not have known the place had beauties, but they realized

88 OVER THE RANGE

its isolation, and fearing nothing in their safe retreat, spoke boldly of their
plans.

Cimarron. Is a most attractive little station, nestled among the gulches
on the banks of the sparkling Cimarron Creek. Sportsmen make headquarters
at Cimarron, for the hills are full of game and the streams abound in trout.
(Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 329 miles. Elevation, 6,906 feet.)

Cimarron Canon. Where Cimarron Creek empties into the Gunnison
through a short canon the road leaves Black Canon which continues on with the
larger stream, heightening in awfulness. Down there the fall of the river increases

ASCENDING PIKE'S PEAK.

so rapidly that to follow it to the end, the railroad would emerge a thousand feet
below the valley which it seeks, if a practicable grade should be kept, so the engineers
have turned the road out to the valley through Cimarron Canon, and in four or
five miles a verdureless expanse is reached, and for a short time the road traverses
a region which is picturesque in its poverty and desolation; and in the summer the
distant and sun-heated buttes, with the arid plains between, remind the traveler of
the Wastes of Arabia Petra.

Cerro Summit is reached directly after
emerging from Cimarron Canon. From here the
Uncompahgre Valley, its river, and the distant, pic-
turesque peaks of the San Juan are within full sight
of the traveler. Descending to the valley and follow-
ing the river past Montrose, the Gunnison is again
encountered at Delta.

The town of Montrose can take just pride in
the grandeur of its mountain view. Situated in the
Uncompahgre Valley, Montrose is almost surrounded by mountains. The San
Juan Mountains tower into the heavens to the south, captained by Mounts

MONTROSE.

Population, 2,000.

Distance from Denver,
351 miles.

Elevation, 5,811 feet.

9°

OVER THE RANGE

Sneffles and Uncompahgre, both over fourteen thousand feet high. Along the
western horizon trend the Uncompahgre Peaks to where the Dolores joins the
Grand River, a distance of over one hundred and fifty miles. The Uncompahgre
Valley is fertile, and along the branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Rail-
road, from Montrose to Ouray and Delta, is under high state of cultivation.
The cereals, fruit, and vegetables, together with forage plants, flourish here
in the greatest luxuriance. Here was the Indian reservation, and here lived
( )uray, the friend of the white man. It is only a few years since the good
chief died, an I his farm and buildings are still pointed out to the traveler,
on the line to the town of Ouray, about two miles south of Montrose.

TROUT LAKE.

The land in the valley surrounding Montrose is gradually being brought
under cultivation. Irrigating canals have been constructed, and the rich soil
responds generouslv to the demands of the farmer. The United States govern-
ment has undertaken the construction of a tunnel, five miles in length, through the
mountains to tap the Gunnison River, and thereby provide a never failing supply
of water for irrigating this wonderful valley. Mining and pastoral industries, par-
ticularly the raising of fruits, also contribute greatly to the success of Montrose.
There can be found excellent hunting and fishing in the vicinity.

Delta is twenty-one miles from Montrose, and is the county-seat of Delta
County. It is situated in the delta formed by the junction of the Uncompahgre
and the Gunnison rivers. The town is situated in the heart of the most prolific
fruit-raising region of the state. There are located here several fruit canneries, and
the industry is making this valley and town among the richest and most noted
in the state. Delta is the junction point with the North Fork Branch to Hotchkiss
and Paonia. It is destined to become in time, a considerable business center.
(Population, 1,200. Distance from Denver, 373 miles. Elevation, 4,980 feet.)

North Fork Branch. In 1902 the Denver & Rio Grande constructed a
branch line designated as above, extending in a northeasterly direction from Delta

92 OVER THE RANGE

a distance of forty-four miles through the remarkably rich fruit and agricultural
country adjacent to the North Fork of the Gunnison River and following this stream
amid a profusion of magnificent scenery through the towns of Hotchkiss and Paonia.

Hotcllkiss. The town of Hotchkiss, incorporated in 1900, has a thrifty popu-
lation of about 500. Situated on the north fork of the Gunnison near the mouth
of Leroux Creek and on the "North Fork Branch" of the Denver & Rio Grande,
its location is such that it is the agricultural center of the eastern portion of the
county. It supports two banks and half a dozen mercantile houses, all of which
do a good business. The Fire Mountain Canal, with a capacity of 125 cubic feet
of water, affording sufficient to reclaim 6,000 acres of land which is tributary to
Hotchkiss, will greatly add to its importance. The town is regularly laid out and
has a number of substantial brick structures. (Population, 500. Elevation, 5,369
feet. Distance from Denver, 398 miles.)

Paonia. Paonia is on the "North Fork Branch" of the Denver & Rio Grande,
near the eastern line of Delta County. It is in the oldest fruit region of the Western
Slope, and sustains a well-deserved reputation in that line. The town has fine
churches and school houses, two banks, a system of water works, and well-kept
streets and walks. (Population, 359. Elevation, 5,689 feet. Distance from Den-
ver, 406 miles.)

Cedaredge, Cory, Crawford, and Eckert are hamlets adjacent to the "North
Fork Branch" with from 50 to 100 population. Each is the center of a prosperous
community.

Between Delta and Grand Junction there are a number of small stations which
will not interest the traveler, but the scenery through which the railroad passes
(while it is not especially startling) will interest him. After passing Delta the road
crosses the Uncompahgre and follows the west bank of the Gunnison (the same
river that was left at Cimarron, forty-four miles behind us). In about five miles
we cross to the east bank of the Gunnison and roll along beneath cliffs which tower
on our right above the train, leaving but little room between rocks and river. At
Bridgeport the cars plunge into the Bridgeport Tunnel, 2,256 feet in length, one of
the longest tunnels on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Shortly an iron bridge,
over a fine stream (the Grand River) is passed, and we find ourselves at the junction
of the Gunnison with the Grand River; and of the two main lines of the Denver
& Rio Grande Railroad with its western division, the Rio Grande Western Railway.

PUEBLO TO ALAMOSA.

ROM Pueblo to Cuchara Junction, a distance of 50 miles, the rail-
road extends to the southward across the plains which stretch in
one vast unbroken expanse to the eastern horizon, while to the west
lies the Greenhorn Range with its intervening foothills.

Spanish Peaks. To the south rise the famed Spanish
Peaks, springing directly from the plains, remarkable for their
symmetry of outline, and reaching an altitude respectively of 13,620 and 12,720
feet. The Indians, with a touch of instinctive poetry, named these beautiful
mountains "Wahatoya," or twin breasts. As a matter of orthographical interest,
the reader may be pleased to know that the Indian spelling of the word is as follows:
"Huacjatollas!"

Trinidad Branch. From Cuchara Junction, one line of the mad ex-
tends in a southern direction to Trinidad, the largest city in Southern Colorado,
and the center of the famous coal measures of El Moro.

This branch of the road does not pass directly through grand scenery, as it
extends to the southward across the plains, and to the east of the mountains; but
the line is of great commercial importance, as by its connections at Trinidad it
affords a direct through route to the Gulf of Mexico. Locally, also, it is of especial
importance as El Moro and Trinidad are in the heart of one of the greatest coal
and coke regions in the west, and the agricultural and pastoral industries of the
plains are of large proportions. From Cuchara Junction the stations occur in the
following order: Tuna, Rouse Junction, Santa Clara, Boaz, Apishapa, Barnes,
Chicosa, and El Moro.

El Moro is worthy of special mention because of its extensive coal mines
and coking ovens; the latter are 500 in number, and the greatest in the State. The
town derives its name from the great butte (El Moro) which lowers a hove it, pre-
senting a very striking object to the view. (Population, 500. Distance from
Denver, 206 miles. Elevation, 5,879 feet.)

This is the metropolis of southeastern Colo-
rado, and the terminus of this branch of the Denver
& Rio Grande Railroad. Trinidad is the trade
and money center for an immense territory, includ-
ing portions of northern Texas, southern Colorado,
and northern New Mexico. In natural resources,
Trinidad is exceedingly rich, being the center of
the largest coal belt in the world, and the supply
depot for most of the coke used in the' Great West.
In addition to coal and coke in the immediate
vicinity, iron exists in unlimited quantities. The
supply of gypsum, granite, alum, fire-clay, silica, grit, or grindstone, limestone,
and the finest of building stone is absolutely inexhaustible. Trinidad, from the
natural deposit alone, must of necessity become a manufacturing center of vast

TRINIDAD.

Commercial and Manu=
facturing City.

Population, 8,ooo.

Elevation, 5,994 feet.

Distance from Denver,
210 miles.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 95

importance, and has already taken advanced steps in this regard. The manu-
facture of cement, mineral paint, lime, and plaster (if pans, are all important indus-
tries, while the production of building brick is very large in its proportions. Fire-
brick and silica brick are an additional industry. In and around Trinidad no
less than five thousand laborers are now employed, and this large and daily in< nos-
ing number of men spend their money in Trinidad. The city has water works,
gas works, electric light, street cars, and other metropolitan improvements. The
schools and churches are very superior, while the business houses and residences
are a credit to the city. Its elevation above the level of the sea Insures a delightful
climate, free from malaria and other poisons common to lower altitudes, while
the scenic surroundings are unsurpassed, Raton Peak and the distant range adding
their grandeur to the beauty of the scene. Trinidad is a railroad center, with
three great trunk lines in operation; is the most important wool center in Colorado,
being the original market for 3,000,000 pounds, and is also a great cattle center and,
for that reason, the largest hide and pelt receiving point in the State. Resuming
the journey to Alamosa, the tourist returns to

Cueliara Junction. A small town at the junction of the Xew Mexico
and Trinidad extensions of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The supporting
industries are pastoral and agricultural pursuits. (Population, 200. Distance fn mi
Denver, 169 miles. Elevation, 5,942 feet.)

Walsenburg". A flourishing town doing a large business, both at home
and abroad. It is surrounded by a fine pastoral country, and also derives revenue
from agriculture. Coal is mined near here in large quantities. (Population,
1,000. Distance from Denver, 175 miles. Elevation, 6,187 feet.)

La Veta. A prosperous village surrounded by a pastoral country and in
the midst of most beautiful scenery, being near the foothills of La Veta Mountain
and the famous pass known by the same name. The Spanish Peaks are also in
plain view to the east. (Population, 500. Distance from Denver, 190 miles.
Elevation, 7,024 feet.)

During the summer of 1S99 the line from
Cuchara Junction via Veta Pass to Alamosa was
changed from narrow to standard gauge, and in
seeking easier grades and curves the famous " Veta
Pass" and "Muleshoe Curve" were abandoned and
an entirely new route followed over the range. The
new pass is called La Veta Pass, and the scenery
if possible, is superior to that of the old route.

The road climbs in tortuous windings around the
foot of gigantic hills covered with virgin forests of spruce and pint-.

The view to the eastward is one of great extent and magnificent e. The plains
stretch onward to the dim horizon line like a gently undulating ocean, from which
rises the twin cones of the Wahatoya, strangely fascinating in their symmetrical
beauty.

Veta Mountain is to the right, as the ascent of the pass is made, and rises with
smooth sides and splintered pinnacles to a height of 11,176 feet above the sea.
The stupendous proportions of this mountain, the illimitable expanse of the
plains present a picture upon which it is a never-ceasing delight for tin- eye to
dwell.

The train rolls steadily forward on its winding course, at last reaching the
apex, glides into the timber and halts at the summit, 9,242 feet above the level of

LA VETA PASS.

Elevation, 9,242 feet.
Maximum Grade, 211

feet to the mile.

Distance Across Pass,

20 miles.

9 6

OVER THE RANGE

the distant sea. The downward journey is past Sierra Blanca and Old Fort Gar-
land and through that pastoral and picturesque park known as San Luis Valley,
and rejoins the old roadbed at Wagon Creek Junction and continues through the
fertile valley to Alamosa.

The changing of the gauge of this piece of road has largely increased the business
and shipments of the San Luis Valley, and enables the farmers and grain dealers to
ship the wheat and other grains grown in the valley to the eastern markets in un-
broken car-load lots.

The line has also been made standard gauge to Creede, the famous gold and
silver camp at the terminus of the Creede branch; and to Antonito, twenty-eight
miles south of Alamosa, the junction point of the main line and the Santa Fc branch.

BAKER'S PARK, SULTAN MOUNTAIN

Wagon Creek Junction. At Wagon Creek Junction, one can say that
the descent of La Veta Pass has been accomplished, although it is still down grade
as far as Alamosa. This station is situated on the eastern border of the San Luis
Valley and at the western extremity of La Veta Pass. Good hunting and fishing
can be found in the neighboring foothills. (Population, nominal. Distance
from Denver, 217 miles. Elevation, 8,271 feet.)

Garland. This town was formerly known as Fort Garland, and was
a United States miliatry post. Sierra Blanca, elevation 14,483 feet, the highest
mountain in the United States with one exception, is seventeen miles distant. Good
trout fishing and shooting can be found in the adjacent foothills. Garland's tribu-
tary industries are agriculture and stock raising. (Population, 200. Distance
from Denver, 228 miles. Elevation, 7,936 feet.)

Sierra Blanca is the monarch of the Rocky Range, and is characterized by
the peculiarity of a triple peak. The mountain rises directly from the plain

SIERRA BLANCA.

Highest Mountain

The Rocky Range.

Elevation,

14,483 feet.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 97

to the stupendous height of 14,483 Feet, ovei two miles and thr« -fifths of
sheer ascent. A magnificent view of this mountain is obtained from the cars

as soon as the descenl from La Veta Pass into the
San Luis Valley has been made. Surely it is
worth a journey across the continent to obtain a
view of such a mountain' Although a pari of the
range, ii stands at the head of the valley, like' a
monarch taking precedence of a lordly retinue.
Two-thirds ol its height is above timber-line, ban
and desolate, and except foi a month or two of
mid-summer, dazzling white with snow, while in
its abysmal gorges it holds eternal reservoirs of ice.

"O, sacred mount with kingly crest
Through tideless ether reaching,
The earth world kneels to hear the prayer

Thy dusky slopes are teaching.
With mystic glow on sunset eyes
All trembling lie thy blood-red eaves,
Their silken veins with gold inwrought,
Oh, glorious is thy world-wide thought."

The lower slopes of Lhe mountain are clad in vast forests of pine and hemlock,
while its grand triad of gray granite peaks lift into the sky their sharp pyramidal
pinnacles, splintered and furrowed by the storm-compelling and omnipotent hand
of the Almighty. To the north and south, for a distance of nearly two hundred
miles, it is flanked by the serrated crests of the Sangre de Cristo Range, the whole
forming a panorama of unexampled grandeur and beauty.

Sail LuiS Valley. This great and fertile valley is located in south-
ern Colorado, bordering New Mexico, and is drained by the Rio Grande, one of
the largest of Colorado's rivers, into which flows from the lofty mountain ranges
surrounding the valley, almost numberless little mountain streams. This valley,
which was once the bottom of a vast mountain lake, contains fully 10,000 square
miles — equal to the entire area of Massachusetts. The soil is alluvial, from six
to fifteen feet deep, and the surface is naturally well adapted for irrigation, which
the rivers and streams in the valley are abundantly capable of providing. The
park, or valley, as it is more frequently called, is from 7,000 to 7, ,}oo feet above
sea level. This elevation insures a light, pure atmosphere, free from all malarial
conditions, and especially favorable for those disposed to pulmonary affections.
The climate is cool in the summer, and not severe in the winter — scarcely ever
more than an occasional snowfall of two or three inches in the valley. Too much
in praise of the attractions and beauty of the climate of the San Luis Valley cannot
be said. The grand chain of mountains, which entirely surround the park, present
scenery unsurpassed in the world. Spring wheat will yield from thirty to fifty
bushels to the acre, oats from fifty to seventy-five bushels, peas from thirty to forty
bushels, potatoes from two hundred to three hundred bushels to the acre; beans,
cabbage, all kinds of root crops, including the sugar beet, are unexcelled anywhere.
Hops do well; tomatoes and melons are grown, but with some effort. Corn, in
consequence of the elevation, except for garden purposes, does not pay. Alfalfa
— the clover of the mountains — docs well, yielding from four to six tons in two
cuttings. Common red clover, timothy and red top do well. The native grasses,
by irrigation, yield two tons per acre. All kinds of small fruit do exceedingly well.

TO THE GOLDEN (.W'/'/L 99

Apples and cherries dc well, plums and pears may, but peaches cannot be grown

as well as on the western .slope. Surrounding the valley, embracing the foothills
and lower mountain ranges, is a range covering millions of aires, where cattle,
horses, and sheep can feed for more than nine months in the year. The g]
are more abundant and nutritious than upon the lower elevations. The stock
so grazed upon these free ranges in the summer and fed upon the home farms in
the valley in the winter, can be handled without hazard, and with certainty of
profitable return to the farmer and large ranchmen.

This is one of the most considerable towns

ALAMOSA.

Junctional City.

Eating Station.

Population, 1,500.

Distance from Denver,

Via La Veta Pass,

252 miles.

Via Salida, 300 miles.

Elevation, 7,546 feet.

of the San Luis Valley. It is situated on the west
bank of the Rio Grande river, and at the junction
of the New Mexico. San Luis, and Creede branches
of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The
resources of the San Luis Valley have been described
above, and it goes without saying that these resources
are naturally tributary to the welfare of Alamosa.

The town is well supplied with stores of all
kinds, which carry large stocks of goods. Great
quantities of lumber, hay, and grain, and farm
produce generally, are shipped from this station, which also commands a large
local trade. Within a short distance of the town a natural gas supply has been
discovered, which only needs adequate development to make it an element of great
prosperity to the city. There are, also, a large number of ever-flowing artesian
wells near the city, which insure a never-failing source of pure water. The eating
house at Alamosa, the Victoria Hotel, furnishes one of the best meals to be obtained
anywhere, and has a wide-spread and well-deserved reputation. The scenery
surrounding the town is grand, and the near proximity of the river makes it a
favorite resort for sportsmen.

Creede Branch. From Alamosa a branch of the Denver & Rio
Grande extends up the valley a distance of seventy miles to the great hot springs
at Wagon "Wheel Gap, and the famous gold and silver mining camp of Creede. The
line passes through an exceedingly fertile agricultural country bang on both sides
of the Rio Grande, and irrigated by the great canals taken out from the river. In
the proper season of the year thousands of acres of wheat and oats, alfalfa, ami
other farm produce can be seen growing in the greatest luxuriance on both sides of
the track.

Moilte "Vista, This nourishing town is an example of rapid growth and a
proof of the self-sustaining character of the country. The surrounding country
is full of coal, oil, and gas. Very rich mines are being developed (ore running from
$1,000 to $2,000 per ton) in the mountains southwest of Monte Vista, which is
located in the midst of 300,000 acres of the richest irrigable land with abundance
of water to supply it. Monte Vista is a new, growing, enterprising prohibition
town, and has a superior class of citizens. It is rapidly becoming an extra desirable
residence locality. It has a first-class roller-process flouring mill, fifteen stores,
two banks, a planing mill, three lumber yards, three weekly papers, three livery
stables, large public library, an $8,000 school-house, a $75,000 hotel, seven church
organizations, a secular Sunday society, secret societies, cornet band, etc. In the
vicinity is one farm of 7,000 and another of 4,000 acres. The Colorado home for
Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and Sailors is located here. Some two hundred vet-
erans occupy the magnificent building and surrounding cottages, enjoying, in their

IOO

OVER THE RANGE

declining years, a well-earned respite from the turmoil of war. (Population, 1,200.
Distance from Denver, 269 miles. Elevation, 7,665 feet.)

Del Noi'te. This is the oldest town in what is known as the San Juan
country, and is the county-seat of Rio Grande County. The town is so situated
as to be on the line between the agricultural and mining sections. To the north
and east of the town are the rich and rapidly settling agricultural and pastoral
lands of the San Luis Valley, to the south and west are the great mines of San Juan.
Del Norte is beautifully situated in a basin at the foot of the mountains, sheltered
from the blasts of winter and having the most delightful weather in summer. The
Rio Grande flows through the edge of the Del Norte town site, and offers to manu-

CHIPETA FALLS.

facturing interests exceptionally tine water power. Del Norte has some excellent
business and dwelling houses, fine public school buildings, two good church build-
ings — above the average — the Presbyterian College of the Southwest (a staunch
educational institution), a line flouring mill of the latest roller process, a large
brewery using home-grown barley, two banks, court-house costing $30,000, the
United States land office, where all business regarding lands in this district must
be transacted, and countless other enterprises that cannot be mentioned here. On
Lookout Mountain, 600 feet above the town, is mounted a large telescope, to be
used in connection with the Presbyterian College of the Southwest. The view
from the Lookout observatory is grand in the extreme. The streets of Del Norte
are wide and the town is noted for its growth of trees — mostly cottonwoods. Water
for irrigating purposes is supplied by means of a main canal from the Ri<> Grande,
with laterals over the town site along the sides of streets. Del Norte is certainly
a very attractive town. (Population, 1,200. Distance from Denver, 2S3 miles.
Elevation, 7,880 feet.) From Del Norte the line follows the river amidst most
attractive scenery. South Fork is a small station on the river, and is a favorite
stopping place for anglers.

TO 1 HE GOLDEN GA II.

IOI

Wagon Wheel Gap
Hot Springs.

Distance from Denver,
312 miles.

Elevation, 8,449 feet.

The hot springs al Wagon Wheel Cap, together
with the magnificence of the scenery, make it
one of the mosl attractive pleasure resorts in Colo-
rado. As the Cap is approached the valley nar-
rows until the river is hemmed in between massive
walls of solid rock, that rise to such a heighl on
either side as to throw the passage into a twilight
shadow. The river rushes roaring down over
gleaming gravel or precipitous ledges. Progressing,
the scene becomes wilder and more romantic, until at last the waters of the Rio
Grande pour through a cleft in the rocks just wide enough to allow the construction
of a road at the river's edge. < )n the right, as one enters,
tower cliffs to a tremendous height, suggestive in thier
appearance of the palisades no
the Hudson. ( ) n the left rises
the round shoulder of a massive
mountain. The vast wall is un-
broken for more than half a mile,
its crest presenting an almost
unserrated sky line. Once through
the gap the traveler, looking to
the south, sees a valley encroai hed
upon and surrounded by hills.
Here- is the old stage station, a
primitive and picturesque struc-
ture of hewn logs and adobe, one
story in height, facing the south,
and made cool and inviting by
wide-roofed verandas extending
along its entire front. Not a
hundred feet away rolls the Rio
Grande swarming with trout. A
drive of a mile along a winding
road, each turn in which reveals
the famous springs. The medi-
old and hot springs, have been

UP THE RIO GRANDE,

new scenic beauties, brings the tourist to
cinal qualities of the waters, both of the
thoroughly tested and proved to be of a very superior quality. Lieutenant
Wheeler, I". S. A., gives the following analysis of these springs: No. 1 has a tem-
perature of about [50 Fahrenheit, is bubbling continually, and is about eight feet
wide by twelve feet long; No. 2 is a small bubbling spring, cold, and about one
foot in diameter, and gives out a strong odor of sulphuretted hydrogen; No. ,; is
situated some distance from Xos. 1 and 2, at the foot of a hill, it bubbles continually
and Ls of a temperature of 140° Fahrenheit. This spring is about three feel wide
and the same in length; it is called the' Soda Spring. In one thousand parts of
the water of the springs of Wagon Wheel Gap are contained parts as follows:

No. '■

No. 3.

Trai c

Trai '■.

144-5°
Tra< e.

3 1 -°°

5.10

Trace.

22 42
Tran-.

10.50

IS- 70

1 1.72

33-34

1.07
Trace-.

4.72

12.00

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 10;

No 1.

Sodium Carbonate 69.42

Lithium Carbonate Trace.

Calcium Carbonate 14.08

Magnesium Carbonate- 10.91

Potassium Sulphate Trace.

Sodium Sulphate 2 3-73

Sodium Chloride 2 9—5

Silicic Acid 5.73

Organic Matter Trace.

Sulphuretted Hydrogen Trace.

Total i5 2 -i 2 7 J -39 2jS -77

There arc two good hotels at Wagon Wheel Gap, one at the springs, anothei
close to the station, giving ample accommodation for invalids and sportsmen.
The Hot Springs Hotel, at the springs, has recently been rebuilt and refurnished,
and is now in condition to furnish accommodations of the first (lass. The bathing
facilities at the springs consist of a first-class stone bath-house, erected in iqo2 at
an expense of $25,000 and is complete and modern in every detail.

Alltelopo Springs. Twenty miles west of Wagon Wheel Gap, in
Antelope Park, aie situated Antelope Springs, in a region which is becoming a
great resort for sportsmen and abounding in fish and game. The waters of the
springs are medicinal and resemble the more widely known mineral waters of the
Gap, in that they are both hot and cold, and differ among themselves in their
mineral constituents. The scenery is wild and beautiful. For a hunting partv,
or as a place for a few day's outing in camp, no more pleasing spot can be found.

Trout Fishing in the Rio Grande. There is no stream on the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains that affords finer trout fishing than the Rio
Grande. Trout reaching the wonderful weight of nine pounds have been fre-
quently taken, and those weighing from one to three pounds can be caught in great
abundance. This is undoubtedly one of the best fishing resorts in America.

Ten miles beyond Wagon Wheel Gap on Willow
Creek, a tributary of the Rio Grande, is Creede,
the famous mining camp. This camp was located
but a few years ago, and is to-day one of the largest
producing camps in the State, and has a population
of two thousand. While Creede is known as a
silver camp, it is not distinctly so. The ore in that
district varies, and almost every property has more
or less of a percentage of gold. The vein matter is so rich in the leading mines that
even did they not contain gold they could be worked at a profit. But with I.i-ad-
ville, so with Creede. The deeper the mines are going, the heavier the percentage
of gold. This has been the invariable rule with the large producing properties,
which, from the indications, will soon have enough gold to pay for their working.
The camp is active and is progressing. A great deal of development work is going
on, contracts being let for extensive work every day. New districts arc being opened
up, revealing new formations and good paying ore. Tin properties that first
brought the camp into prominence are continuing their large output.

There are several good hotels in Creede, and the wayfarer will be assured of all
modern comforts.

CREEDE.

Great Mining Camp.

Population, 2,000.

Distance from Denver,

321 miles.

Elevation, 8,852 feet.

Mg^W

ALAMOSA TO ESPANOLA AND SANTA Ft

HE New Mexico branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad
extends southward from Alamosa to Santa Fe, passing through
an interesting country to the tourist, especially after New Mexico
has been entered. Here can be seen what remains of the ancient
Spanish civilization, as well as the habitations of the Pueblo Indians
and the ruins of the pre-historic Cliff Dwellers. Leaving Alamosa
the road turns to the south and crosses the southern portion of the San Luis Valley.

,sa ^^^B

EMBUDO, RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

Liil Jar a. Within the last few years many new towns have sprung up in
the valley, owing to the development of its agricultural industries, through the con-
struction of great irrigating canals Old settlements have acquired new vigor
and advanced greatly in prosperity. La Jara is one of the towns that lias received
this new impulse. Its people are enterprising and industrious. Agriculture and

io5

io6

OVER THE RANGE

pastoral pursuits contribute to the town's success. (Population, 300. Distance
from Denver, 266 miles. Elevation, 7,609 feet.)

Romeo. This is a village seven miles south of La Jara and in the heart of a
fine agricultural region.

Antonito. This town is a thriving and prosperous place, the last one of
any special importance on the railroad in the southern part of the San Luis Valley.
Stock raising and agriculture occupy the attention of the surrounding population.
There is a fine stone depot here, and there are many creditable business blocks.
It is the station for Conejos, one mile distant; and for San Rafael, four miles distant.
Its position in the heart of the San Luis Valley (for full description of which see

OLD CHURCH OF SAN JUAN.

Alamosa) insures it a generous and constantly increasing support from agricultural
and pastoral industries. Being the junctional point of the Denver & Rio Grande-
Railroad's New Mexico and San Juan branches gives it a large railroad business.
Tourists will do well to stop at Antonito and visit the old Mexican town of Conejos,
which is the most accessible town of the typical Mexican character in Colorado.
Here may be found the plazas, churches, and ancient adobe houses peculiar to
the early civilization of the Spanish. Fine fishing can be found near Antonito.
Antonito itself is a modern town with all the life and push of the American, full
of business and enterprise. (Population, 400. Distance from Denver, 280 miles.
Elevation, 7,888 feet.)

I'allllilltl is eleven miles from Antonito, and here the road enters the
Territory of New Mexico and passes through a number of small stations of no
especial interest to the tourist. As a matter of statistics, the names of these stations
and their distances from Denver are given; Palmilla, 291 miles; Volcano, 299 miles;
No Agua, 308 miles; Tres Piedras, 315 miles; Serviletta, 324 miles; Caliente, 336
miles; Barranca, 345 miles; Embudo, 352 miles; Alcalde, 360 miles; Chamita,
367 miles; Espanola, 371 miles. The traveler will notice that the names of the
stations have assumed a Spanish form, and should he happen to address any of
the swarthy men that chance to be lounging around the stations, he would very
likely receive a reply in the language of Hispania. The Snanisb cjoken is *

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

107

A SOUTHERN UTE.

Castilian by any means, but is about as near it as "pidgin English" is to genuine
Chinese, being a mixture of English, Spanish, and Indian dialects.

Barranca is a quiel little station in New
Mexico, 345 miles from Denver, [ts only claim for
special mention is the fact that here the traveler lakes
the stage for Ojo Caliente, the celebrated hoi springs,
which lie among the hills, eleven miles to the west-
ward. Stages to and from the springs connect with
passenger trains, making quick time over an excel-
lent road. The altitude of the springs i^ 6,019 '" 1 ' l ' t
and the climate at all seasons of the year mild and
pleasant. The Springs have been noted lor their
curative properties and from time immemorial, hav-

OJO CALIENTE.

Famous Hot Springs.

Health and Pleasure
Resort.

Elevation, 6,019 feet.

ioS

OVER THE RANGE

ing been frequented by the Indians previous to Spanish occupation and highly
esteemed by both races since that date. They have proved remarkably suc-
c( ssful in the treatment of rheumatism, skin diseases, derangement of
the kidneys and bladder, and especially of all venereal diseases. Cases of paralysis,
after resisting the usual appliances of medicine, have been sent to Ojo Caliente,

and immediately and permanently
relieved. The springs lie in a
pleasant valley, nine hundred feet
lower than Barranca, surrounded
by high bluffs capped with basaltic
cliffs. On the top of these cliffs
are table-lands on which are found
the ruins of prehistoric buildings,
not unlike the Indian pueblos of
the present day, but of which the
Indians know nothing and even
their traditions furnish no account.
Four miles above the village are
larger springs of tepid water, the
mineral deposits from which have
built up great mounds, full of
strange caves and glittering with
saline inc rustations. About three
miles from Ojo Caliente is a high
mountain called Cerro Colorado,
from its peculiar reddish brown
color, which, according to the
statement of the inhabitants, ex-
hibited marked evidences of vol-
canic action about seventy years ago. It has a well-defined crater, and offers an
inviting field for the investigations of the geologist.

Comanche CanOll. Six miles below Barranca the train enters Comanche
Canon. Through this canon the road makes its descent into the Rio Grande Val-
ley. Rugged, difficult, and striking, the canon commands the admiration of the
spectator. Through breaks in the walls can be caught glimpses of the valley
and river, the noble Rio Grande beneath. Experienced travelers who have made
the "grand tour" say that this scene resembles choice- bits in Switzerland. Ernest
Ingersoll thus describes the- valley in his charming book, "The Crest of the Con-
tinent": "Emerging from Comanche Canon, a bend to the southward is made
along the western bank of tin- lower part of the canon of the Rio Grande. In many
portions of this narrow valley, only about twenty miles in length, features of great
interest to the eye occur, equaling the walls of Comanche, which was itself ignored
until the railway brought it to the light. The river here is about sixty yards wide,
and pours with a swift current troubled by innumerable fallen rocks. At times
it is swollen and yellow with the drift of late rains, but in clear weather its waters are
bright and blue, for it has not yet soiled its color with the line- silt which will thicken
it between Texas and Mexico. On the opposite bank, near the level of the river,
runs the wagon road that General Edward Hatch, formerly commander of the de-
partment cjf Xew Mexico, cut some years ago to give ready communications between
his headquarters at Santa Fe and the posts in the northern part of the Territory

PUEBLO INDIANS.

SANTA CRUZ.

PUEBLO OF SAN
JUAN.

PUEBLO DE
TAOS.

HO OVER THE RANGE

and in southern Colorado. This is the track now followed by all teamsters, but
the old road from the south to Taos ran over the hills far to the eastward, passing
through Picuris."

Elllbiulo. At the mouth of Comanche Cafion stands an odd conical hill
dividing the current of the river. Noticing its resemblance to a funnel the Mexi-
cans called it Embudo, and the station here takes the same name. Embudo is
chiefly important as the point of departure for Taos, whose remarkable pueblo
is described further on.

Espanola. This little village is of interest to the tourist because of its
contiguity to ancient pueblos and the ruins of Cliff dwellings. Espafiola's tribu-
tary industries are pastoral and agricultural. (Population, ioo. Distance from
Denver, 372 miles. Elevation, 5,590 feet.)

Places of Interest Near Espanola.

Santa Cruz is a most interesting old Mexican town,
situated on the Rio Grande del Norte, directly
opposite Espanola. Its chief attraction is the
ancient church erected in the sixteenth century,
which contains several paintings and images sent
over from Spain.

The Pueblo of San Juan is situated on
the Rio Grande, about four miles above Espanola,
and one and one-half miles from the railroad. There are twenty-six similar Indian
towns, nineteen of which are situated in New Mexico, and seven in Arizona. Nine
of them are on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, or its immediate
vicinity, viz.: Taos, Picuris, San Juan, Santa Clara, San Yldefonso, Pojuaque,
Nombe, Cuyamauque, and Tesuque. The different pueblos closely resemble
each other in construction. The dwellings are all built of mud-colored adobes, or
sun-dried bricks, and are arranged so as to inclose a plaza or public square. The
walls are from two to four feet in thickness, and the roofs are of timber, covered
with dirt a foot or more in depth; many houses are two, and some even four and five
stories, or rather terraces, in height, each successive story being set back some
twelve or fifteen feet from the side walls of the next story below. The usual manner
of entering these dwellings is by ascending a ladder outside the building to the
roof, and through a hole descending to the interior by another ladder; though some,
as a modern improvement, have doors cut through the side walls. This method
was doubtless adopted as a defensive measure during troublesome times, when it
was often necessary to convert the pueblo into a fortress from which to repel hostile
invasions.

Pueblo of Santa Clara. A few miles below the pueblo of San
Juan is the pueblo of Santa Clara, just across the river from Chamita, a station on
the Denver & Rio Grande line. Its characteristics are similar to those of the
pueblos already described.

The Pueblo de Taos. Thirty miles above Embudo is the Pueblo
de Taos. This is considered the most interesting as well as the most perfect speci-
men of a Pueblo Indian fortress. It consists of two communistic houses, each five
stories high, and a Roman Catholic church, now in a ruined condition, which stands
near, although apart from, the dwellings. Around the fortress are seven circular
mounds, which at first suggest the idea of being the work of Mound Builders. On
further examination they prove to be the sweating chambers, or Turkish bath, of
this curious people. The largest appears also to serve the purpose of a council

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

I I I

chamoei and mystic hall, where rites peculiar to the tribe, about which they are
very reticent, are performed. The Pueblo Indians delight to adorn themselves
in gay colors, and form very interesting and picturesque subjects for the a nisi,
especially when associated with their quaint surroundings. They are skilled in
the manufacture of pottery, basket making, and head work. The grand annual
festival in honor of San Geronimo (St. Jerome) of these Indians occurs on the 30th
of September, and the ceremonies are of a peculiarly interesting character.

All of these ancient pueblos are easy of access via the Denver & Rio Grande
Railroad, and abound in objects of interest dating back many hundreds of years

NEW MEXICAN INDIAN LIFE.

before the occupation of the country by the whites, and will fully repay the tourist
for the time and expense necessary to visit them.

Esp.mola to Sailtll Fe. From Espahola the line of the Denver &
Rio Grande continues still further southward to the capital of New Mexico, one of
the most interesting cities on. the North American continent, Santa Fe. En route
one can catch a glimpse of the ruins of ancient cliff dwellings perched in the alcoves
of the perpendicular bluffs which rise near the
track. The journey is only a distance of thirty-
four miles through a country presenting novelty to
the eyes of those unfamiliar to sub-tropical scenes,
but not of an especially startling character.

The capital of the territory of New Mexico i--
the oldest city in the United Slates, there being
evidence to show that it was inhabited as early
as 1325, or nearly three hundred years before the
pilgrim fathers landed on Plymouth Rock, and 167
years before the landing of Columbus. The city
of Holy Faith is situated on both sides of the Santa
Fe Creek. The streets are narrow, and the build-
ings are almost all constructed of adobe, and only one story in height. The city is
filled with antiquities, the most remarkable of which, perhaps, is the church of San

SANTA FE.

The Oldest Town in the
United States.

Commercial City and
Health Resort.

Population, 7,000.

Distance from Denver,
405 miles.

Elevation, 6,968.

112 OVER THE RANGE

Miguel, built in 1582, and the Palace, erected in 1710. The city is free from malaria
and excessive heat and cold, and from wind and sand storms. It is supplied with
pure water and pure air from the mountains surrounding; it has delightful scenery
beneath bright sunshine with glorious sunsets; it has trout in its streams, and game
in the adjacent hills and mountains; the people are daily supplied at their doors with
the freshest and choicest esculents of home production; and besides possessing
wonderful health-giving properties, it is one of the most comfortable residence
cities in the world. This fact is rapidly becoming known and appreciated, as wit-
ness its growing popularity both as a summer residence for people from the South,
and as a winter residence for people from the North, and as an all-the-year-round
residence and sanitarium for people variously in search of health, comfort, pleasure,
and business.

Santa Fe is the chief money center of the Territory. It has two old and well
established national banking houses, besides hundreds of thousands of dollars for
loan in private hands. It has a live board of trade, the most able and distin-
guished bar in the Southwest. The capital of the territory, penitentiary, and
public buildings are of great beauty and value. A splendid agricultural, pastoral,
and mining country is tributary to the city. (Population, 7,000. Distance from
Denver, 405 miles. Elevation, 6,968 feet.) '

Mi'. Ir

ALAMOSA TO SILVERTON.

fiia £>^^Cfj | T Antonito the line branches, that to Espafiola and Santa be extend-
^^]B| (h ing due south and that to Durango and Silverton turning to the
westward. The trip from Antonito to Silverton is one of great
interest and abounds in scenic attractions. The road gradually
climbs out of the valley of San Luis and up the eastward slope to
the Conejos range of mountains. The line from Big Horn to
Arboles is constantly among the hills, and the stations are either for the i onvenience
of stockmen or shipping points for lumber, and while of commercial importance
to the railroad, of little interest to the tourist. During the summer the Conejos
Mountains furnish one of the finest ranges for stock in Colorado, and it goes without
saying that these grass-carpeted hills and vales are fully occupied. The forest
growth on the western slope is of a larger and more dense character than that of
the eastern. Many sawmills have been here established, and the manufacture
of lumber is a large industry. The climb to Chama is full of interest. The line
pursues a tortuous course, following the convolutions of the hills and making the
ascent up the less difficult grades of the gulches.

IjOS r*ill«>s Valley. Describing a number of large curves around con-
stantly deepening depressions, we reach the breast of a mountain, whence we
obtain our first glimpse into Los Pinos Valley, and it comes like a sudden revela-
tion of beauty and grandeur. The approach has been picturesque and gentle in
character. Now we find our train clinging to a narrow pathway carved out far
up the mountain's side, while great masses of a volcanic conglomerate tower over-
head, and the faces of the opposing heights are broken into bristling crags. The
river sinks deeper and deeper into the narrowing vale, ami the space beneath us to
its banks is excitingly precipitous. AW' crowd upon the platform, the outer step of
which sometimes hangs over an abyss that makes us shudder, till some friendly
bank places itself between us and the almost unbroken descent. But we learn to
enjoy the imminent edge, along which the train creeps so cautiously, and begrudge
every instant that the landscape is shut out by intervening objects. To say that
the vision here is grand, awe-inspiring, impressive, or memorable, falls short of the
truth in each case. It is too much to take in at once. We are so high that not only
the bottom of the valley, where the silvery ribbon of the Los Pinos trails in and out
among the trees, and underneath the headlands, but even the wooded tops of the
further rounded hills are below us, and we (an counl the dim, distant peaks in
New Mexii o.

Phantom Curve One cf the most striking scenes on the line of this
ascent is Phantom Curve. Just after the side-track station of Sublette (306 miles
from Denver) has been passed, the road makes a great bend around the side of a
mountain; on the left rise tall monuments of sandstone, cut by the elements into
weird and fantastic figures. Here is indeed a wild spot, with the valleys so deep
be-low, the grotesque, red monumental ro< k^ around, the tall, shelving cliffs above.
A mile beyond the Curve the railroad crosses the head of the ravine on a high

»3

TO THE GOLDEX GATE.

TOLTEC GORGE,

A Scenic Wonder.

Depth of Gorge,
1,500 feet.

Distance from Denver,
315 miles.

bridge. From this point the track runs directly toward the valley, on a line almost
at right angles with it, to where it narrows into a mere fissure in the rocks at Toltec
Gorge.

The approach to this greal si enic wonder (ire-
pares the traveler for something extraordinar) and
spectacular. A black speck in the distance against
the precipitous surface of a frowning cliff is beheld
long before Toltec is reached, and is pointed out
as the entrance to the tunnel which is the gateway
to the Gorge. As the advance is made around
mountain spurs and deep ravines, glimpses are
caught of profound depths and lowering heights,
the black speck widens into a yawning porti ullis,
and then the train, making a detour of four miles around a side canon, plunges
into the blackness of Toltec tunnel, which is remarkable in that it pierces the sum-
mit of the mountain instead of its base. Fifteen hundred feet of perpendicular
descent would take one to the bottom of the gorge, while the seared and wrinkled
expanse of the opposite wall confronts us, lifting its massive bulwarks high above us.

" Fronting heaven's splendor,
Strong and full and clear."

When the train emerges from the tunnel it is upon the brink of a precipice. A
solid bridge of iron and masonry, set in the rock after the manner of a balcony,
supports the track, and from this coigne of vantage the traveler beholds a
most thrilling spectacle. The tremendous gorge, whose sides are splintered rocks

INDIAN ENCAMPMENT.

and monumental crags and whose depths are filled with the snow-white waters of a
foaming torrent, lies beneath him, the blue sky is above him and all around the
majesty and mystery of the mountains.

Garfield Memorial. To the left of the track, just beyond the bridge,
stands a monument of granite. Curiosity is naturally excited at beholding this
polished shaft, and the questions which arise as to its origin can be briefly answered
as follows: On the 26th day of September, 1881, the American Association of

TOLTEC GORGE.

TO THE GOLDEN GA TE

)

General Passenger Agents (thru on an excursion ovei the Denvei & Rio Grande
Railroad), at the time President Garfield was being buried in Cleveland, held
memorial services at the mouth of Toltec tunnel and since have erected this beauti-
ful monument in commemoration of the event.

Cumbres. This small station is on the summit of the Conejos Range,
which we are now crossing, and, having passed it, we are on the Pacifii slope.
(Distance from Denver, 330 miles. Elevation, 10,0151V. 1

Cliama. This is an eating station, where, in spite of primitive accommoda-
tions, an excellent meal can be obtained. Large quantities of lumber, sheep, and
wool are shipped from here, and the surrounding country is an excellent range for
stock. (Population, 300. Distance from Denver, 344 miles. Elevation, 7,863 feet.)

PUEBLO DE TAOS.

Lumber tou. At this station will be encountered the first of the abori]
to be met on this journey. They are the Jacirilla Apaches, whose agency build-
ings are located at Dulcc, the next station beyond. This tribe arc particularly
adept in weaving baskets and their handiwork bring fancy prices in the curio shops
of Denver and elsewhere. Lumberton is the junctional point with the Rio Grande
and Pagosa Springs Railway, extending northward a distance of eight miles to
Edith, a lumbering town in the midst of magnificent forests. Train loads of fine
lumber and timber are brought out daily.

Lumberton has a population of several hundred, is 369 miles from Denver, and
an elevation of 6, goo feet.

Dlllce. White population, nominal; but this being the agencyfor the Jacirilla
Apache Indians, man}' of their tepees will be seen
in the neighborhood. (Distance from Denver, 373
miles, Elevation, 6,779 feet.)

Pagnsa Junction. (Population nominal.
Distance from Denver, 39c miles. Elevation, 6,271
feet.) At tills poinl connects the Rio Grande,
Pagosa & Northern Railway, which leads northerly
a distance of thirty-one miles, through a region
marvelously rich in line forests of pine and spruce
to the famous resort of Pagosa Springs.

Pagosa Springs, the far famed "big medicine"
of the Utes, the greatest thermal fountains on the continent, are situated in
Archuleta County, thirty-one miles northwest of 1'agosa Junction, on the New
Mexico extension of the Denver &Rio Grande Railroad and reached by lh< Rio

Pagosa Springs.

The "Big Hedicine" of
the Indians.

Hot Springs.

Health and Pleasure
Resort.

Elevation, 7,108 feet.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 19

Grande, Pagosa& Northern Railway from the Junrtion. These Springs lie upon
the northern bank of the San Juan River, at an altitude of seven thousand feel, and
in a situation combining numerous advantages and attrai tions. To the north are
the peaks of the San Juan range, east and wesl are the grassy plains dotted with
immense pines, and farto the south the undulating prairie stret< lies into New Mexico.
With such an environment, the Pagosa Springs must ere long gain the celebrity to
which their medicinal qualities undoubtedly entitle them. The Indians having long
been aware of the healing powers of these "great medicine waters," have, until
recently, jealously guarded their possession. It is not surprising that these < hildren
of the wilderness, who find relief from distress mainly from the medications of
Nature, should deplore the loss of these powerful thermal waters. Within a basin
seventy feet long and fifty feet wide formed from its own alkaline deposits, which
are twenty or thirty feet thick, the water bubbles up at a temperature of 1 53 Fahren-
heit. There are four other springs in the immediate locality, their similarity to
the main source, as shown by analysis, suggesting a common origin. Upon a cold
morning the steam which rises from these different springs can be seen at a distance
of several miles. These purgative, alkaline waters, with the large excess of sulphate
of soda, so much increased in medicinal virtue by the degree of temperature, would
seem to designate Pagosa as the Bethesda for sufferers from calculus disorders,
gravel with uric diathesis, rheumatism, and skin diseases, when alterative and de-
pleting treatment is indicated. New bath-houses and hotels have been erected,
and the tourist will find good accommodations here.

The Pacific Slope. From Chama to Durango, the ride is down grade
and through a most interesting country. Hills and valleys of great beauty, mead-
ows covered with thick growing grass, forests of giant trees, arc some of the many
attractions of this trip.

Ig'liacio. At Ignacio the Ute Indian reservation is reached and the rude
tepees of the Southern Utes can be seen pitched along the banks of the Rio de las
Florida. Occasionally a glimpse can be caught of a stolid brave, tricked out in
all his savage finery, gazing fixedly at the train as it speeds by. Frequently there
is quite a little group of these aborigines at the station, and they arc always ready
to exchange bows and arrows, trophies of the chase, or specimens of their rude
handiwork, in return for very hard cash.

This thriving city is the county-seat of La Plata

DURANGO.

Metropolis of the

San Juan.

Population, 5,000.

Distance from Denver,

via Veta Pass, 452 miles.

Via Salida, 500 miles.

Via Ridgway, 539 miles.

Elevation, 6,520 feet.

County, Colorado, and is the commercial center of
southwestern Colorado. . It is the market for the
agricultural region of Farmington and Bloomfield,
New Mexico, and the valleys of the Rio de las
Animas, the Rio Florida, etc.

Two miles below Durango is the wonderful
"ninety-two feet thick" vein of coal, one of the
largest in the State, and here arc, also, great coke
ovens. All the surrounding hills are more heavily
timbered than in any other part of Colorado. In

addition to its many other resources Durango boasts of two of the largest smelters

in the State, reducing from their native state the precious ores of the wonderfully

rich mines of the entire San Juan.

With two railroads in operation, and several in contemplation, and with its

natural resources Durango will in time, and a very short time too, prove to be the

metropolis of the Great Southwest.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 12]

The famous Cliff Ruins, a description of which will be found further on, are
reached from Durango, by the Rio Grande Southern Railroad to Mancos Station,
thence by saddle horses or wagons.

In a word, Durango is one of the most progressive towns in Colorado, and i-
surrounded by a country of unexampled richness. Mining, agricultural and
pastoral pursuits all contribute to her success; but besl of all her business men are

alive, and by their liberality, generosity, and push insure a good future for the < itv.

Farming-toil, Bloomfield, and Aztec are growing towns in New
Mexico, just over the southern line of La Plata County. They are in the In ail of a
large agricultural and stock growing district, and near many ruins of the homes of
the ancient Cliff Dwellers.

Trimble Hot Springs are reached nine miles above Durango. The
spacious hotel stands within a hundred yards of the road to the left of the track.
Here are medicinal hot springs of great curative value, and here, in the season,
gather invalids and pleasure seekers to drink the waters and enjoy the delights of
this charming resort. The water as it pours out of the rock is at a temperature of
120 degrees, and runs constantly in a stream three inches in diameter. Within
two feet of it is another spiring flowing as much more in a stream of cold water.
Bath-houses have been erected, and the hot and cold water can be mixed. The
medicinal properties of these springs are beyond question. Four miles further up
the Animas valley are the Pinkerton springs of warm water, closely resembling
in properties those at Trimble's. Leaving the springs behind, the train speeds up
the valley, which gradually narrows as the advance is made, the ascending grade
becomes steeper, the hills close in, and soon the view is restricted to the rocky
gorge within whose depths the raging waters of the Animas sway and swirl.

Mag'llificeilt Scenery. From Durango, the metropolis of the San
Juan, to Silverton, the scenery is of surpassing grandeur and beauty. The railroad
follows up the course of the Animas River (to which the Spaniards gave the musical
but melancholy title of "Rio de las Animas Perdidas, " or River of Lost Souls') until
the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. The valley of the Animas
is traversed before the canon is entered, and the traveler's eyes are delighted with
succeeding scenes of sylvan beauty. To the right is the river, beyond which rise
the hills; to the left are mountains, increasing in rugged contour as the advance is
made; between the track and the river are cultivated fields and cosy farm-houses,
while evidences of peace, prosperity, and plenty of are be seen on every hand.

This beautiful canon has characteristics pecu-
liarly its own. The railroad does not follow the
bed of the stream, but clings to the cliffs midway
of their height, and a glance from tin- car windows
gives one the impression of a view from a balloon.
Below, a thousand feel, are the waters of the river,
in places white villi foam, in quiet coves, green as
ocean's depths. Above, five hundred feet, climb
the combing cliffs, to which cling pines and hem-
locks. The canon here is a mere fissure in the mountain's heart, so narrow that
one can easily toss a stone across and send it bounding down the side of the oppo-
sing rock-wall until it falls into the waters of the river rushing through the abyss
below. Emerging from this wonderful chasm, the bed of the gorge rises until the
roadwav is but a few feet above the stream. The < lose, confining, and towering
walls of rock are replaced by mountains of supreme height. The Needles, which

ANIMAS CANON.

A Gem of Beauty.

Depth, 1,500 feet.

Di.ctance from Denver,
470 miles.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 123

are among the most peculiar and striking of the Rockies, thrust their sharp and
splintered peaks into the regions of eternal frost.

Klk Park is a quiet little nook in the midst of the range, with vistas of
meadow an 1 groves of pines, a spot which would furnish the artisl many a subject
for his canvas. At the end of Elk Park stands Garfield Peak, lifting its summit a
mile above the track. Beyond are marshaled the everlasting mountains, and
through them for miles extends, in varying beauty and grandeur, the Canon of
the Animas. Frequent waterfalls glisten in the sunlight, leaping from crag to
crag only to lose themselves at last in the onflowing river. Emerging finally from
this environment of crowding cliffs, the train sweeps into Baker's Park and arrives
at Silverton in the heart of the San Juan.

This thriving and picturesque little city is the
rounty-seat of San Juan County, Colorado, and
derives its support from the surrounding mines,
which are scattered in every portion of the county.
The output of the camp has swelled from an annual
product of $40,000 to §2,000,000 in three years.
From 600 to t,ooo tons of ore are shipped weekly
from Silverton, and the product is constantly in-
creasing. An industry of no small importances and
which is rapidly assuming large dimensions, is the
system of leasing mines, and it may be said that at
least one-half of the producing mines are now being worked by lessees. Hundreds
of prospects that are in a condition to ship paying mineral are now laving idle-,
awaiting the arrival of thrifty miners to take and work them under this system. The
scenery around Silverton is of the most beautiful and attractive character. En-
trance to Baker's Park, in which the town lies, is made through the famous Animas
Canon. Hid in a theater of hills, the picturesqucness of the surroundings cannot
be adequately described. Sultan Mountain, one of the grandest of the San Juan
Range, towers above the town; its summit crowned with snow from which descend
innumerable rills, glittering like silver in the sunbeams. Three small railways,
the Silverton, the Silverton Northern, and the Silverton, Cladstone & T Northerly
radiate from the town to the various mining camps, of Eureka, Red Mountain,
Ironton, Gladstone, and others situated in the vicinity of Silverton, and haul
immense quantities of gold and silver ores to the main railway, and thence to the
smelters at Durango.

SILVERTON.

Picturesque /lining
Town.

Population, 2,500.

Distance from Denver,
497 miles.

Elevation, 9,300 feet.

DURANGO TO RIDGWAY

VIA RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD.

EAVING Durango via the Rio Grande Southern line, the tourist
is whisked across the Rio de Las Animas up Lightner Creek, past
the silver and gold smelters with their seething furnaces and smoke
and dust-begrimed workmen, and shortly past the famous coal
banks where the black diamond is dug from the bowels of Mother
Earth, and from there hauled to the smelters where it is used for the
reduction and refining of its more exalted, but not more useful brethren.

Up through the valley the train speeds along among huge pines which thus far
have escaped the woodman's axe, and which will be free from such invasion as
long as Uncle Sam claims this particular spot as the especial reservation for the
abandoned military post at old Fort Lewis.

From Fort Lewis the line passes through seemingly endless forests of pine
tree-, and after the reservation is passed an occasional saw-mill is sighted. De-
scending the mountain into the valley, the beholder looks out on a broad expanse
of fertile, well-watered country, surrounded on all sides by snow-capped moun-
tains, and dotted with the rancheros of the hardy pioneer, who has been well repaid
for his daring in locating in this far-away but beautiful valley, by its productive-
ness, and now that the railroad, that greatest of all civilizers, has come, he has
abundant opportunities for the disposition of his products.

One of the most attractive portions of Colo-
rado, to the scientist, antiquarian, and indeed the
general tourist, is that part in which are found
the cliff-dwellings of a long extinct race. Some
of the most remarkable of these ancient ruins are
situated in the Mancos Canon, but a few miles from
Manci is station, and within a day's ride of Durango.
A brief description of one of these will serve .1 .1
1 harai terization of all. Perched seven hundred feet

The
Cliff Dwellings.

Relics of a Pre=Historic
Race.

Ruins Older than
History.

above the vallev, on a little ledge only just large enough to hold it, stands a two-story
house made of finely cut sandstone, each block about fourteen by six inches, accu]
ale lv fitted and set in mortar, now harder than the stone- itself. The floor is the
ledge of the rock, and the roof the overhanging cliff. There are there rooms on
the ground floor, each one six by nine feet, with partition walls of faced stone.
Traces of a floor which once separated the upper from the lower storv still remain.
Each of the stories is six feet in height, and all the room-, are nicely plastered and
painted, what now looks a dull brick-red color, with a while band along the floor.
The windows an- "T" shaped apertures with no signs of glazing, commanding
a view of the whole vallev for many miles. < )ne of our illustrations shows a forti-
fied watch-tower, indicating that these strange cliff-dwelling people were- prepared
to resist assault. Traditions are few and of history then- is nothing concerning

i-5

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 27

this lost race. Their ruined houses only remain, and some broken fragments of tin-
implements made use of in war and peace. Researches are in progress com eming
these extremely interesting ruins and new facts are being developed concerning their
architecture; hut it is quite improbable thai any certain light will ever l>e thrown
on their origin or history.

To the south of Mancos station, within a day's ride, and easily accessible, are
the principal ruins of the strange habitations of this extinct and mysterious rac<
To those seeking curiosities and wonders, the great Canon of the Mancos, the
Montezuma Valley, the McElmo Canon, the Lower Animas Valley, and the Chaco
Canon are the wonderlands of the world. They contain thousands of homes, and
a town of the ancient race of Mound Builders and "Cliff Dwellers," that has
attracted the curious ever since the discovery of America. The Mancos Canon
contains hundreds of these homes which were built and occupied thousands of
years ago. Yet many of them are in a good state of preservation, and in them
have been found many specimens of pottery and implements of husbandry and
warfare. This canon is cut through Mesa Verde, a distance of thirty miles, and the
walls on either side rise to a perpendicular height of two thousand feet. These
cliff dwellings arc built in the sides of the canon, as shown in the illustration. Fif-
teen miles farther west from the Mancos is situated the Montezuma Valley, where
thousands of fine specimens of pottery have been found among the ruins of that
ancient people. On the west side of this valley is the McElmo Canon, also full of
the ancient homes of the "Cliff Dwellers." Thirty-five miles south of Durango, in
the valley of the Animas, are some extensive ruins of the Aztecs, and fifty miles
farther south are the wonderful ruins in the Chaco Canon. These ancient Pueblos
are, without doubt, the most extensive and the best preserved of any in the United
States. Of these Professor Hayden, in his report of the Geological Survey of the
United States for the year 1866, says: "The great ruins in the Chaco Canon are
pre-eminently the finest examples of the works of the unknown builders to be found
north of the seat of ancient Aztec Empire in Mexico." There are eleven extensive
Pueblos in this canon, nearly all in a good state of preservation, and their appear-
ance indicates that they were once the home of fifteen hundred to three thousand
people each. From the thousands of ruins of cities, towns, and families found
throughout this great San Juan Valley, it is evident that once this great valley was
the home of hundreds of thousands of this extinct race. That they were a
peaceful and agricultural race of people is evidenced by the large number of their
implements of husbandry and the specimens of corn and beans found in these
ruins, besides irrigating ditches and reservoirs for the storage of water.

MailCOS. The debarking point for the cliff ruins as mentioned above
and the leading town of the valley. Shipping point for large numbers of cattle
and sheep. (Distance from Denver, 490 miles. Population, 500. Elevation,
7,008 feet.)

Leaving Mancos, the road winds up the sloping sides of a flat-topped mountain,
and there on its summit, among huge pines centuries old, bubbles up a clear, cold
spring of sparkling water, forming the stream that flows down through the beautiful
Lost Canon, and which is called by the unpoetic name of " Lost Canon Creek."

Lost Canon is a novelty in itself, as its sides are densely wooded and softly
carpeted with a thick bed of moss and leaves, beautifully colored by millions of
Colorado wild flowers whose delicate beauty is unrivaled.

Emerging from Lost Canon the traveler is whirled up to the beautiful Valley
of the Dolores River, with its many ranches and farms, past the town of the same

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 129

name. Off to the left, flowing to the eastward, comes bubbling down the mountain

side into the larger river, the West Dolores, and no more famous or prolific troul
stream exists than this.

Dolores. One of the principal towns in Southwestern Colorado. It is
the shipping-point for the southeastern part of Utah and from whence the gold
hunters start on their prospecting trips to the canons of the San Juan and Colo-
rado Rivers. (Population, 300. Distance frc.n Denver, 511 miles. Elevation,
6,957 feet.)

Dolores Canon. Continuing on up the main river, the valley begins to
narrow down, until we are once more within the walls of a canon which takes its
name from the stream flowing through it. While this canon is not particularly
deep, its natural beauties are manifold and are sure to make a lasting and delightful
impression on the beholder.

Rushing out of the canon the tourist is now landed at Rico.

Kico is one of the most important mining towns of the State, whose mines
dot the mountain sides, and whose product is packed to the cars on the backs of
the ever patient and faithful burro, without which no mining camp can be complete.

Rico ranks among the "cities of the first class" and has all the facilities and
improvements of a town of ten times its population. Its principal industries are
those connected with mining interests, though considerable agricultural country
surrounc.i it. The town is located in what was at one time the crater of a large
volcano. Precipitous mountains with poetic names arise upon all sides of it,
gradually widening, until by describing a circle of their summits they appear as
the top of a huge funnel. Among them is the famous Telescope Mountain, a
freak of nature only to be seen to form a proper realization of the aptness of its
name. The place has much of historic interest, as evidences of early Spanish dis-
coveries are found on many sides. (Population, 1,000. Distance from Denver,
via Ridgway, 443; via Durango, 547 miles. Elevation, 8,737 feet.)

Lizard Head Pass. Leaving Rico, the line continues up the Dolores,
which grows smaller and smaller, until it becomes a mere silver thread winding
in and out among huge rocks and boulders. Thirteen miles north of Rico, and
after climbing many miles of three and four per cent grades, the summit of the
Lizard Head Pass is reached at an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet. From the sum-
mit and to the left will be seen the Lizard Head, a peculiar rock formation capping
a tall, bare mountain. This rock derives it> name from its resemblance to the head
of a mountain lizard, though at the same time it may be said to resemble the shaft
of some large monument.

Descending the pass through the mountain gorges pver rushing mountain
streams, one finds one's self at

Trout Lake. No more graphic description of this sheet of beautiful blue
water can be given than a verse from a poem by " H. H."

"The mountains wall in the water;

It looks like a great blue cup;
And the sky looks like another
Turned over, bottom side up."

Here the sport-inclined tourist may spend a few days, for the lake is inhabited
by thousands and thousands of mountain troul. Accommodations of a primitive.
though wholesome character, can be obtained of the neighboring ranchmen. (Popu
lation, nominal. Distance from Denver, via Ridgway, 427 miles; via Durango,
563 miles. Elevation, 9,802 feet.)

TO THE GOLDEN GAIL. 131

Shortly after leaving Trout Lake, the famous

Opllir Loop is passed. Here the skill of the engineer was taxed to its
Utmost, for the track winds in zigzags down the mountainside, rushing through
a deep cut here, over a mountain torrent and a high bridge there, darting around
sharp curves, in and out of snowsheds, until on the opposite mountain and high
above us is to be seen a line of freshly turned earth, which the knowing ones say
is the track over which we have just passed.

From Vance «JuiH'tioil a side trip of ten miles, which will repay the
tourist, can be made to

TelluruU', a mining town of some 3,500 inhabitants, nestling among snow-
capped mountains, rising to stupendous heights, and rich in gold and silver. Like
all the towns of the San Juan, mining is the principal resource of the city; at Tellu-
ride are located some of the largest and richest mines in the country. (Distani e
from Denver, via Ridgway, 423 miles; Elevation, 8,756 feet.)

From Vance Junction the journey is continued down the San Miguel River,
past Placerville, the debarking point for the famous Paradox Valley and the rich
copper-mining district of the Blue and La Sal mountains, until the river leaves the
rail, and again we commence to go up; this time over the Dallas Divide. This
pass resembles Marshall Pass, though not quite so long. After reaching the sum-
mit, the line runs down the eastern slope along Leopard Creek, high above it on
the mountainside, giving a most magnificent view of the Uncompahgre Range
to the south with its gentle slopes softly colored by the deep, dark foliage of dense
pine and fir forests gradually rising until the mountains develop into a huge mass
of shattered pinnacles, their topmost points covered with the everlasting snow.

Ridgpway. This bustling little town is the northern terminus of the Rio
Grande Southern Railroad, and its junction point with the Ouray branch of the
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The shops and headquarters are here, giving
employment to a large portion of its inhabitants. A fine agncultural, as well as a
very rich mining region, surround Ridgway, and give promise of making it a large
and prosperous city. (Distance from Denver, 377 miles; via Durango, 613 miles.
Population, i,coo. Elevation, 7,002 feet.)

'.,

mA~ "A^

iT^^g

CATHEDRAL SPIRE— OPHIR LOOP.

SILVERTON TO MONTROSE.

^HE trip from Silvcrton to Montrose, across the intervening range of
mountains, is not at all the difficult undertaking it looks to be.

Here, blocking the way, is one of the most rugged and lofty chains
of the great Rocky Mountain systems, which but recently only the
adventurous prospector and his sure-footed burro (donkey) dared to
cross; but now the journey has been rendered an easy accomplish-
ment by the building of the Silvcrton Railway, from Silvcrton to Red Mountain,
from which point comfortable stages carry the tourist a distance of twelve miles to
Ouray, where the trip is continued by way of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.
The construction of the Silvcrton Railway was a task of great magnitude, and one
remarkable feature about it is that it owes its existence to the enterprise and daring
of one man, Mr. Otto Means, the "pathfinder" of the San Juan. The result has
been one of the most remarkable achievements in engineering of modern times.
The road has the same gauge as that of the Denver & Rio Grande, and like it
finds no grade so stubborn as to be insurmountable. Taking the cars at the Den-
ver &: Rio Grande depot, at Silvcrton, the ascent of the mountains is at once
begun. There is no preliminary skirmishing along level ground, for Silverton lies
at the bottom of a bowl-shaped valley, and the mountains rise round about on all
sides to tremendous heights. With curves, whose sinuosity surpasses that of the
serpent's trail, the railroad climbs up the gulches, until at the mining station of
Chattanooga the track makes an almost perfect loop, the cars traveling several miles
forward and the same distance back — and there lies Chattanooga directly beneath
us! All that has been gained is altitude. This is equivalent, however, to a direct
progress of a thousand feet, though it has taken a journey of fifteen thousand feet
to accomplish it. At the summit of the range the railroad reaches an altitude of
11,235 feet, and the view is something to be remembered a lifetime. At one point
of the descent it has been necessary to construct a switch-back reversing the course
of the train, and yet continuing the descent. This switch-back is a novel applica-
tion of engineering science, and is an exceedingly interesting piece of railroad
work. The ascent and descent of Red Mountain by this wonderful railway, give
the tourist not only an opportunity to behold the grandest of mountain scenery,
bat also the privilege of witnessing on all sides the progress of mining operations,
The shafts, shaft houses, tunnels, and "prospect" holes of mines in fact or in
futuro, are to be seen on all sides. The mines of Red Mountain arc numerous, and
several of them rank among the richest in the world.

A Romantic Stage Ride. The stage ride forms one of the most
attractive features of this most attractive journey. Lasting only three hours, pass-
ing over the summits of ranges and through the depths of canons, the tourist will
find this a welcome variation to his method of travel, and a great relief and recrea-
tion. The old-fashioned stage, with all its romantic associations, is rapidly becom-
ing a thing of the past. A year or two more and it will have disappeared entirely
from Colorado. Here, in the midst of some of the grandest scenery on the conti-

133

x 34

OVER THE RAXGE

nent, the blue sky above, and the fresh, pure exhilarating mountain air sending the
blood bounding through one's veins, to clamber into a Concord coach and be
whirled along a splendidly constructed road, as solid as the living rock from which
it has been carved at an expense in some instances of $40,000 a mile, and as smooth
as a city boulevard, is surely a novel and delightful experience. The scenery on
this journey between Silverton and Ouray is of the greatest magnificence. This is
especially true of this portion of the route traversed by stage. The Silverton and
Ouray toll road has long been noted for its attractions in the way of scenery, the
triangular mass of Mount Abraham's towers to the left, while the road winds
around the curves of the hills with the sinuosity of a mountain brook.

SIERRA BLANCA.

Bear Creek Falls. The scene from the bridge over Bear Creek is one
which once beheld can never be forgotten. Directly under the bridge plunges a
cataract to the depth of two hundred and fifty-three feet, forming a most note-
worthy and impressive scene. The toll road passes through one of the most famous
mining regions in the world, and the fame of Red Mountain is well deserved, both
from the number and richness of its mines. Before Ouray is reached the road
passes through Uncompahgre Canon. Here the roadbed has been blasted from
the solid rock wall of the gorge, and a scene similar in nature and rivaling in
grandeur that of Animas Canor is beheld.

This is one of the most beautifully situated
towns to be found anywhere. Its scenery is idyllic.
The village is cradled in a lovely valley, sur-
rounded by rugged mountains. The situation of
the town is thus briefly described in the Crest o) Ike
Continent: "The valley in which the town is built
is pear-shaped, its greatest width being not more
than half a mile while its length is about twice that
down to the mouth of the canon. Southward — that
is, toward the heart of the main range — stand the
two great peaks, Hardin and Hayden. Between is
the deep gorge down which the Uncompahgre finds its way; but this is
hidden from view by a ridge which walls in the town and cuts off all

OURAY.

The Gem of the Rockies.

Health and Pleasure
Resort.

Elevation, 7,721 feet.

Distance from Denver,
388 miles.

Population, 3,000.

BEAR CREEK FALLS.

OVER THE RANGE

the further view from it in that direction, save where the triangular top of
Mount Abrams peers over. Westward ere grouped a series of broken ledges,
surmounted by greater and more rugged heights. Down between these and the
western foot of Mount Hayden struggles Canon Creek to join the Uncompahgre;
while Oak Creek leaps down a line of cataracts from a notch in the terraced heights
through which the quadrangular head of White House Mountain becomes grandly
discernible — the eastermost buttress of the wintry Sierra San Miguel. At the
lower side of the basin, where the path of the river is beset with close canon-walls,
the cliffs rise vertical from the level of the village, and bear their forest growth
many hundreds of feet above. These mighty walls, two thousand feet high in some

CHIEFS OF THE UNCOMPAHGRE UTES.

places, are of metamorphic rock, and their even stratification simulates courses of
well-ordered masonry. Stained by iron and probably also by manganese, they are
a deep red maroon; this color does not lie uniformly, however, but is stronger in
some layers than in others, so that the whole face of the cliff is banded horizontally
in pale rust color, or dull crimson, or deep and opaque maroon. The western clitf
is baie, but on the more frequent ledges of the eastern wall scattered spruces grow,
and add to its attractiveness. Yet, as though Nature meant to teach that a bit of
motion, — a suggestion of glee was needed to relieve the somberness of utter immo-
bility and grandeur, however shapely, she has led to the sunlight, by a crevice
in the upper part of the eastern wall that we cannot see, a brisk torrent draining
the snowfields of some distant plateau. This little stream, thus beguiled by the
fair channel that led it through the spruce woods above, has no time to think of its
fate, but it is flung out over the sheer precipice, eighty feet into the valley below.

138 OVER THE RANGE

We see the white ghost of its descending, and always to our ears is murmured the
voice of the Naiads, who are taking the breathless plunge. Yet by what means the
stream reaches that point from above cannot be seen, and the picture is that of a
strong jet of water bursting from an orifice through the crimson wall, and falling
into rainbow-arched mist and a tangle of grateful foliage that hides its further
flowing."

The town has one hotel of great magnificence worthy of a city of ten times its
population, besides a good supply of other hostelrics of a less splendid character.
Ouray is a health resort worthy of patronage by invalids, possessing hot springs of
a fine medicinal character and abounding in attractions to divert the mind. Plenty
of sport can be had about here. The mountain sheep and wapiti have not yet been
killed off; deer and trout are abundant. The rides up the roads and trails to
neighboring mines and mining camps, through valley and canon, and over moun-
tain and mesa, are not soon exhausted, and the lover of botany or geology, or the
student of mineralogy and mining, could scarcely find a finer held anywhere than
in the neighborhood of Ouray.

Ouray to MontrOSC Leaving Ouray, a ride of thirty-six miles, via the
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, brings the traveler to Montrose, on the main nar-
row-gauge line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, between Denver and Salt
Lake City. Two miles from Ouray the country begins to become open and soon
one is passing through farms and an excellent agricultural valley. En route one
passes the confluence of the Uncompahgre and Dallas, and the mesas and terraces
on either side abound with almost every species of game, deer, elk, mountain sheep,
bear, and smaller animals.

Ridjjway. Eleven miles from Ouray. The junction point with the
Rio Grande Southern Railroad. A description of this charming little city will
be found elsewhere in this volume. -Further on, twenty-two miles from Ouray,
you come to the old Los Pirios Agency, where Chiefs Douglas, Jack, Colorow,
Piah, and other Indians who participated in the massacre of Thornburg and
the Meekers, tested the nerve of General Hatch and his associates in 1879. The
store-house, council chamber, etc., are still standing. The abandoned site of old
Fort Crawford is passed twenty-six miles from Ouray, and live miles further on, one
reaches the residence of Chipeta, the widow of Ouray, the dead Ute chief, who,
during his reign, held the Utes in check, and was always the friend of the white man.
At Montrose the tourist can again take the main narrow-gauge line of the Denver &
Rio Grande Railroad and resume the trans-continental journey.

TWIN LAKES.

LEADVILLE TO DILLON.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEAUTY SPOT.

From Leadville a branch line of
the widely radiating Denver and Rio
Grande system extends over Fremont
Pass to Dillon. The general direction
taken by the line is to the northeast,
with a deflection from Frisco to Dillon
to tin' northwest. The Great Middle
Park of Colorado lies to the north of Dil-
lon, just over the range of the Williams
River Mountains. The country between
Leadville and Dillon is extremely moun-
tainous, and mines of great value have
been discovered in this region. The rail-
road crosses the Park Range at Fremont
Pass, and in the valley at the foot of the
pass the Arkansas River has its sou ires'!
The blue river heads on the Pacific slope
near the pass, and the south branch is
crossed by the railroad near the small
station of Wheeler, the north branch is encountered at Frisco in the vicinity of which
the two join and form the main stream, which empties into the Grand in the south-
west corner of Middle Park.

The ride from Leadville to Fremont Pass is one of great interest to lovers of

140

Ill

142 OVER THE RANGE

the grand and beautiful in nature. The mountain ranges which surround the "Car-
bonate Camp" are in plain view, and every turn in the road reveals new attrac-
tions. This extension of the line is known as the Blue River branch. It is thirty-
six miles in length, with its terminus at Dillon. The intervening stations are
Bird's Eye, Alicante, Fremont Pass, Robinson, Kokomo, Wheeler, Frisco, and Dillon
Source of the Arkansas. The line from Leadville follows up the
Arkansas River, and here we have an object lesson in the growth of rivers. We
see from what small beginnings great things in the way of -water courses grow.
We see how a little brook which one could dam with a couple of shovels of mud
may push its way along, "undermining what it cannot overthrow; sliding around
the obstacle that deemed itself impassable, losing itself in willowy bogs, tumbling
headlong over the error of a precipice or getting heedlessly entrapped in a confined
canon, escaping down a gorge with indescribable turmoil, and always growing
bigger, bigger, broader, and stronger, deeper and more dignified; till it can leave
the mountains and strike' boldly across a thousand miles of untracked plain to
'fling its proud heart into the sea.' "

Almost ''n the very springs of the river, where an amphitheatre of gray quartzite
peaks stand like stiffened silver-gray curtains between the Atlantic and the Pacific,
we curl round a perfect shepherd's crook of a curve, and then climb its straight
staff to the summit of Fremont Pass.

Through a charming valley the approach to
Fremont Pass is made. A famous pass, with the
historic name of him who has been called "The
Pathfinder," although a later day has witnessed
greater achievements than his among the Rocky
Mountains. A journey here deserves the title of a
pilgrimage, for from the summit of this pass the
traveler can discern the Mount of the Holy Cross.
The scene is one replete with vivid interest. Fainter
and fainter grow the lines of objects in the valley,
until at last the clouds envelope the train, and at the next moment the observer
looks down upon a rolling mass of vapor through which the light strikes in many
colored beams. The sublimity, of the scene forbids all thoughts other than those
of reverence and rapture.

"The snow-crowned monarchs of an upper world,
Rugged and steep and bare, the mountains rise'
Their very feet are planted in the skies;
Adown their sides are avalanches hurled.

"Time was when few and daring were the men
Who might behold this pass that Fremont gained
Through toil and danger, and its heights attained,
Perils beset the long leagues down again.

"Now all may come who seek, afar from crowds,
The grand in nature, for we now engage
The potent genii of this iron age, '

Fire, steam, and steel, and rise above the clouds!"

The railroad crosses the pass at an elevation of about two miles above the
level of the sea, and ranks among the highest railroad passes in the world.

Mount of the Holy Cross. From the crest of Fremont Pass the
traveler looks eagerly about and soon catches sight of the sacred symbol which
gives name to the famous mount. The snow-white emblem of Christian faith

FREMONT PASS.

One of the highest

Railroad Passes in the

World.

Elevation, 11,330 feet.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

'43

gleams with bright splendor against the azure sky. The wayfarer at last realizes
that he has reached the height "around whose summit splendid visions rise."
This is one of the best points of view from which to behold this wonderful moun-
tain, a more extended description of which will be found in the chapter entitled,
"From Leadville to Aspen."

Downward to
Dillon. On the Pacific
Slope are the mines which
made this region famous.

Moving on down the
pleasant valley, whose level
bottom is carbonate tinted,
not with ore dust, but with
an almost continuous thick-
et of stunted red willows, we
pass the Chalk Mountain
mines, the Carbonate Hill
district, Clinton Gulch
where gold ore is alleged to
be worth more attention
than it is receiving, and so
come to Elk Mountain and
Kokomo. The ore found
here is a hard carbonate,
running about twenty-five
ounces in silver and twenty-
five per cent in lead, be-
sides a third of an ounce
in gold, which is carefully
separated at the smelter.
Much of it is so admirably
constituted that it "smelts
itself," — that is, it requires
little or no addition of lead,
iron, and other accessories
to its proper fluxion. Con-
tinuing the journey we lie-
hold alluring pictures of
mountains and canons, of
belts of timber and pleasant
uplands, of green meadows
and sparkling streams be-
loved of gamey trout and
the haunts of deer and elk.
This country is a paradise for the sportsman, and the rod and gun find ample range.

Dillon is the terminus of the Blue River branch and is situated in a mining
country. The station is the nearest point for the lower Blue River Valley, into
which good roads extend. Saddle horses and wagons can be hired to go down
this river into the hunting and fishing grounds of Middle Park. (Population, 300.
Distance from Denver, 312 miles. Elevation, 8,859 feet.)

CASCADES OF THE BLUE.

OGDEN TO SAN FRANCISCO

QGDEN.

Railroad and r\anufac=
turing Town.

Population, 32,000.

Elevation, 4,293 feet.

Distance from Denver,

via Harshall Pass Line,

753 miles.

Via Standard OaugeLine,

778 miles.

Distance from San
Francisco, 883 miles.

At Ogden the tourist changes from the line of
the Denver & Rio Grande system to that of the
Southern Pacific, both lines using the magnificent
new Union Station. The train service of the two
lines is continuous and no change of cars is necessary.
A glance around will show one that Ogden is beau-
tifully situated on the west slope of the Wasatch
Mountains. It is well laid out and substantially
built; the streets are wide, regular, well paved, lined
with shade and ornamental trees, and lighted with
electricity. By a good system of water works the
mountain streams and springs are made to supply
an abundance of pure water. Many of the private
residences and grounds are very handsome, and the business blocks solid and ele-
gantly constructed. Of the climate too much cannot be said. Utah claims the
finest climate in the United States. Colorado makes the same assertion; so does
California. There is no doubt that each of these great commonwealths has good
grounds for its claims. Colorado and Utah have similar characteristics, while
California is quite different; circumstances are said to alter cases, and this saying
holds true in climate as well as in other matters. While the climate of Colorado
or Utah might be a specific for one class of diseases, that of California might be
much more beneficial for another class. The advice ot an intelligent and unpre-
judiced physician should be taken before an invalid decides on his choice of loca-
tion. In Utah the winters are short and mild, and the spring and fall months give
almost perfect weather; the summers are warm, but not oppressively hot, and the
nights are always cool and never moist. Pulmonary troubles will surely find
relief, and generally a cure. Ten miles north of Ogden are Hot Springs, whose
sulphur water possesses peculiar medicinal properties, and are pronounced superioi
to the Arkansas Springs. Hundreds of invalids visit these springs annually, and
they are steadily growing in popularity. The educational and religious advan-
tages of Ogden are on a par with those of eastern cities of the same size. Here is
the center of one of the richest agricultural and mining districts of Utah. Ogden
has better railroad facilities than any other town in the territory. It is affection-
ately called by its inhabitants the "Junction City of the West." It is the terminus
of four leading trunk lines, namely: The Denver & Rio Grande, the Union Pacific,
the Southern Pacific, and the Oregon Short Line. The outlook for manufacturing
is excellent, the Weber Ri . er furnishing almost unlimited water power. A large dam
across this stream a few miles from Ogden, provides water power for a large electrical
power plant, and the electric current is transmitted to many manufacturing plants and
mines and smelters. Iron ore is found in great quantities in the near vicinity, while
the wool clip of the territory, and those of Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and Nevada
is enormous, and could be advantageously manufactured into cloth at this point.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 145

Geological Features. Looking from the car window after passing
Ogden, the traveler can see many things in this region indicating a thrilling geologi-
cal history. That striation, extending along the side of the foothills to the right,
marks the water-line of a vast, prehistoric inland sea known to geologists as "Lake
Bonneville," that shrunk ages ago to the comparatively small proportions of the
present Salt Lake. The whole area between the Wasatch Mountains and the Sierra
Nevadas was once covered by this immense body of water, in which the mountain
ranges rose as islands. The lakes of the present day are all that remain of this vast
prehistoric sea. The deposits which cover the lowlands are chiefly calcareous,
and are often filled with fresh water and land shells, indicating a comparatively
modern origin. The formation of the islands and the shore ranges of Salt Lake
is metamorphic, the strata are distinctly marked and highly inclined, but attaining
no great elevation, being generally overlaid with sandstone and limestone of the
carboniferous age, but partly altered, the former constituting the loftier eminence,
in places it is rich in fossils, while in others it loses the granular character, and
becomes sub-crystalline or threaded by veins of calcareous spar, the sandstones,
from metamorphic action, taking the character of quartz. As the train advances,
evidences of volcanic action become numerous.

Corilllie. Between Ogden and Corinne the Bear River is crossed by a
bridge twelve hundred feet in length. The town of Corinne has a good agricultural
country around it, and wherever irrigation has been secured large crops have
responded to industrious cultivation. The raising of stock, is also a tributary
industry, and cattle do well on the surrounding excellent ranges, which are found
in the greatest perfection north of the town. (Population, 500. Distance from
Ogden, 24 miles. Elevation, 4,233 feet.)

A small station surrounded by country covered
with sage brush, and only worthy of mention for its
history. At this point, on Monday, May 10, 1869,
the Union Pacific Railroad, building west and the
Central Pacific Railroad, building east, met. The
junction was made, and the news flashed all over
the world that the first great trans-continental rail-
road of America had become an accomplished fact.
The importance of that event cannot be overesti-
mated, and to enumerate the results emanating from that meeting would be the
task of a historian. An epitome of what that meeting meant can be best expressed
by quoting that clever and quaintly humorous poem, written by Bret Ilarte, com-
memorative of the occasion, under the title of

WHAT THE ENGINES SAID.

What was it the Engines said,
Pilots touching — head to head,
Facing on a single track.
Half a world behind each back?
This is what the Engine
Unreported and unread :

With a prefatory screech,
In a florid Western speech,
Said the Engine from the West,
"I am from Sierra's crest;
And if altitude's a test,
Why, I reckon, it's confessed
That I've done my level Koct "

PROMONTORY.

A Point of
Historical Interest.

H 6 OVER THE RANGE

Said the Engine from the East .
"They who work best talk the least.
S'pose you whistle down your brakes,
What you've done is no great shakes, —
Pretty fair — but let our meeting
Be a different kind of greeting.
Let these folks with champagne stuffing
Not their Engines, do the puffing "

"Listen! Where Atlantic beats
Shores of snow and summer heats.
Where the Indian autumn skies
Paint the woods with wampum dyes,
I have chased the flying sun,
Seeing all he looked upon.
Blessing all that he has blest,
Nursing in my iron breast
All his vivifying heat,
Ah his clouds about my crest;
And before my flying feet
Every shadow must retreat "

Said the Western Engine. 'Phew'"
And a long, low whistle blew.
"Come now, rea'ly that's the oddest
Talk for one so very modest —
You brag of your East! you do?
Why. I bring the East to you!
All the Orient, all Cathay,
Find through me the shortest way.
And the sun you follow here
Rises in my hemisphere.
Really — if one must be rude —
Length, my friend, ain't longitude."

Said the Union, "Don't reflect, or

I'll run over some Director."
Said the Central, "I'm Pacific,
But, when riled, I'm quite terrific,
Yet, to-day we shall not quarrel,
Just, to show these folks this moral,
iluw two Engines — in their vision —
Once have met without collision.

That is what the Engines said,
Unreported and unread;
Spoken lightly through the nose,
With a whistle at the close.

Monument. Before Monument is reached the side track stations of Rozel
and Lake are passed. At Rozel, the great Salt Lake is close to the track on the
left, and at Monument, a point of the same name extends into the lake. Here
we take our last view of the interesting and mysterious sea which has been our
almost constant companion since leaving Salt Lake City. Before us stretches
a vast, unfertile country, and here, if anywhere, can be found that makeshift of the
easy going and old-fashioned geography — the "Great American Desert."

Kelton. This little place is situated on the eastern edge of the desert, and
here the water-trains of the railroad company obtain their supply of the aqueous
flu'd and deliver to the stations to the westward on this division. Looking to
the north the traveler will see the Red Dome Mountains, while to the southeast
rises Pilot Knob, a prominent feature in the landscape. (Population, nominal.
Distance from Ogden, 92 miles. Elevation, 4,225 feet.)

148 OVER THE RANGE

Towns in the Desert. From Kelton to Toano the road traverses
the northern edge of the desert, amidst a scene of general desolation. In a general
way this unfertile region may be described as sixty square miles of alkaline sands,
evidently a portion of the great ocean bed already referred to. Like the arid
country, between Fruita and Green River, in Utah, through which we came, on
the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which only needs irrigation to become fer-
tile, this region is the counterpart. The stations on the desert are of no special
interest, but as a matter of record may be named as follows: Ombcy, Matlin,
Terrace, Bovine, Lucin, Tecoma, Montcllo, and Loray. The train has been
ascending the grade, and from Kelton, with an altitude of 4,225 feet to Toano,
with an altitude of 5,97c feet, we have made a net gain of 1,747 feet. The moun-
tains to the south are the Toano Range, where mines have been discovered, and
which gave a phenomenal output of ore some years ago, but concerning which,
since that time, little has been heard. The great peak almost directly south,
which has been our landmark for the last fifty miles, is Pilot Knob, rising to a
height of twenty-five hundred feet directly from the plains. This Knob was the
beacon of the early emigrant by which he steered his ship of the desert, knowing
that near it lay Humboldt Wells, where plenty of water and grass could be obtained
for his almost famished stock.

ToailO. A little station marking the western verge of the desert, and the
first stop after crossing the line from Utah into Nevada. (Population, nominal.
Distance from Ogden, 183 miles. Elevation, 5,970 feet.)

From Toano the ascent of Cedar Pass is begun.
For ten miles the grade is upward, though not re-
markably steep, the road rising 216 feet. The
Cedar Pass Range is comparatively low and extends
from north to south, the south fork of the Hum-
boldt River flows through these hills. The Ruby
Valley lies to the cast, and is sixty miles long by
ten wide. The valley is occupied by farmers and
is very fertile. There are a number of small
lakes in the valley, among which may be mentioned Ruby and Franklin.

Moores. This station occupies the summit of Cedar Pass. Snow sheds
and fences, which can be seen here and for some distance beyond, testify to the fact
that the elevation is such as to cause protection against the danger of snow block-
ades. (Population, small. Distance from Ogden, 210 miles. Elevation, 6,165
feet.)

Wells. The grade has been a descending one since we left Moores and
the descent will be continued for nearly three hundred miles. The railroad com-
pany has adopted the monosyllabic title of Wells for this station, but for nearly
half a century this place has borne the popular title of "Humboldt Wells." Here
the railroad repair shop and roundhouse are located, and the town consists of these
and many other buildings, including good hotels. The trade of the Clover Valley,
and the business of the mines at Cherry Creek, and Salmon River, together with
extensive cattle raising on the nearby ranges, center at Wells making it one of the
important towns of Eastern Nevada. In this vicinity, the emigrants in the old days
of overland travel to California were wont to make their camp and recuperate their
stock after the trying ordeal of the desert. The wells from which the place takes
its name are very curious, consisting of circular openings in the ground varying
in size, being from four to eight feet in diameter, and filled to the brink with water.

CEDAR PASS.

The Divide between the
Desert and Hum-
boldt Valley.

Highest Elevation,
6,186 feet.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 49

No bubbles arise on the surface of the water, which trickles off through the grass
and sinks into the porous soil. It is said that the wells have been frequently sounded
and no bottom found. The water is somewhat brackish. There are aboul twenty
of these pools in the little valley, and their life-giving influence can be seen
in the abundant growth of grass. Because of these pe< uliar pools Wells is a station
of considerable interest to the tourist. (Population, 500. Distance from Ogden,
219 miles. Elevation, 5,631 feet.)

Valley of the Humboldt. After the journey across the desert, the
Valley of the Humboldt presents a most delightful appearance to the eyes of the
traveler, who is considerably wearied by the constant view of sand and sagebrush.
The valley is eighty miles in length and ten in breadth and is occupied by agricul-
turists and stock raisers. The river which makes this section of the country fertile
rises thirty miles northwest of Wells, and, flowing southwest nearly three hundred
miles, empties into Humboldt Lake, which has no outlet. The railroad follows the
river closely for two hundred and seventy miles and leaves it at Brown's Station,
where one has a fine view of the lake. The railroad follows for the greater part
of the way the north side of the river, while the old emigrant trail, parts of which
can yet be seen, pursues its course on the opposite side of the stream.

Tulasco, Bishops, Deeth, Halleck, Peko, Osino, are all small side track sta-
tions, useful to the residents of the valley and to the railroad, but of no especial
interest to the tourist. After passing Peko, the railroad crosses the north fork of
the Humboldt River and at Osino a canon of the same name is entered, and we
leave behind us the pleasant valley of the Humboldt.

Elko. This is one of the largest towns on the line since leaving Ogden.
It is the county-seat of Elko Count}' and is well supplied with churches, schools,
business blocks, and comfortable residences. It is also the seat of the state uni-
versity. Elko is an important shipping point for stock and for the output of the
Eureka, Tuscararo White Pine, and Cape mines, all being within a radius of from
twenty-five to one hundred miles. Beyond Elko some ten miles the South Fork of
the Humboldt joins the river on the south, watering along its course an excellent
grazing country. (Population, 1,000. Distance from Ogden, 275 miles. Eleva-
tion, 5,066 feet.)

Carlill. Between Elko and Carlin is the small station of Moleen. Some
hay meadows intervene and the road passes through Five Mile Canon, when' the
tourist will behold some rugged scenery. Carlin is the divisional terminus of the
railroad, and here engines and crews are changed. Gold and silver mines within a
radius of twenty miles are tributary to the town. (Population, 200. 1 >istan< e from
Ogden, 299 miles. Elevation, 4,905 feet.)

Twelve Mile Canon. The road pene-
trates the range of mountains (which trends from
north to south) by way of this canon. The walls
rise on either side in rugged grandeur attaining in
places a height of a thousand feet, from the pecu-
liar stratification of the rocks resembling that of
the famous ro< k walls of the 1 ludsoii, this canon has
been called the Palisades of the Humboldt. Red
("lit! is a striking promontory in the midst of the
canon, stained with rubescent colors and rising
above the track for more than five hundred feet.

Palisade. This little town nestles in the heart of Twelve Mile Canon,

The Palisades of
the Humboldt.

Height of Walls,
1,000 feet.

Objects of Interest,

Red Cliff and Devil's

Peak.

150 OVER THE RANGE

and is the junction point of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad with the Southern
Pacific. The former road is a narrow gauge and was built mainly to convey ore and
bullion to the great trunk line. Eureka, its terminus, is a mining town of about
six thousand population, engaged principally in mining. Here are stamp mills
and smelters handling fifty tons of ore daily. Palisade is the site of the machine
shops of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad and is the shipping point for the agricul-
tural regions of Pine and Diamond Valleys, and for the silver and lead ores from
Eureka en route to the smelters at Salt Lake. Beyond Palisade Station is Devil's
Peak, an isolated projection on the south side of the river, rising from the water to
the height of three hundred feet. (Population, 200. Distance from Ogden, 308
miles. Elevation, 4,843 feet.)

ClUTO. A small station which stands at the lower entrance of Twelve Mile
Canon, and is worthy of mention for this fact.

Gravelly Ford. This place is entitled to mention because of its his-
toric interest. It was here that the old California trail crossed the river. The
"Ford" was often the scene of Indian raids, and the hardy pioneers and the abo-
rigines more than once tried conclusions here, and the blood of both the white and
the red man often stained the flow of the Humboldt.

Beowawe. At this point the Humboldt forces its way through the Red
Range of Mountains forming a natural "gate," which is the significance of the
name Beowawe in the Indian tongue. Beyond the station the road passes through
bottom lands covered with a thick growth of shrubbery, the willow predominating.
To the south eight or ten miles lies Hot Springs Valley, taking its title from the
hot springs which are found there in great number. These springs are inter-
mittent in their flow, resembling in this characteristic, though in a lesser degree,
the geysers of the Yellowstone. Beowawe is a station of no very great commer-
cial importance, but possesses interest because of the peculiar features of the sur-
rounding counlry. (Distance from Ogden, 326 miles. Elevation, 4,697 feet.)

The Valley Reg'ion. To the north and south of the Humboldt and
nearly opposite Argenta, are several valleys; among the most important is Paradise
Valley — to the north — sixty miles long by ten miles wide, and settled by prosperous
ranchmen. Eden Valley, also to the north, is twenty miles long by five miles
broad, and thickly settled. Reese River Valley is to the south, of variable width,
not wider than ten miles, and about seventy-live miles in length. The Reese
River possesses the peculiarity of sinking into the sand before it reaches the Hum-
boldt, and only in limes of great abundance of water dors it flow beyond the point
of its subsidence.

Battle Mountain. Important as a shipping station for the mining
regions in the hills to the north and south; also the junction of the Nevada Central
Railroad with the Southern Pacific. This is a narrow gauge, and its southern
terminus is Austin, ninety-three miles distant from Battle Mountain, with a popu-
lation of two thousand. The Nevada Central penetrates the rich mining districts
of Galena, Pittsburg, Copper Canon, and many others, all contributing to its pros-
perity. Battle Mountain takes its name from the range of mountains to the
north of the Humboldt, between the Reese River and Owyhee ranges. (Population,
600. Distance from Ogden, 359 miles. Elevation, 4, 513 feet.)

GrOlconda . Golconda has hot springs which in any Eastern State would
attract invalids and pleasure -seekers by the thousands. The benefits derived from
the use of these waters has been proven, by many patients afflicted with rheumatism,
nervousness and other diseases. Fine hotel is connected with the baths. Immense

152 OVER THE RANGE

deposits of copper ore lie nearby and extensive furnaces have been built for their
reduction. Fine ranches on the river and cattle and sheep ranges in the hills add
to the importance of the town. (Population, 200. Distance from Ogden, 402
miles. Elevation, 4,391 feet.)

WinneniUCCa. The town derives its name from a noted Indian Chief who
made his home in this region. Winnemucca is the county-seat of Humboldt County
and supports two daily newspapers, hne schools, churches, lodges, and many stores,
shops, etc. Its trade reaches far into Oregon and covers stock-raising, mining, and
kindred industries. The old town is in the lowland fronting the station, and is
hidden from sight until you approach the bank and look over. (Population, 2,000,
Distance from Ogden, 410 miles. Elevation, 4,330 feet.)

Tlie Nevada Desert. We have now fairly entered upon the Nevada
Desert, which we shall travel over to the westward until Wadsworth is reached, a
distance of 135 miles. This stretch of country is the most desolate and the most
uninteresting of any of the deserts crossed on the transcontinental journey. It
is characterized by an almost total absence of vegetation of any kind, and by a
remarkable distribution of scoria, the remains of extinct volcanic action. These
deposits of black lava are scattered over a grayish expanse of sand, and are of a
general cubical form, varying in size from that of a pea to that of a good-sized
house. The railway stations between Winnemucca and Humboldt are Benin, Rose
Creek, Lima, Cosgrave, Mill City, and Imlay.

As the train stops at Humboldt, the passengers
are surprised to see a beautiful little park filled with
thrifty trees and carpeted with luxuriant green-
sward. This oasis in the desert is the result of
irrigation, and the fountain of cold, clear water that
throws its rainbow-tinted spray into the air, tells the
story as to how this magical transformation has been
brought about. The charm of contrast is complete,
and taking all things into consideration, I know of
no place to be met with on the trip across the
continent that the tourist will regard with more
pleasure than the unexpected vision of this emerald
of the desert. Star Peak, the highest mountain in the Humboldt Range, crowned
with perpetual snow, can be seen only seven miles distant to the northeast, and
it is a pleasure to learn that the desert gives way to the Lanson Meadows five miles
to the northwest, from which large crops of hay are cut.

Rye Patch. A small station, which derives its name from the fact that
wild rye grows here in great quantities. There is in operation here a ten-stamp
mill which is supplied with ore from the Eldorado and Rye Patch mining districts
lying to the east within a radius of fifteen miles. (Population, nominal. Distance
from Ogden, 470 miles. Elevation, 4,258 feet.)

Oreana. A small station of no especial interest. A smelter is located
here, and the widened expanse of the river at this point is owing to the fact that
a dam has been thrown across it to secure water power. The railroad crosses the
Humboldt five miles west of Oreana. (Population, nominal. Distance from
Ogden, 480 miles. Elevation, 4,159 feet.)

Lovelocks. This town has a brilliant outlook. Its alfalfa fields, its sheep
and cattle market, the dozen mining districts tributary to it, insure the future of
this valley town. There are many highly cultivated farms and gardens in the

HUMBOLDT.

An Oasis in the Desert.

The Effect of Irriga=
tion.

Distance from Ogden,
459 miles.

Elevation, 4,237 feet.

The Lake Region.

Facts Concerning

Interesting Bodies of

Water.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 153

vicinity. (Population, 900. Distance from Ogden, 493 miles. Elevati n

3,980 feet.")

Browns. At Browns station the tourist has a good view of Humboidt

Lake, as the road approaches it closely. The town itself is of minor importance
(Population, nominal. Distance from Ogden, 508 miles. Elevation, 3,933 feet.)
3Iirajfe. Side track station, deriving its name from the phenomenon
peculiar to the desert, which has allured many an early emigrant to destruction
through its deceptive influences. The green trees, the lake of bright water in
which can be seen the reflection of surrounding objects, which the mirage presents
to view, are only optical illusions, and those who left the beaten track to seek the
refreshment apparently at hand frequently paid the penalty of their rashness with
their lives. (Population, nominal. Distance from Ogden, 520 miles. Elevation,
4,247 feet.)

A glance at the map of Nevada will reveal the
fact that we have now reached what may very
appropriately be called the lake region. These
lakes have not the clear, sweet water which one
generally associates with the term; but on the con-
trary are brackish, and hold great quantities of
alkali and chloride of sodium in solution. The
most important of these lakes are:
Humboldt Lake. This sheet of water takes its name from the river
which flows into, or rather through, it; the fact being that the waters of the river
are collected in this basin, and are then conducted further west into Carson Sink —
or Lake. All the drainage carried in the channel of the Humboldt River, in its
course of three hundred and fifty miles, is concentrated here; the surplus, as has
been said, passing south into Carson Lake, which has no outlet. Humboldt Lake is
thirty-five miles long by ten miles wide.

Carson Lake. This lake, which receives the waters of the Humboldt
River, through Carson Sink, is due south from Humboldt Lake, and has no outiet.
The map shows two distinct bodies of water, namely: Carson Sink and Carson
Lake; but during the prevalence of rain both are united, and cover a large extent
of country. Carson Lake proper is twenty miles long by ten wide.

Mud Lalve is situated north of Granite Point, some fifty miles. The
famous "Black Rock" stands at the head of Mud Lake. This promontory is
eighteen hundred feet in height, and a strong feature in the landscape. The name
of this lake is especially descriptive of its peculiar characteristics, especially during
the summer when the water is low and muddy. It has no outlet, and at its season
of greatest enlargement is fifty miles long by twenty broad.

WinuemUCCa Lake is of small extent, being about fifteen miles long by
ten wide; it has connection with Pyramid Lake, which lies a short distance to the
eastward.

Pyramid Lake is made the receptacle of the waters of the Truckee River,
the outlet of Lake Tahoe, and is about twice the size of Winnemucca Lake, being
thirty miles long by twenty broad.

AValker's Lake has no outlet. It is fifty miles long by twenty wide, and
lies about a hundred miles to the south of Mirage.

Hot Springs. A small station, taking its name from the springs which,
send up the steam from their heated waters on the right of the track. (Population,
nominal. Distance from Ogden, 535 miles. Elevation, 4,074 feet.)

'54 OVER THE RANGE

Desert. This is the last station in the Nevada Desert, marking its western
boundary. From here the grade is an ascending one, and when Wadsworth is
reached, nine miles beyond, the desert will have been left entirely. (Population,
small. Distance from Ogden, 546 miles. Elevation, 4,020 feet.)

Wadsworth. The tourist finds a pleasant greeting at Wadsworth, for on
arriving at the station he sees a beautiful little park, neatly inclosed and orna-
mented with a carefully Lept lawn and handsome shade trees. The park is not so
extensive as that at Humboldt, but is none the less a delight after the long journey
across the desert. The town is situated on the eastern bank of the Truckee River,
and is prosperous and well built. Here are located the railroad shops for this
division of the railroad, and considerable freight business is transacted with the
mining camps situated to the south. The Truckee River has its source in lakes
Tahoe and Donner, and is a pure and sparkling stream. Six miles sovith are the
Pine Grove Copper Mines, while ten miles south are the Desert Gold Mines, tribu-
tary to Wadsworth. (Population, 1,500. Distance from Ogden, 555 miles. Eleva-
tion, 4,085 feet.)

In addition to being the county-scat of Washoe
County, Reno is a thriving business center. It
possesses all the modern improvements, including
electric lights. Its business blocks are well built
and its public buildings creditable to the city. The
State University is located here and the handsome
buildings attract the attention of travelers. The
town was named after General Reno, who lost his
life in the battle of South Mountain. This is the
junctional point for the Nevada, California & Oregon
Railroad, a narrow gauge, leading northward into
Lassen Countv, with a branch line into Plumas Count}'. Here, also, the tourist
can take the Virginia & Truckee Railroad for Carson City, Virginia City, and points
to the north and south. Condensing the statement of connections, they are as
follows: Virginia & Truckee Railroad for Carson, Virginia, and Mound House, con-
necting there with Carson & Colorado Railroad for Hawthorne, Belleville, Candc-
laria, and Keeler; Nevada, California & Oregon Railroad for points north. Stages
can also be taken to Eagle ville, Vlturas, Cedarville, and Lake View or Davis Creek.
Reno possesses a lively interest to the traveler, as it is the junction point to the
world -famed Comstock Mines.

Car.SOll City is the State capital. It is a beautiful little city of about 2,500
people, lying in Eagle Valley on Carson River. Stages run from here to Lake
Tahoe and other summer resorts in the mountains. The public buildings of Carson
are creditable to the State. The United States branch mint is located here; the
capital is in the center of a plaza, surrounded by an iron fence. There are good
hotels, churches, schools, and daily newspapers. It is the oldest town in the State,
is tastefully adorned with shade trees, and has an abundance of good water. It is
the center of a large trade for all parts of southwestern Nevada and Mono and Inyo
counties of California.

Virginia City. This famous place is on the slope of Mt. Davidson at an
elevation of 6,200 feet, built along the side of the mountain. It has one main street
with many steep cross-streets. In its earlier days it was a vortex of immense activity
and its mines under the city were treasure houses of wealth almost beyond reckon-
ing. The Consolidated Virginia and California mines cleared each about $1,080,-

RENO.

Junctional Point.

Distance from Ogden,
589 miles.

Population, 4,500.

Altitude, 4,497 feet.

TO THE COLD EX GATE. 1 55

000 monthly for many months. The ( >phir also paid fabulous dividends (or years.
Tin- produi ts of these mines at one time excited the world. The city has dei lined
in population, but the mines are still yielding ore, and with modern machinery will
have many years of activity.

Climbing- the Sierra Nevada Range. After leaving Reno the

grades grow steeper, and the traveler prepares himself for the grand and striking
scenery which he will have the pleasure of beholding until the passage of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains has been made. For fifty miles the ascent continues until
Summit Station is reached, the highest point attained by the Southern Pacific Rail-
road on its transcontinental line from Ogden to San Francisco. From Reno the
road follows up the course of the Truckee River, and soon enters Truckee Canon.
The course of the river is tortuous and the road quickly changes sides, giving
varied and interesting views of towering rocks, foaming waters, and pine-clad
mountains. In quick succession the following small stations arc passed:

Verdi, Floriston, Boca. The country between Verdi and Truckee seems pretty
well given up to the production of lumber, great quantities of ties, logs, and boards
being piled beside the track. The river is used as a facile means of transporting
these products of the forest. Ice store houses and paper pulp mills also abound here.

Truckee stands at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and
the first station we reach after crossing the line between Nevada and California.
The town is well built and extends mainly along the north bank of the Truckee
River. Lumber is the leading industry, and where the town now stands, once stood
a dense forest. It is estimated that the Truckee Basin will supply at least 4,000,-
000,000 feet of lumber, or enough to keep the sawmills going at their present rate
for a hundred years. The roundhouse for this division of the railroad is located
here. Truckee is the shipping-point for Donner Lake and the towns of the Sierra
Valley. Stages can be taken for Lake Tahoe (fourteen miles), Donner Lake
(two miles), and Webber Lake; also for Sierraviilc, Sierra City, and Plumas, Eureka
Mine. (Population, 1,500. Distance from Ogden, 624 miles. Elevation, s,.Siq
feet.)

Lake TallOC "There is a grandeur and enchantment at all times in the
scenery which environs the lakes of this region and never-ending means of pleasure
and exhilaration on their waters; and the panorama of mountain and valley, meadow-
land and woodland, sunshine and cloud, as viewed from Tahoe City is spacious,
inspiriting and impressive. This view is an unspeakably line one; within the mag-
nificent frame of the Tahoe range is Lake Tahoe, sometimes tranquil, sometimes
turbulent, but always lovely. The summer sunsets on Lake Tahoe are remarkable
for their great beauty and wealth of coloring and are grander than those mirrored
on Lakes Como and Maggiore. No painter would ever dare to put upon canvas
the variegated colors of Tahoe's waters in a summer sunset. It would appear
such an exaggeration that he would lose caste among those who demand that tin
artist's pencil shall be true to nature. None but those who have witnessed the
scene would be persuaded of its reality. Such beauty could not be were it
not for the highly reflective qualities of the pure translucent waters which serve-
as a polished mirror of French plate-glass." Such is the glowing language of a
much traveled author, whose words, though eloquent, fail of depicting the entranc-
ing loveliness of the scenes which one can here behold. Hut it is no refle< tion upon
the descriptive powers of any writer to say that he has fallen short of the reality.
Surely if these scenes are beyond the powers of the artist, no discredit can follow-
when the writer's pen fails to attain to the full measure of their grandeur and beauty.

OVER THE RANGE

Lake Tahoe, one of the most beautiful moun
Jain lakes in the world, lies in the heart of the
Sierras, 6,280 feet above the sea, while mountain
peaks surround it, rising to an additional height of
from two to four thousand feet. It is 23 miles in
length, 13 miles in breadth, and from 100 to i,8oo
feet in depth. Its waters are famous the world over
for their crystal purity, and their transparency is so
absolute that the fish, which abound in great
numbers, can be seen distinctly as they swim
beneath you, at a distance of eighty feet. On its
lovely shores are situated some of the most delight-
ful summer resorts. The mid-summer air is cool
and invigorating, the hunting and fishing excellent,
and the landscape picturesque and a never-ending delight to the eye. It is reached
from Truckee by the Lake Tahoe Railway or by stage. The ride by stage from
Truckee to the lake, is a most charming experience, and is thus described by Mr.
N. II. Chittenden, a traveler of some distinction: "It was a glorious morning
bright and cool, a rain having fallen the previous evening, tempering the dry moun-
tain air fragrant with the sweet odor of the pines, to a delicious, exhilarating fresh

LAKE TAHOE.

The "Gem of the
Mountains."

Distance from Truckee,
15 miles.

Length of Lake,
23 miles.

Breadth of Lake,
13 miles.

Depth, 1,800 feet.

LAKE TAHOE.

ness, and also effectually laying the dust. It is a magnificent drive, following uo
the dashing Truckee, a fitting outlet for the world's crowning gem of mountain
lakes. From thirty to fifty feet in width, clear as crystal, pure and cold, it courses
swiftly down the mountains, frequently a foaming rapid, but interrupted in its
headlong descent by several dams. The valley is from three-quarters to a mile
across, the mountains generally not precipitous or very high, though presenting

/() THE GOLDEN GATE.

»57

several bold, towering granite cliffs and peaks from five hundred to one thousand
and eight hundred feet above the river. The most prominent of these, from their
resemblance to the human face, are known as the 'Old Woman' and 'Old Man'
of the mountains, and the ' Duke of Wellington.' Thick forests of red, yellow, and
sugar pine, fir, and cedar, extend the whole way, except where cleared by the
lumbermen. The great saw-mill companies arc annually cutting millions of feet
of the choicest trees, having already advanced about eight miles up the river and
back three or four miles therefrom. The lumber flumes extend from the great
mills at Truckec to the farthest camps, and the sides of the mountains are grooved
with log chutes. Down the former are run vast quantities of wood and timber,

JONNER LAK

while down the latter immense logs are shot, with the velocity of thunder-
bolts, into the river. At the Eight-Mile Crossing, a five-foot monster plunged
in as we passed, striking a forerunner fairly endwise, with terrific force, and
the noise of distant thunder. Horse railways and long ox teams are also empl iyed
in hauling out the logs from over the summit of the mountains."

The tour of the lake is made by an excursion steamer which is taken at Tahoe
City. The surroundings of the lakes are picturesque in the extreme. Beginning
at the right, the coronet of mountains, which surrounds the lake, may be named as
follows: the Rubicon Peaks, 9,287 feet above the sea; Mount Tallac, 0.715 feel
in height; Mount Ralston, 9,140 feet; Pyramid Peak, 10,052 feet; Job's Peak,
10,637 f eet ! Geneva Peak, 9,135, and the summits of the Tahoe Range. Down the
steep, forest-covered sides of these mountains swiftly descend numerous beautiful
streams, Ward's Creek, Blackwood's, McKinney's, Phipp's, Meek's Bay, Lonely
Gulch, Cascade Falls, Cascade Lake, Taylor, Little Truckee River, Big Truckec
River, Jim Small's Creek, Sevory Cove Creek, Glenbrook, Secret Harbor, Big,
Griffin's, Cornelian Bay, and Gordon's Creek being the most important.

158 OVER THE RAXGE

The shores of Lake Tahoe are indented with beautiful bays, Crystal, Corne-
lian, Mceks, and Emerald, the latter being the largest and most frequented. It is
about eighteen miles from Tahoe City, three miles long, and about half a mile in
width. Ben Holladay built a summer residence here, which his family occupied
until it w T as burned in 1879.

Captain Dick, an eccentric old English sailor, chose this wild mountain retreat
for his home, built a cabin, and chiseled out a tomb in the solid rock, on the lonely
rock-bound island near the entrance. Falling overboard, while intoxicated, Lake
Tahoe, which it is said, never gives up its dead, became his last resting-place, in-
stead of the grave he had prepared.

The shores of the lake are dotted with summer residences and pleasure resort
villages. Among the latter may be mentioned Tahoe City, Glenbrook, Tallac,
Rowlands, and McKinneys. Glenbrook is a very pretty village and is the business
centre for Lake Tahoe. The thousand and one attractions of this lovely lake can
obtain but little justice in so brief a description as can be given here; indeed, the
most elaborate description would fall far short of the reality, and only he who has had
the extreme good fortune to visit the spot can form an adequate idea of its charms.

Donner Lake. Made memorable by the
terrible fate of the Donner party, thirty-four of
whom died of starvation on its shores in the year
1846, and taking its name from the leader of this
unfortunate company, Donner Lake commands
especial attention for its historical associations. Its
beauty gives it a, leading position among the Lkes
of the Sierras and has been made familiar through
the well-known paintings by Bierstadt. Onlv three
miles from Truckee, it is easy of access. It is
about three miles long, one and a half miles
wide, and two hundred and fifty feet deep. Its
shores are gravelly and the lake is surrounded by great forests of pine, fir, and
tamarack.

"Webber Lake, a perfect gem, lies in the Sierra Xevadas, about twenty-
six miles from Truckee, at an altitude of 6,925 feet above the sea level. It is cir-
cular in shape; its waters crystal white, and with a depth of eighty-four feet. It
is considered one of the finest fishing grounds in California, the trout being large
and numerous, gamey, and delicious. About three-quarters of a mile away from
the lake are the falls, having a descent of 105 feet.

Independence Lake, sixteen miles from Truckee, and ten miles from
Webber, is another one of those beautiful gems. It is two and one-half miles long
and three-quarters of a mile wide. Its waters are alive with trc ut.

Climbing the Sierra Nevada Range. The ascent of the Sierras

begins at Truckee. In order to protect travelers from delay in inclement weather,
the railroad company have constructed an almost uninterrupted line of snow-
sheds for forty miles. These sheds interrupt the view, but they serve an eminently
practical purpose and are necessary for winter travel. Through the loopholes cut
in the sides of the sheds the tourist catches tantalizing glimpses of magnificent
scenery. Donner Lake can be seen below us, gleaming like a diamond in its
granite setting, while a panorama of pine-clad hills and splintered mountain pinna-
cles is spread before us. Plunging onward through the snow-sheds, the two great
engines drag the train upward, while below can be seen the winding roadway we

Donner, Webber,

and

Independence
Lakes.

Waters of Crystal
Whiteness

TO THE COLD EN GATE. 1 59

are ascending. Rumbling through a tunnel the train comes to a halt on die highest

railroad point in the Sierras.

Appropriately named, this station is the sum-

SUMMIT.

The Highest Rnilroad
Point in the Sierra

Nevadas.

Elevation, 7,018 feet.

Distance from Ogden,
638 miles.

mil of our railroad ascent. For many vears it
held the pre-eminence as the highest railroad point
in North America, and it still deserves renown
as the first to lay claim to so lofty an estate. This
is the "divide" from which How various streams
through devious courses to empty at last at widely
divergent points into the great Sacramento. Among
these streams are the Bear, the American, and the
South Yuba Rivers. The scenery around Summit is
of the grandest description. The mountains tower above us to an altitude of ten
thousand feet. Lakes lie below us and waterfalls glimmer down the sides of dis-
tant precipices. Here the sportsman can find ample scope for enjoyment. Bear
and deer and a vast variety of game haunt the wooded fastnesses and the streams
abound in trout. The east-bound tourist, who wishes to visit Lakes Tahoe and
Donner can take the stage at Summit, and, after enjoying the delights of the moun-
tain drive and an unobstructed view of the sceneiy, together with a satisfying
visit to the lakes, can again resume his journey by taking the cars at Truckee, thus
avoiding the up-grade return to Summit.

Cascade. Six miles beyond Summit we pass Cascade, crossing a branch of
the Yuba River. To the westward lies Summit Valley, a charming spot for a sum-
mer resting-place. It is well watered and abounds in luxuriant meadows, which
are utilized by stock and dairy men, who have found here an ideal spot for their
purposes. Cascade is a growing shipping-point for cattle and their products.
(Population, nominal. Distance from Ogden, 644 miles. Elevation, 6,645 feet.)
Soda Springs. Many large soda springs give their name to this side
track. Their waters are pleasant to the taste and medicinal in character. One of
the springs has been improved and its waters are bottled for shipment. There are
also hot springs in the near vicinity. (Population, small. Distance from Ogden,
647 miles. Elevation, 6,749 feet.)

Emigrant Gap. Here we catch the last sight of the old emigrant wagon
road, which we have seen from time to time for the last two hundred and fifty
miles. (Population, 200. Distance from Ogden, 660 miles. Elevation, 5,225
feet.)

Blue Canon, Shady Run, Towles, and Alta are small stations which we pass
in rapid succession.

Rlltcll Flat. Population, 700. (Distance from Ogden, 675 miles. Eleva-
tion: 3-595 feet -)

Historic Ground. To the "men of '40" the names of Alta and
Dutch Flat call up many memories of stirring times. The stages still run from
Dutch Flat to "You Bet" and "Little York," where mines are still worked; but
the palmy days made historic by the achievements of the "John Oakhursts, "
"Sandy McGees, " and "Hank Monks" have passed away. A glimpse can be
caught of a scenic attraction of paramount interest as the train passes Shady Run.
This is the famous American Canon, with walls two thousand feet high, and of
such wonderful perpendicularity that the American River, which flows between
them, has never been ascended for a distance of two miles — the extent of the
canon.

CAPE HORN.

A Scenic Wonder.

1 60 OVER THE RANGE

There are few mountain passes more famous
than that known to the world as "Cape Horn."
The approach to it is picturesque. The north
fork of the American River is seen raging and
foaming in its rocky bed, fifteen hundred feet
below and parallel with the track. A little further
on we see the north fork of the North River leap-
ing in snowy cascades down the mountainside.
The train rolls on and soon is clinging to the side
of a mountain wall, which climbs to the clouds above it and drops to the waters
beneath; a hand thrust from the window of the car could drop a stone straight
as the plummet falls, into the chasm, two thousand five hundred feet below. We
are rounding Cape Horn! The road having been carved from the solid rock,
the workmen, when building the same were suspended from the cliff above by
means of ropes until they had blasted sufficient to gain a foothold. A beautiful
valley lies beneath us to the left, and across this vale on the opposite side can be
seen the line of road on which we shall soon appear. The descent now begins, and
Rice's Ravine is crossed, the trestle bridge being 878 feet in length and 113 feet in
height. The narrow gauge railroad, which we see beneath us, is the line from
Colfax to Nevada City. From the trestle we pass to an embankment, and from
the embankment to the solid roadway on the side of the bluff. We have followed
the curving road until now we are opposite the tremendous precipice, from whose
fearful height we have but just descended.

Colfax. Named after the statesman, Schuyler Colfax, a steadfast friend to
the Southern Pacific Railroad during the early days of its existence. This town is
thriving and prosperous. Fruit raising has taken the place of the original industry
of mining, and the financial results appear to be eminently satisfactory. There is
a large and handsome depot erected at this place, it being the distributing point
for Grass Valley, Nevada City, and a large area of agricultural and mining country-
The trains of the Nevada County Railroad (narrow gauge) run to and from this
depot. (Population, 700. Distance from Ogden, 689 miles. Elevation, 2,422
feet.)

Auburn. The approach to Auburn is made through a rugged country, a
tunnel seven hundred feet in length being passed just before reaching Clipper Gap
— beyond this can be seen the famous gold-fields, now abandoned. The town of
Auburn is embowered with fruit trees, is well built and prosperous, having first-
class hotels, good water, electric lights, street railway, and all "modern improve-
ments." Many of the residents of San Francisco and Sacramento spend a part
nf their summers at this mountain town. Fruit raising has usurped the place of
mining among these foothills of the western slope — vineyards, orchards, and vege-
table gardens, are now seen on all sides. This condition of things exists all along
the slope, and for a distance of twenty miles we pass through California's semi-
iropical fruit belt. The quarrying of stone and stock raising are also important
vndustries. (Population, 2,500. Distance from Ogden, 708 miles. Elevation,
T ,36o feet.)

Newcastle. Is situated in the midst of a rich farming region, and is an
important shipping point for the Placer County fruit belt. Here are, also, a
number of extensive canning and fruit drying establishments, with unlimited ca-
pacity. The early citrus fruits are grown and shipped from this point. (Popula-
tion. 500. Elevation, 970 feet. Distance from Ogden, 712 miles.)

1 62 OVER THE RANGE

Leaving Newcastle we pass Penryn and Loomis, both of which are fast becoming
famous as distributing points for the fruits of this fruitful region.

Rocklill. This little town lies at the base of the foothills, and is fameH for
the excellent quality of the granite found in its quarries. The roundhouse and
machine shops of the railroad company, located here, are built of this material.
The State House at Sacramento, and many of San Francisco's "sky scrapers,"
are erected of Rocklin granite. (Population, 1,100. Distance from Ogden, 721
miles. Elevation, 249 feet.)

Roseville. This station is the junction point for the east side of the great
Sacramento Valley and Portland, Oregon; it is here the "Shasta Route" of the
Southern Pacific Railroad intercepts the main Transcontinental Line. (Popula-
tion, 450. Distance from Ogden, 725 miles. Elevation, 163 feet.)

The Plains Region. A glance from the car window, or a reference to
the elevation of Roseville, given in the paragraph above, will show the tourist
that the region of mountains and foothills lies behind him, and that the fertile
plains of California have been reached. Broad expanses of gently rolling country
greet the eye, dotted here and there with the round-topped, dark-foliaged live-
oaks, which form strikingly characteristic features in the landscape. Here and
beyond in the Sacramento Valley are the great wheat-fields of the State, famous
in the past for their enormous yield and the magnificent scale upon which the
raising of this cereal is carried on. Now, however, fruit raising is gradually usurp-
ing this territory, and orchards and vineyards are frequently seen.

American River Bridge. This bridge spans the current of the
American River, and Sacramento is only three miles distant. (Distance from
Ogden, 740 miles. Elevation, 49 feet.)

As is the almost universal rule in the case
of large cities one gets a very unsatisfactory view
of the town from the railroad station. Several
days can be pleasantly and profitably spent by the
tourist in Sacramento. It is handsomely built and
its shaded streets and flower-ornamented yards pre-
sent an exceedingly attractive appearance. It has
a complete system of electric street railways.
Being the capital of California, the county-seat of
Sacramento County, and the third commercial city
in the State, it has a most prosperous present and
promising future. More trains arrive and depart each day than in any other town
or city in the State. Sacramento, being the geographical center, it is the
great distributing point for California. Three-fourths of all the fruits shipped
from this State each year are shipped from this point. It is at this place
all the principal buyers and shippers locate for the purchase of fruits
and vegetables. The Southern Pacific Company's shops (which employ from
2,000 to 3,000 men constantly, covering an area of twenty-five acres of
land), the largest cannery and packing-houses in the State, a woolen mill,
foundry, machine shops, etc., are located in Sacramento. For a manufacturing
town, the location of Sacramento cannot be excelled. It is ninety miles
from San Francisco, with which it is connected by numerous daily trains,
and by river steamers. Many of its wholesale houses rival those at San Francisco
in the amount of business transacted. It has fine wide streets lined with shade
trees, manv substantial business blocks, elegant residences, and good hotels. The

SACRAMENTO.

California's Capital.

Population, 35,000.

Elevation, 30 feet.

Distance from Ogden,
743 miles.

FEBRUARY, SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

VINEYARD, SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

164 OVER THE RANGE

State Capitol, State Printing Office, State Agricultural Exposition Building (the
largest west of the Missouri River), a Free Library, the largest Art Gallery (with one
or two exceptions) in the United States, an Old Ladies' Home (where old ladies
have the same care and attention, if not better, than they would have in their own
homes), are located in Sacramento, the two latter were donated to the city by that
most estimable and philanthropic of ladies, Mrs. E. B. Crocker. In fact, Sacra-
mento is the great metropolis of the Sacramento valley.

The first railroad in California, extending from Sacramento into El Dorado
County, was formally opened on February 22, 1856. Work on the Central Pacific
Railroad was inaugurated at Sacramento January 8, 1863, and the last spike was
driven May 10, 1869. Sacramento is on the line of the California & Oregon,
Western Pacific, Central Pacific, California Pacific, and Sacramento & Placerville
Railroads. All these roads are of the Southern Pacific System. The Company's
principal hospital is also located in this city. A line of steamboats runs to San
Francisco on the Sacramento River and the bay, and another as far up the same
stream as Red Bluff. The Sacramento River is spanned opposite the city by a
railroad and wagon bridge, connecting it with the town of Washington, Yolo
County; and the American River is bridged on the line of Twelfth Street, and also
by a railroad bridge a short distance above. All the bridges in the county and
all roads are free. The capital of California was permanently located at Sa< ra-
mento February 25, 1854, and in 1869 the present capitol building was com-
pleted, at a cost of about 83,000,000 The building is the finest in the state. In
the Capital Park are also the exposition pavilion of the State Agricultural Society,
and the State Printing Office, in which are printed, in addition to the usual work
for the state, the text-books for use in the public schools. The State Agricul-
tural Society has also an extensive park for the exhibition of stock, and one of the
finest race tracks in the world. The State fairs are annually held in September. The
Masons and Odd Fellows have each imposing temples, in which their lodge-rooms
are located. The United Slates Government has erected a postomce building,
for which an appropriation of $100,000 was made. The County Court House
(formerly used for a state capitol) cost 8200,000; and a brick and iron hall of records
has recently been completed at a cost of 850,000. The County Hospital, built
on the pavilion plan, can accommodate one hundred and seventy live patients, and
cost $75,000. The State Library contains some sixty thousand volumes; the Free
Public Library, of twelve thousand volumes, with the two-story building in which
it is contained, is the property of the city, and is maintained by a city tax. The
order of Odd-Fellows maintain a library of about eight thousand volumes. The
Crocker Art Gallery is also the property of the city. It is a brick and iron building,
three stories high, and in it are contained some of the finest paintings and statuary,
together with an extensive cabinet of minerals, the property of the State.

Webster. Leaving Sacramento, and crossing the Sacramento river on
a bridge 600 feet in length, the train passes through Webster, which is a suburb
of the city. Beyond we cross a belt of swampy country known locally as "The
Tules." The track is elevated above the danger of foods by means of embank-
ments and a trestle bridge.

Davis. This place is the junction with the main line of a branch passing
through the west side of the Sacramento Valley to Tehama, the country round
about being rich and fertile, and capable of producing an unlimited amount of
-ruit, cereals, and vegetables. Distance from Ogden, 736 miles.

Tremont, Dixon, Batavia, are soon passed, when we arr.ve at

166 OVER THE RANGE

ELMIRA.

Junction Point

Vaca and Capay

Valleys.

At this point the tourist will do well to take the
side trip through the great Vaca and Capay Valleys.
These valleys supply all the earliest fruits and
vegetables. The soil is of surprising fertility,
yielding bountifully of every crop with no necessity
for irrigation. The climate is superb, it being a
continual Indian summer the entire year. The
health of the inhabitants, their industry, wealth, and
prosperity, have all tended to make this place the
most desirable for settlement. Semi-tropical and citrus fruits grow luxuriantly,
and are of unusual size and lusciousness. These valleys are veritable gardens of
Eden, and a continuous panorama of a beautiful and picturesque country. Van-
den and Suisun are more or less important stations, but of no especial interest
to the tourist. Having passed Suisun the waters of Suisun Bay approach the
track, and at high tide ripple against the embankment. ■ For twelve miles this bay
is always in close proximity.

Army Point. Distance from Ogden, 797 miles. This is the station for
the headquarters of the United States army in California.

Beilicia. Situated on the southern slope of the Suscol hills, Benicia extends
down to the bank of the Sacramento River. This is the head of navigation for
sea-going ships and is a very charmingly situated city. Benicia was at one time
the capital of California, but is now a quiet residence town, with a number of large
manufacturing interests to maintain its commercial importance. (Population,
3,000. Distance from Ogden, 800 miles. Elevation 10 feet.)

Crossing" the Straits of Carquinez. From Benicia to Port Costa
the journey is continued on the Solano, the largest ferry-boat in the world. This
boat can transport at one time fifty-four loaded freight cars and consequently finds
no difficulty in bearing our entire train, including the monster locomotive, safely
across the straits, a distance of one mile, with an expenditure of little, if any, more
than twenty minutes of time. To most, this experience is a novel one, and the cars
arc quickly emptied by their occupants, and the tourists gaze delightedly at the
broad expanse of waters and inhale gratefully the invigorating saline odors wafted
from the neighboring ocean. The cars are run directly onto the boat and when
Port Costa is reached the journey by rail is resumed.

Port Costa. Here the sea-going ships can be seen lying close to the
wharfs, and the tourist begins to appreciate the fact that his long journey to the
Pacific coast is nearly completed. At this point the Southern Pacific's line to Los
Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley branches to the southwest.

Vallejo Junction. Vallejo lies across the straits a distance of two miles.
At this junction a branch line runs to Napa and Calistoga, also to Santa Rosa.

Pinole. Another town of wharfs and warehouses.

Sixteenth Street, Oakland. This is the small station for the large city
of Oakland. The great Bay of San Francisco lies to our right and beyond can be
seen the spires of San Francisco.

Oakland Mole. This marvel of engineering has been constructed for two
miles directly out into the bay. At its terminus is an immense building containing
waiting-rooms and all necessary accommodations for the convenience of the great
army of travelers who disembark on the arrival of trains. All the passenger trains
for the east, north, or south are made up at this depot, and here all incoming passen-
gers leave their trains and are transported on magnificent ferry-boats to San Francisco.

SAN FRANCISCO TO SAN DIEGO.

5AN FRANCISCO.

The Great City

The Golden Gate.

Population, 450,000.

The first view of San Francisco which the over-
land tourist obtains from the bow of the ferry-boat
that bears him from Oakland Mole to the foot of
Market Street, is most enchanting. A city set on a
hill, beautiful for situation, it commands attention
and demands the most enthusiastic admiration.
Nor does "familiarity breed contempt." The first
pleasant impression is confirmed and deepened by
every day's experience within the gates of this most
hospitable and beautiful city. Fitz Hugh Ludlow,
whose early death was a great loss to literature, if
one may judge by the early fruitage of a tree too
soon cut down by cruel frost, speaks glowing words, and true ones, of this city In
the sea. He says: "To a traveler paying his first visit, it has the interest of a new
planet. It ignores the meteorological laws which govern the rest of the world.
There is no snow. There are no summer showers. The tailor recognizes no
aphelion or perihelion in his custom; the thin woolen suit made in April, is com-
fortably worn until April again. Save that in so-called winter frequent rain falls
alternate with spotless intervals of amber weather, and that soi-disant summer
is an entire amber mass, its unbroken divine days concrete in it there is no inequality
on which to forbid the bans between May and December. In San Francisco
there is no work for the scene-shifter of Nature. The wealth of that great dram-
atist, the year, resulting in the same manner as the poverty of dabblers in private
theatricals — a single flat doing service for the entire play. Thus, save for the
purposes of notes of hand, the almanac of San Francisco might replace its mutable
months and seasons with one great, kindly, constant, sumptuous All the Year
'Round. Out of this benignant sameness what glorious fruits are produced!
Fruit enough, metarphorical, for the scientific man or artist who cannot make
hay while such a sun shines, from April to November, must be a slothful laborer
indeed. But, fruit also literal; for what joy of vegetation is lacking to the man
who, every month in the year, can look through his study window on a green lawn,
and have strawberries and cream for his breakfast. Who can sit down to this
royal fruit, and at the same time to apricots, peaches, nectarines, blackberries, rasp-
berries, melons, figs, both yellow and purple, early apples, and grapes of many kinds."
But aside from the claims of climate, which appealed so strongly to Ludlow,
San Francisco has artistic and architectural claims that command respect and
admiration, to say nothing of her vast commercial and mercantile interests.

San Francisco has suffered greatly from fire in the past, but has always arisen
from its ashes in renewed beauty. A condensed history of these great conflagra-
tions may be of interest:

December 24, 1849. First great fire. More than $1,000,000 worth of prop-
erty destroyed.

168

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 6g

May 4, 1850. Second great fire. Three blocks of buildings consumed. Loss,

$4,000,000.

June 14, 1850. Third great fire. Loss, $5,000,000.

September 17, 1850. Fourth great fire. An extensive area of comparatively
inexpensive buildings destroyed. Loss, $500,000.

December 14, 1850. Fire on Sacramento and Montgomery streets. Loss,
$1,000,000. This is not gent-rally classed among the great tires.

May 4, 185 1. Fifth great lire. Eighteen blocks entirely burned, and par'.,
of six others destroyed. The length of the burned district was three-fourths of a
mile, and its width half a mile. Loss, $10,000,000, to $12,000,000.

June 22, 1851. Sixth great fire. Ten blocks and parts of six others destroyed.
Loss, $3,000,000.

When the Oakland ferry-boat, a most magnificent steamer by the way, enters
her pier, at the magnificent ferry depot, at the foot of Market Street, the traveler
will find ample means of conveyance to any hotel. If of an economical turn of
mind he can board a cable or an electric car, after running the gauntlet of vociferous
"cabbies," and for five cents be carried smoothly and quickly to almost any part of
the city; or, handing his baggage checks to one of the agents of the United Carriage
Company, he can drive to his destination in considerable more "style," and at a mod-
erate expense, the amount being determined by the distant <■ traveled —but extortion
need not be feared, as cab fares are regulated by a city ordinance. Once at home
in hotel or lodgings — and San Francisco can furnish either of these of the verv best
character — the traveler can map out excursions in the city and its environs that
will pleasantly occupy his time for a fortnight, or which can be crowded into the
space of three or four days.

Everybody has heard of the Cliff House and
the Seal Rocks. These attractions are pretty sure
to command first attention. The Cliff House may
be reached by three carriage routes. These are
tersely described by Mr. Charles Turrell, in his val-
uable California notes, as follows: "One of these
routes is the old road that begins at the Mission and
winds over the hills, affording many attractive views
of the city and the bay beyond, the Contra Costa
Mountains and Mount Diablo towering in the re-
mote east. This road descends to the ocean beach, passing near Merced Lake —
Laguna de la Merced — the largest lake in the county. From the Ocean Side House
to the Cliff House, a distance of some two and a half miles, the road follows the
sandy beach. As this road is quite long, and the latter part very heavy, but few
follow it. Another route is by Point Lobos Avenue, a broad, well-paved
street, commencing at the western end of Geary Street and continuing in a straight
line to the ocean beach. This was for many years the fashionable drive for San
Franciscans. However, since the Golden Gate Park has been opened, and its
serpentine drives to the beach completed, the Point Lobos road has fallen into
disuse." This drive is the one we took, and we found it a most charming way.
There are several street railway lines leading direct to the Cliff House, and by the
use of the liberal "transfer" system a journey to the Cliff House can be made for
ten cents. These car lines pass through the residence portion of the city and serve
a double purpose, that of viewing the city while en route to its confines. From
Inspiration Point we obtained a fine view of the Pacific Ocean and the Golden

CLIFF HOUSE

AND

SEAL ROCKS.

Novel and Characteristic
Attractions.

170

OVER THE RANGE

; i F ~f : W WmtyWWl I

i il fl fllillif li II II I If

Gate. The most characteristic objects of interest at the terminus of this drive, or
car ride, are the Seal Rocks and their curious occupants. The rocks aro conical
in shape, three in number, and vary in height from twenty to fifty feet. These
rocks are the haunts of seals, and it is said that there is never a moment when scores
of these curious marine-mammals may not be seen basking in the rays of the sun
on these rocks, or struggling among themselves for a place thereon. These seals
are protected by law, and there is, therefore, no great danger of future travelers
visiting Seal Rocks only to be disappointed.

The Cliff House is conducted as a first-class hotel and restaurant, and all crea-

, , ture comforts are here obtainable.

There are numerous other attrac-
tions in the vicinity of the Cliff House,
notably among them being Sutro
Heights, the private grounds and art
collections of former Mayor Sutro, a
beautiful spot overlooking the Cliff
House and Seal Rocks and the ocean.
The Sutro baths are also here, being
an extremely large and very complete
bathing establishment, with one of the
largest plunge pools in the world.

Golden Gate Park. In this

magnificent expanse of shaven lawns,
serpentine drives and shady walks, gor-
geous flowers, groves of tropical and
semi-tropical trees and shrubs, charming-
ly cool and inviting nooks, its aviary, its
zoological collections, museums, monuments, and conservatories, San Francisco pos-
sesses, perhaps, the most complete and beautiful public park on the continent. A few
years ago this veritable "Garden of Eden" was a waste tract of more than a thou-
sand acres of shifting sand dunes, bleak, dreary, and uninviting; to-day — the hang-
ing gardens of Babylon were a failure when compared with the achievements here.
When visiting San Francisco there are many places to be seen and visited, but the
Golden Gate Park should be the first, and then the last, and bear away with you
an impression of nature in all her loveliness.

CLIFF HOUSE.

CONSERVATORY, GOLDEN GATE PARK.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

I 7 l

San Francisco Bay. As a harbor it

ranks among the few greal seaports of the world.
A land-locked sheet of water, some fifty miles long,
and of varying width. Il has the advantage of
lying at the central edge of a great area of agricul-
tural land. The shipments through this port are
very heavy, giving constant employment to a large
fleet of steamers and sailing vessels. It is, also, the
terminal point of the great transcontinental routes.
If the tourist will take a seat on the dummv o\
either the California Street or Jackson Street cable cars and ride as far as Mason
Street, the trip will be amply rewarded. Perhaps the best time to view this mag-

SAN FRANCISCO
BAY.

A Beautiful Sheet of

Water, and
Land-Locked Harbor
of Inestimable Value.

SAN FRANCISCO AND BAY.

nificent panorama would be in the forenoon. To the left we have the Golden Gate,
the wonderfully beauteous entrance to the still more beautiful bay; to the right
the sheet of water merges into the distant hills bordering the Santa Clara Valley.
Before us lie, in semi-circular form, Mt. Tamalpais, standing on the northern side
of the Golden Gate; Saucelito, San Pablo Bay, the ddbouchere of California's two
great rivers — the Sacramento and San Joaquin; then we have the Contra Costa
Mountains, and, just beyond, Mount Diablo's graceful peak, while nestling at their
base we distinctly trace the towns of Berkeley, Oakland, Alameda, Haywards,
and Oakland Mole. The steamers of the ferry lines may be viewed plowing their
rapid way to and from San Francisco. Clbse to the Pier, Goat Island rises three
hundred and forty feet out of the water. It is the most southerly island, in the
bay, save the Mission Rock, now surrounded by warehouses, etc. West of Coat
Island is Alcatraz Island, situated about one mile due east of the Golden date,
whose entrance it commands. It is one-third of a mile long and one-tenth of a
mile wide, irregular in shape, and contains about twelve acres, composed mainly
of solid rock. A perfect belt of batteries surround the island, mounting several
very heavy guns on all sides as well as on the top. On the highest point of the
island stands a light-house, whose light can be seen, on a clear night, twelve miles
at sea, outside of the Golden Gate. Next in succession is Angel Island, three

172

OVER THE RANGE

miles north of San Francisco, the largest and most valuable island in the bay. It
contains six hundred acres of excellent land, watered in many places bv natural
springs. Three fixed batteries, mounting large, heavy guns, are here besides
large barracks, accommodating the garrison. On the bay we see craft of every
kind, from the tiny skiff to the monster ocean steamers. Scows and steamers
may be seen in every direction; the propeller, the paddler, are all here in busv
activity. Fringing the water front is a forest of masts, the black hulls from whence

MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO.

they spring being scarcely visible on account of the long line of the sea-wall and
warehouses that intercept the view. In every direction, lying peacefully at anchor,
are vessels just arrived or about to depart. Here, too, snugly harbored, are the
little yachts of the different dubs— white-winged birds of pleasure.

There are several "squares" in San Francisco, the most noted of which is
Portsmouth Square, with an area of 275 by 204 feet 2 inches. Its history is
important. On July 8, 1846, Captain Montgomery, of the United States sloop-
of-war Portsmouth, then lying in the bay, at the command of Commodore Sloat,
raised the American flag on the plaza of what was then called "Yerba Buena" —
now San Francisco. A salute of twenty-one guns from the Portsmouth announced
the fact that the United States had taken possession of northern California. This
square was then named Portsmouth Square, and at the same time Montgomery
Street was named in honor of the captain.

The

Mission Dolores.

Oldest Building in

San Francisco.

Founded Oct. 8, 1776.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 173

Telegraph Hill is dear to the hearts of old Californians. In 1849 a signal
Station was established on this elevation, and the dwellers at the "Bay" were
notified of the approach of vessels from sea by means of a well-understood system of
signals. A traet of 275 feet square on the summit of the hill has recently been pur-
chased by some public-spirited citizens and presented to the city fora perpetual park.
Many tourists take interest in the cemeteries of a city; to such a brief mention
of those in San Francisco will be interesting. Most of these "cities of the dead" arc
best reached via the Geary Street cable line. Laurel Hill Cemetery, near the
foot of a solitary hill, called Lone Mountain, presents the finesl examples of mau-
soleum architecture in California. Landscape gardening contributes greatlv to
the beauty of the scene.

The four principal cemeteries of the city surround Lone Mountain. They are
"Laurel Hill," "Calvary," the Roman Catholic burial ground, and the cemeteries
of the Masons and the Odd Fellows.

The oldest building in San Francisco and the
one most noted, considered historically, is the Mission
Church, on the corner of Dolores and Seventeenth
Streets. Considerable of the original building re-
mains and many of the interior decorations have
been, to a certain degree, retained in their pristine
state — sufficient to recall the times of the early
fathers. The adobe walls are three feet thick, rest-
ing on a low foundation of rough stone, not laid in mortar; and the roof is covered
with heavy semi-cylindrical tiles. The floor is of earth, except near the altar, and
the entire structure rud/? in character and still used for purposes of worship. Ad-
joining it is the Mission Cemetery, not used for purposes of interment since 1858.
Many of the inscriptions on the tombs are in Spanish. Clustering around the
mission are a few adobe buildings, red tiled but dilapidated, yet speak to the thought-
ful of five score years and more. It is best reached by taking the Castro Street
cable car.

The theaters are numerous and first class, but English theaters are the same
in kind the world over, and need no special description. Not so, however, with
the Chinese theater. This is sui generis, entirely novel and of remarkable interest-
There are two or three of these theaters in San Francisco, and the histrionic pecu-
liarities of the Celestrial drama can here be seen in greater perfection than in a in-
other city in the world, with the exception of those of China. There is no danger in
visiting these theaters, as they are as well conducted, in their peculiar Chinese way,
as any other place of amusement; but if there is a party, especially if it contains
ladies, the escort of a guide should be secured. Through his influence and acquaint-
ance seats can be obtained upon the stage, and a fine view of the wonderful perfoi m-
ance obtained. The stage has no scenery. The orchestra occupies the back of
the stage, and the most industrious member of it is the man who manipulates the
big bronze cymbals and the gongs. This fellow punctuates the dialogue with
vigorous blows on his loud-resounding instruments, giving to the drama the char-
acteristic of operatic recitative. The other instruments are the Chinese violin
and fife. The result is a queer kind of barbaric harmony, but to the English ear
there is absolutely no melody. The "property" man sits on the stage in full view
of the audience and supplies the actors with such properties as they may need
during the action of the {day. The actors are masters of their art. They possess
great facial mobility, and even through their conventional "make up" one can

174 OVER THE RANGE

recognize their histrionic ability. No women are allowed to act in the Chinese
dramas, and all female characters are played by men. These actors are exceedingly
clever, and in voice and action imitate the weaker sex most admirably. A good
female impersonator receives a very large salary from the management. Whenever
it is necessary to personate a death upon the stage, the actor lies quietly for a
moment, and then calmly rises and walks off. A stick with a tuft of horsehair
represents a horse, and a gesture of the leg signifies that the cavorting animal has
been mounted. After all, these conventionalities are not much more crude than
those of the Shakesperian age. The dramas are historical, and some of them are
more extended even than a Wagnerian trilogy — requiring from three to four
weeks to present a single play.

It would be vain for the writer to attempt to give a circumstantial description
of the attractions of San Francisco. It would require a volume, and the pen of a
Bayard Taylor to do the city justice. As a convenience for strangers, the following
list of places of amusement and points of general interest is annexed:

THEATERS.

Alcazar ------ 116 O'Farrell

Alhambra - - X. E. cor. Eddy and Jones

California ----- 414 Bush, bet. Kearny and Grant Avenue

Central - - - Market, near Eighth

Chinese ----- 623 Jackson and 816 Washington

Columbia 9 Powell, between Eddy and Ellis

Fischer's - - - - - 122 O'Farrell

Grand Opera House N. side Mission, bet. Third and Fourth

Grauman's - - Seventh and Market

OrDheum ----- 119 O'Farrell

Republic - Fifth, near Market

Tivoli - - - 3° Eddy

Golden Grate Park contains over 1,000 acres; extends from Baker
Street to the Pacific Ocean, three and a half miles. Readied by Market Street
railwav via Haight, Haves, or McAllister streets, from ferries; or, Geary Street
cable, from corner of Kearny and Geary streets; and via Powell or California
Street cable. It was in this beautiful park that the Midwinter Fair of 1894 was
located.

Golden Gate Park comprises a most magnificent park with dense foliage and
flowers blooming the entire year. Among the points of interest are the conserva-
tory, aviary, museum, music stand, Egyptian art building, buffalo paddock,
Japanese garden, Stow Lake, Huntington Falls, Strawberry Hill, Lake Alvord,
Children's House and Playground, Commissioner's Lodge, and several monuments.
Most of these can be seen by driving through the park.

Hopkins' Institute of Art displays a large collection of fine paintings
and sculpture. The interior is richly finished with rare inlaid woods. Located at
the corner of California and Mason streets and commands a fine panoramic view of
the bay and city. Admission, 25 cents. Free first Friday of each month, during
the daytime.

New City Hall was in course of construction for twenty years and cost about
$6,000,000. The large dome is of special interest. The building covers four acres
of ground. The Lick statuary fronting the hall represents four periods in the his-
torv of California.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

J 75

Cliff House and Seal Rocks. Point Lobos, 6 miles from city hall.
A magnificent drive over i perfect road leading through Golden Gate Park; or, can
be reached by Market Street cable railroad, Huight Street division connecting
at terminus with trains of Park & Ocean railroad direct to Ocean Beach, near
Cliff House. Distance from Oakland Ferry, about S miles; time, 55 minutes;
fare, 10 cents. Also readied by Powell Street cable railroad and ferries and Cliff
House railroad.

Sutro Heights. The private garden of former Mayor Adolph Sutro, made
beautiful beyond description by the gardener and artist, is just back of the Cliff
House, but higher up. Open daily from 10 A. M to 5 p. m.

INTERIOR CHINESE RESTAURANT, SAN FRANCISCO.

Slltl'O Baths are considered the grandest and largest in the world. There
are several bathing tanks varying in size, depth, and temperature, with swimming
accommodations for two thousand bathers. A large rock basin reservoir catches
the ocean water at high tide to supply the tanks. When the tides are low during
the summer season a pumping plant is put in action. The museum in the building
contains a fine collection of interesting articles from all parts of the world. Adja-
cent to Cliff House and Sutro Heights.

Presidio Reservation. Fronts on the Golden Gate for about two miles.
It has several beautiful drives, is owned by the government, and its barracks have
the largest military force on the Pacific coast. The principal fortifications, and
batteries of huge ten and twelve inch rifles and mortars, protecting San Francisco,
are all located within the Presidio Reservation. Drive out California Street, or
take California Street, Jackson Street, or Union Street cable cars.

Postoffi.Ce, corner of Washington and Battery streets. General delivery is
open from 7:30 a.m. to n p.m. every day, Sundays excepted; Sundays, from
1 to 2 p.m. Branch postofRce, station "A," 1309 Polk Street; "B," City Hall;
"C," Twentieth and Mission streets; "D," Market Street wharf; "E," Third
and Townsend streets; "F," Post and Devisadero streets; "G," 17th and Market

176 OVER THE RANGE

streets; "H, " Laguna and Ivy Avenue; "J," Stockton and Union; "K," 30 New
Montgomery. Branch offices are open from 8 A. m. to 6 p. M. daily except Sunday.
Open on Sundays from ip.m. to 2 p. m

Principal Libraries. Academy of Sciences, 819 Market Street, 10,000
volumes. Free Public Library, city hall, open 9 a.m. to 9 p. m.; Sundays, 1:30
to 5 p. m., 120,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. French, Spring Valley building,
Stockton and Geary streets, 20,000 volumes. Italian, 32 Montgomery Avenue, 5,000
volumes. Mechanics', 31 Post Street, a splendid library, reading and chess
rooms, 75,000 volumes. Mercantile, Van Ness and Golden Gate avenues, 75,000
volumes. San Francisco Paw, city hall, 30,000 volumes. San Francisco Verein,
336 Post Street, 21,000 volumes. Spanish, 531 California Street, 2,500 volumes.

Markets for fruit, flowers, fish, game, and other produce: California Market,
California Street, below Kearney; Center Market, Sutter and Grant avenues. Visit
early in morning. Semi-tropical fruits and flowers all the year round.

United States Mint, Fifth and Mission streets. Visitors admitted from
9 A. M. to 12 noon, except Saturday and Sunday.

Mission Dolores, founded 1776; 17th and Dolores streets. Reached by
Valencia Street division of Market Street cable railway.

Aleatraz Island and Angel Island. Permission to visit these may
be secured at department headquarters, Phelan Building, Market Street, except
Sundays. Steamer General McDowell visits them daily.

Eastern Railway Lines. The offices of all agents of eastern railroads
represented in San Francisco, are on Montgomery, Market, and New Montgomery
streets; in close proximity to Palace, Grand, and Occidental hotels.

Mount Tamalpais is fast becoming one of the most popular and eagerly
sought resorts in America, situated within easy distance of San Francisco, just north
of the entrance to the Golden Gate. It commands a view which is unsurpassed
from any other mountain peak in the world. Although but about half a mile in height
(2,592 feet) a trip to the summit of Mt. Tamalpais over its world-renowno, .ailway
with its marvel of engineering ingenuity is an hour's ride which affords a wonderful
panorama of mountain scenery, ever picturesque, ever new, ever changing. Through
forest of California redwoods (Sequoia Sitpcrvirens), oaks, laurels, and madronas.

Oakland. It is to be supposed that the
tourist in his stay in San Francisco has not neglected
to visit this garden city. The town is beautifully
situated on the east shore of the bay, the land slop-
ing gradually down to the waters from the Contra
Costa Mountains, which rise back of the city at a dis-
tance of a few miles. The foothills are crowned
with the suburban villas of wealthy merchants of
Oakland and San Francisco, and from their veran-
das can be obtained a most extensive and pleasing
view of the bay, San Francisco, and the Ocean
beyond. Oakland is one of the most beautiful resi-
dence cities in the world, and in point of sylvan beauty has few if any rivals. The
houses are tastefully built, many of them of the greatest elegance, surrounded by
extensive and well-kept grounds, embowered in trees and glowing with a lavish
wealth of roses. It must not be supposed, however, that Oakland is not also a
business town. On the contrary, it possesses large mercantile and manufacturing
establishments. Electric lights illuminate the wide and well-paved streets; cable

OAKLAND.

Beautiful Residence
City.

Population, 75,000.

Distance from
San Francisco, 8 miles.

Elevation, 12 feet.

1-jS OVER THE RANGE

and electric car lines are numerous and none of the modern improvements lacking.
Schools and churches abound. Oakland is a city of colleges, and numbers among
these institutions of higher education the following: The State University School,
the Oakland Military School, the Convent of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart,
the Oakland Female Seminary, the Female College of the Pacific, and the Univer-
sity of California, at Berkeley, four miles distant. Among the large manufacturing
establishments may be mentioned the extensive machine shops of the Southern
Pacific Company, the Judson Manufacturing Company, the Pacific Iron and
Nail Company, besides cotton mills, jute mills, flour mills, and innumerable other
institutions, employing a large amount of capital and thousands of men. women,

OAKLAND.

and children. One can reach San Francisco from Oakland every fifteen minutes
by train and ferry. Oakland is a most charming place, and is the home of an
enterprising, hospitable, and intelligent class of people.

Southward Round. Having spent a most delightful season in San
Francisco, the tourist's face is turned southward, and the journey to Los Angeles
and San Diego begins. Two routes are available for this journey, either via the line
through the San Joaquin Valley, or the more recently constructed "Coast Line."
We will describe the southward journey via the valley route or the "Inside track"
and return via the "Coast Line." Taking the Oakland ferry, at the foot of Market
Street, one is borne pleasantly over the waters of the bay and lands at Oakland pier,
where he takes the Southern Pacific train for Los Angeles.

Roublinj* - Oil Our Track. From Oakland to Port Costa we follow the
same line as that upon which we entered San Francisco, therefore it is not neces-
sary to make mention of the intervening stations. Passing Port Costa, the
line has the Sacramento River on its left, and rolling hills on its right. Beyond
the river can be seen the town of Benicia nestling among the coves of the Suscal
Hills.

Martinez. A pleasant village among the hills. Fruit trees and vines
abound, and the inhabitants of the towns and surrounding country are mainly
engaged in horticulture. Martinez is the county-seat of Contra Costa County,
and is a most quiet and charming place of residence. Citrus fruit, grapes of all
varieties, and deciduous fruits flourish without irrigation, and the climate is so

I So OVER THE RANGE

mild that semi-tropical plants grow out of doors without any special protection.
(Population, 1,500. Distance from San Francisco, 36 miles.)

Avon, Bay Point, and Cornwall are small intermediate stations. A branch line
extending from Avon to San Ramon, through a valley of the same name. At Bay
Point are situated a smelter and chemical works.

From Martinez to Antioch the road passes through a hill country on our right,
with the river to the left. Many deep cuts occur, and numerous small tributaries
flow down the gulches, into the river. Up these gulches we catch glimpses of neat
farmhouses, surrounded by well-cultivated fields and orchards. Mount Diablo
rises to the south, and reaches an elevation of 3,896 feet. Among the foothills
of this mountain are the mining towns of Stewartville, Empire, Nortonville, and
Somerville. At Cornwall to our left lies Suisun Bay, and here the San Joaquin
and Sacramento rivers have their junction.

Antioch. A shipping point for coal. The town itself is a mile north on
the banks of the San Joaquin River. From this point, also, large quantities of vege-
tables, strawberries, fruit, etc., are shipped to San Francisco. A paper mill and
extensive lumber yards are located here. (Population, 700. Distance from San
Francisco, 55 miles. Elevation, 46 feet.)

BeiltAVOod. Wheat-fields begin to appear here, dotted with live-oaks.
The town is small and supported by agricultural industries. It is situated on the
Marsh Grant of 13,000 acres, on which much stock is fed.

Byron. The most attractive thing about
this station, to the invalid and the tourist, is, its
near proximity to the Byron Hot Springs, situated
two miles to the south. The country roundabout
is famous for its production of wheat, alfalfa, fruit,
and grapes. This being a portion of the great wheat
belt. The hot springs have attracted much atten-
tion, and a large hotel and bath-houses have been
erected. The springs are varied in their characteristics, being both hot and cold,
and possessing in turn the constituents of sulphur, iron, soda, and magnesia. There
are mud baths, and in fact all varieties of bathing. The temperature of some of
the springs is as high as 130 Fahrenheit.

Tracy. The junction of the old Western Pacific route from San Francisco
to Sacramento via Livermore Pass with our line to the south. Tracy is surrounded
by broad wheat-fields, which extend to the northward beyond the reach of vision.
(Population, 600. Distance from Sr.n Francisco, 83 miles. Elevation, 64 feet.)

Banta. Small station three miles from Tracy, after passing which we cross
the San Joaquin River on a very long drawbridge. (Population, 500. Distance
from San Francisco, 86 miles. Elevation, 30 feet.)

LatlU'op. Junction of the old Western Pacific and the Sunset Route. This
is a regular meal station and here the railroad company have erected a large hotel,
in which are also their offices. Lathrop is in the heart of the great San Joaquin
wheat belt. (Population, 600. Distance from San Francisco, 94 miles. Elevation,
26 feet.)

The Sail Joaquin Valley. After crossing the San Joaquin river and
turning to the right, our course is up the famous San Joaquin Valley — the great
granary of California. Here are five million acres of the best wheat land in the
world. A valley two hundred miles long by thirty miles broad, which when vivified
by the magic touch of irrigation, produces not only wheat but also almost every-

BYRON
HOT SPRINGS.

Bathing and Health
Resort.

1 1

l82 OVER THE RANGE

thing that can be raised in tropical or temperate zones — wheat, corn, oats, flax,
apples, oranges, lemons, figs, nuts, olives — the list is too extended for recapitulation.
Properly conserved there is water enough to irrigate the whole valley, and in many
places the natural supply of water has been supplemented by that flowing from
artesian wells. After passing Lathrop, we rattle through a number of small stations,
all of them with large shipping warehouses, speaking eloquently of the generous
output of the soil.

While not on our direct route, a short side trip from Lathrop, on the line to
Sacramento brings us to

Stockton. This handsome, well-built city of nearly 25,000 people, is the
commercial center of the San Joaquin. It is at the head of tide-water navigation,
and at the junction of the Southern Pacific Railway and the Santa Fe. It is a
prosperous city, with a great future before it. Stockton has superior advantages
for manufacturing, and for the distribution of its products of factory and field.
Flour and woolen mills, harvesters and other agricultural implements, mining
machinery, street cars and railway cars, pottery and briquettes, the latter a com-
bination of coal and crude oil, are among its principal industries. Fruit canning
and packing, too, has a large place. The annual output of its factories and packing
houses is over $14,000,000. Fuel is cheap here. The coal-fields of Tesla are near
by, the product of which is distributed chiefly through this city. Natural gas is
supplied at a low rate, and is used in factories, and for heat and light in private
houses. Unlimited electric power, generated 45 miles away, is also at command.

River Traffic. Steamers, barges, and sailing vessels ply between Stockton
and the Bay, the river traffic being very large. The distance is about 100 miles,
and the volume of traffic is not exceeded by more than three rivers in America.
The annual freightage is estimated at a million and a half of tons, and 150,000
passengers. The county has 873,000 acres, nearly all of which is productive.
Below the city is found the peat land, so rich that $50 an acre is paid for the use
of it for truck farming. This is not an unusual figure. This vegetable mould
yields enormous crops of onions, potatoes, etc. The returns, both in quantity and
size, are almost incredible. Much asparagus is raised on the islands of the San
Joaquin. Vast quantities of potatoes arc grown in this county. The yield is
often 200 bushels to the acre. The early crop is planted in December and the main
crop from March to June. They are harvested from May to January. It is a
common sight to see men planting potatoes in one end of a field while digging is
going on in the other.

Owing to the relation of Stockton to the Golden Gate, it has a daily ocean
breeze, and is one of the healthiest cities in the union. Its water supply is from
artesian wells. The zone of variable winds which draw in from the sea, and em-
brace the whole region, provides an average rainfall sufficient for most needs, but
irrigation is steadily extending its area. For local irrigation, water is found not
far below the surface, and windmills are in sight in many directions.

The city has a half-tropical air, and palms and bananas, a profusion of flower-
ing shrubs, and a variety of shade trees, beautify the streets and grounds of private
residences. Seen from some elevation, the whole region seems a bower of green.

Public Utilities. The court house is a fine granite structure, occupying a
square, and surrounded by a terraced lawn. A free library building is of native
marble, and cost $100,000. The State Hospital for the Insane embraces a group
of handsome buildings, with well-kept grounds, and cost about $1,000,000. A new
postoffice is arranged for, the appropriation being $200,000. Work is ready to begin.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

183

The natural metropolis of a vast region, the future of Stockton is well assured.
The growth of the city will keep pate with the developmenl of the country, and
there is room in the county alone for 200.000 people who shall till the soil. Good
land can be had for $20 to $100 an acre, on easy terms. Here is rich soil and a
hungry market. The State wants nothing so badly as farmers.

Passing through Morrano, Ripon, and Salida, small wheat shipping stations
for Stanislaus County, we reach

Modesto. County-seat of Stanislaus County, and a prosperous and pretty
town, surrounded by an industrious agricultural people. (Population, 2,500.
Distance from San Francisco, 114 miles. Elevation, 91 feet.)

Between Modesto and Merced are the unimportant stations of Ceres, Keyes,
Turlock, Delhi, Arena, and Atwater.

DRYING RAISINS. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.

Merced. A well-built town, the county-seat of Merced County. Possessed
of good public buildings, fine private residences, and surrounded by an exceedingly
rich agricultural country, and destined to be a great manufacturing center, Merced
has prospered and wall continue to prosper. The county has a population of 75,000,
nearly all engaged in agricultural pursuits. (Population, 2,000. Distance from
San Francisco, 152 miles. Elevation, 171 feet.)

Atllloiie. Before Athlone is reached we
cross the Mariposa River, and after it is passed the
Conchilla River. Wheat-fields arc on every hand.
Irrigating ditches abound. Vineyards are frequent-
ly to be seen. And Athlone, a quiet little village, sits
in the midst of fertile fields. (Distance from San
Francisco, 162 miles. Elevation, 210 feet.)

This station is situated at the junction with the
main line of the Yosemite extension of the Southern
Pacific Railroad, which extends to Raymond, a dis-
tance of twenty-one miles to the eastward. From
Raymond a stage line extends to Wawona, the
Yosemite, and the Big Trees. From Berenda a good view of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains can be had. Among the highest peaks in view are those of Mount

BERENDA.

Junction Point

to the

World's Famous

Yosemite Valley.

Big Trees, etc.

1 84

OVER THE RANGE

Lyell, Mount Tyndal, Mount Goddard, and Mount Whitney. These mountains,
which exceed 14,000 feet in altitude, impress one deeply with their vast propor-
tions, more especially because we are so near the sea level, being at an elevation
of less than three hundred feet. Berenda has an agricultural and grazing country
directly tributary to it. (Population, 20c. Distance from San Francisco, 180
miles. Elevation, 256 feet.)

Madera. This is a leading shipping point for lumber, which is delivered
to this point from the foothills by means of a flume fifty-eight miles in length. The
great work of constructing this flume was completed in 1876, which has been in
service ever since. The amount of lumber delivered in this way during the last ten

BIG TREES.

years is something enormous, as may readily be gathered from the fact that one
year's delivery amounted to over twenty-two million feet. A 1,000 acre vineyard
and agricultural lands add to the importance of this growing city. It is the county-
seat of Madera County. (Population, 2,500. Distance from San Francisco, 185
miles. Elevation, 278 feet.)

Fresno. Between Madera and Fresno there is some interesting country.
Just after leaving Madera we cross the Fresno River, beyond Sycamore the San
Joaquin River, and at Borden, Cottonwood Creek. The sand dunes will attract
your attention beyond Sycamore — queer little hills of sand fifteen to twenty-five
feet in diameter and three to six feet high. Fresno is the county-seat of Fresno
County, the geographical center of the state, and is a most thriving and prosperous
city, and the center of the great raisin belt. It has electric lights, telephones, street
railroads, water works, in short, all the modern improvements. Redwood and
pine is the material mostly in use for building purposes, and the town possesses
many elegant public and private edifices. A great variety 'of industries are tribu-
tary to the town. Fresno County has a vast territory planted to grapes, and pro-
duces annually about 75,000,000 pounds of raisins, the seedless variety being
particularly fine. Smyrna figs are also grown successfully. The shipments of
various farm products reach a very high figure. There is an abundant supply
of water for irrigation, being brought from the mountains by means of canals having
an aggregate length of eleven hundred miles and costing two million dollars. The
capacity of these canals for irrigation covers a space of over seven hundred thousand

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

<«5

acres, thus making Fresno Count}- one of the richest agricultural regions in the
world. Lombardy or the Nile Valley arc not richer in possibilities. Many colonics
have formed settlements in the vicinity of Fresno. These enterprises, through
intelligent and united industry, have proved very successful. With a salubrious
climate, fine scenery, fertile land, and an industrious people, Fresno has every reason
to anticipate a continuance of her phenomena] success. (Population, 15,000. Dis-
tance from San Francisco, 207 miles. Elevation, 203 fed.)

BIG TREE "WAWONA."

Clovis, Pollasky, and Malaga are small towns, whose industries are lumber,
horticultural and agricultural.

Sellllil. Surrounded by a wheat-growing country and supplied with good
ttouring mills, this town is in a flourishing condition. A great deal of wheal i>
shipped from this station— twenty million pounds last year. Peaches thrive' in
the neighborhood and reach a high state of perfection in size and flavor. The
town has most all the modern improvements. (Population, 2,200. Distance from
San Francisco, 221 miles. Elevation, 311 feet.)

Killjfsburj;-. This enterprising little town owes its prosperity to the fact
that it is situated in the famous wheat belt. Here are to be seen big warehouses

iS6

OVER THE RANGE

for storing wheat, laige quantities of which are shipped from this station annually
Soon after leaving the town, we cross King's River on a trestle bridge, the approach
to which is made over a long, high embankment. (Population, 300. Distance
from San Francisco, 227 miles. Elevation, 300 feet.)

King's River, a large, clear body of water, rises in the Sierras to the
northeast, and flows southwesterly in a broad and tortuous channel, irrigating a

HOME, FRESNO.

large scope of territory. King's River is the boundary line between Fresno and
Tulare counties.

Travel". This is a new town, showing evidence of prosperity and thrift,
possesses a flouring mill, machine shops, planing mills and other business enter-
prises of commercial importance. (Population, 250. Distance from San Francisco.
232 miles. Elevation, 291 feet.)

GrOShen. The junction of the Goshen division, which extends a distance
of sixty miles to Alcalde. (Population, 200. Distance from San Francisco, 241
miles. Elevation, 286 feet.)

The Goshen Division. There are a number of small towns on this
branch, as follows: Hanford, Armona, Grandeville, Lemore, Huron, and Alcalde.
The land through which the road passes is very fertile, and prices for it range from
one hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars per acre. Oil has been found on
this line in paying quantities.

Visalia. This town is the county-seat of Tulare County, and is situated
to the eastward of Goshen, being connected with that station by means of a branch

TO THE GOLDEN CAT]-:. 187

road. Its tributary industries are varied, and among them may be mentioned a
condensed milk factory. The BCaweah River flows through Visalia and aids in
irrigating this most fertile region. (Population, 3,500. Distance from San Fran-
cisco, 254 miles. Elevation, joo feet.)

Resources of Tulare County. The resources of this county arc-
most varied, the plains and the mountains meeting here; hence, thi farming and
fruit raising of the one are supplemented by the mining, lumber industries, and stock
raising of the other. There are about two million and a half acres of territory in
the mountains, about eight hundred thousand acres among the foothills, eleven
hundred thousand acres of valley, and two hundred thousand acres in Tulare Lake
and its surrounding "tule" lands. The mountains are covered with timber, and
mines of gold, iron, copper, and zinc are worked. The foothills produce almost every
variety of deciduous and citrus fruits, together with grapes — both wine and raisin.

Ten miles beyond Goshen we come to Tulare,
a thriving town of recent growth, with railroad
roundhouse, shops, and good station building.
This is a large shipping point not only via the rail-
road, but by means of wagons to interior points.
Wheat growing and stock raising are the principal
industries, though wine, grape, and fruits do well.
Irrigation in the Artesian Belt. The

question of irrigation in California has been one
of much vexation and exceedingly difficult of solu-
tion. The supply of water has been so very limited
that millions of acres of land, as fertile as any in
the world if irrigated, and absolutely worthless
without water, have lain fallow for years. Fortunately for California, it has b?en
discovered that this lack of water can be supplied in many instances through the
agency of artesian wells. In certain sections of the country these resources have
been developed, and the result has been the establishment of what are popularly
known as "artesian belts. " One of these zones extends from Caliente to Stockton,
the greatest development being in Merced, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties,
where many hundreds of flowing wells have been established. These wells are
from 250 to 700 feet in depth, and an average well will irrigate about 150 acres of
land. The capacity of each well can be largely increased by means of storage
reservoirs. After leaving Tulare the derricks of artesian wr 11-bou rs can be seen
on each side of the railroad in great numbers. Near Tulare is established one of
the California experimental stations, where all manner of agricultural and horti-
cultural products are tested and reported upon — fruits, seeds, and grain.

Tipton is a small station of no very great importance, except from the fact
that it is the shipping point for sheep, which are raised in great numbers in the
surrounding country. Seven miles to the west lies Tulare lake, which is quite
a large body of water, being thirty miles long by twenty-five miles wide, and abound-
ing in fish and water fowl. Tipton is surrounded by a good agricultural country,
and enjoys its full measure of prosperity. (Population, 400. Distance from San
Francisco, 262 miles. Elevation, 267 feet.)

Beyond Tipton are to be seen great numbers of windmills, used particularly for
the work of irrigation. Immense groves of eucalyptus, or blue gum trees can be
seen from the train. Pixley, Alila, Delano, and Famoso are small stations of
minor importance. We cross the Kern River between Famoso and Bakersfield.

TULARE.

Commercial and
Agricultural Center.

Population, 4,000.

Distance from

San Francisco,

251 miles.

Elevation, 282 feet.

1 88 OVER THE RANGE

FaniOSO is the junction with the loop line swinging toward the Sierra foot-
hills, which left the main line at Fresno.

Bakersfield is the county-seat of Kern County, situated at the junction
of the two forks of Kern River. The town has the usual complement of public
and private buildings, paved streets, electric street railways, sewers, foundries,
planing mills, packing houses, ice plants, etc., etc. It is surrounded by an exceed-
inglv fertile country. Fourteen miles southwest is Kern Lake, seven miles long by
four wide, while six miles farther is Buena Vista lake, a somewhat larger body
of water. Irrigation has been brought to great perfection in this county, there
being seven hundred miles of irrigating canals within its limits, the largest having
a width of one hundred feet and a length of forty miles. The lakes, streams, and
artesian wells furnish a bountiful supply of water. Twenty-five miles southwest
of Bakersfield is the Kern County oil region, eight miles long by three miles wide.
Bakersfield has, as may be seen by the above, a most productive country surrounding
it. (Population, 8,000. Distance from San Francisco, 314 miles. Elevation, 415 feet.)

McKittrick. A branch line runs from Bakersfield west to Olig, a shipping
station beyond McKittrick; from Oil Junction a short line runs east to Oil City,
and a third diverges from Gosford to Sunset, some miles south of McKittrick.
These are oil districts, and what are known as the Kern fields have contributed
much to the growth of Bakersfield. McKittrick is about 50 miles west, located in
the low hills of the Santa Maria Mountains. It is a sterile region, once volcanic,
the ground still broken and blackened as if recently the gas had broken up through
the thin crust, giving vent to the pressure below. Jumbled piles of dried asphalt
and hardened oil sand, and oil seepages, indicate the character of the deposits
beneath the surface. Since the wells were sunk here, the yield has been continuous
and abundant. The first drill was sent down in 1899.

Keril River Oil Region. An old prospector who had seen the oil excite-
ment in Pennsylvania, digging a well on the banks of Kern River, struck oil instead
of water, at a depth of sixty feet. Now the region is a forest of derricks for miles,
and while the wells have had to be driven from 500 to 1,000 feet, the yield of this
Kern River district has been steady and with promise of permanence. An industry
in itself, this fosters so many others as to be of incalculable value. Here are the
raw materials; here is a great market opening; here is a climate that permits every
branch of manufacture to be carried on all the year without the expense of heating
operating rooms. The one thing lacking was cheap fuel, and now this is at hand.
It means new life to the State. Factories are decreasing their expenses by its use;
steamships and railroads are using it, and mine owners find it possible to work
low-grade ore where oil can be used in place of wood for furnaces. The settlement
of great tracts of rich land, and the building up of towns and cities, will be hastened
by the discovery of oil. Naturally, Bakersfield is the metropolis cf the oil industry
at the head of the great valley. Oil trains are constantly moving, earning great
cylindrical tanks to the cities northward, and the growth of Bakersfield has been
greatly accelerated. The rich farming and fruit country tributary, will maintain
and increase what she has gained from having "struck oil."

Caliente. This station is at the entrance to the famous Tehachapi Pass
and is located in the embrasure of a deep and narrow canon, up which the train
takes its difficult way. This is a shipping point for freight from interior points
delivered to the road by wagons. It is also quite a stage station, stages leaving
Caliente for Basin, Havilah, Hot Springs, Weldon, and Kernville. (Population, 50.
Distance from San Francisco, 336 miles. Elevation, 1,290 feet.)

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

1S9

The Famous Loop,

Tehachapi Pass.

Distance from San
Francisco, 362 miles.

Length of Loop,
3,795 feet.

Altitude of Tunnel,
2,956 feet.

Altitude of Crossing,
3,034 feel.

Altitude Gained,
78 feet.

cerning this famous pass, Mr
" As the Sierra Nevada and
peak of Shasta (41 24'), so in

The twenty-four miles of journey up and down
the Sierra Nevadas, at the point where the railroad
makes the passage of this range dividing the broad
valley of the San Joaquin and the desert of Mojave,
is a most remarkable experience, and brings ln-fore
our eyes the wonderful triumph of railway engineer-
ing skill. It is alleged that three civil engineers of
great reputation first undertook to survey a passage
through these peaks and crags, and, after repeated
attempts, declared the route impassable. A boy
of twenty took up the work where his elders had
forsaken it, and this miraculous railway path over
and through the mountains is the result. Con-
. E. McD. Johnstone writes graphically as follows:
Coast Ranges in the north culminate in the great
the neighborhood of Tehachapi Pass (35°), these two

TEHACHAPI LOOP.

Treat chains blend their distinguishing features of fern slope and icy crag, and
are lost in an inextricable mass of jumbled up peaks of every c onceivable form and
variety. Although nature has reared no such colossal masterpiece as Shasta in the
welding of her great rock bands in the South, she has managed to throw up her
earth-works in a manner so impregnable as to seemingly defy tin- art of man to
penetrate. The physical features of this Tehachapi country (the lowest pass
being 4,000 feet altitude) seemed to, and did for a time, baffle the shrewdest en-
gineers, but finally the track, by doubling back upon, and crossing itself, by
climbing, squirming, and curving, resulted in a success and gave us one of the
most famous and dextrous pice es of railroad engineering in the world. "

TelUK'hai>i Summit. The station at the summit of the pass is at an
elevation of 3,964 feet, and is the highest point on this extension of the line. Sheep

'•9° OVER THE RANGE

feed on the grass, which is abundant in the valleys and gulches which surround
the station.

Descending' to the l>e.sert. For several miles the train rolls along
on a level plateau on the summit of this range before the descent to the Mojave
Desert is made. A small salt lake is passed, where abundance of the chloride
of sodium, that important article of commerce, can be shoveled up from the bed of
the lake, it being entirely exposed during the summer by the evaporation of its
waters.

Cameron is a small station passed about midway between the summit and
Mojave, at the base of the range.

Mojave is on the edge of the desert of the same name, and the water used
is brought in pipes from Cameron, a distance of ten miles. This place is the
junction of the Santa Fc railroad with the Southern Pacific. (Population, 400.
Distance from San Francisco, 382 miles. Elevation, 2,751 feet.)

The Mojave Desert. A desert isn't, as a general rule, much of an
object of interest to travelers, especially to those who have made the transcontinental
journey and experienced the monotony of the deserts of Utah and Nevada. How-
ever, we must say this, that we found many things to interest us while traversing the
famed sand wastes of Mojave. In the first place, there were the giant cacti or
yucca palm, a sight novel to our eyes, and peculiar in and of itself. This cactus
grows to the size of a tree, reaching an average height of twenty-five feet, and
attaining very often that of fifty feet. Its diameter is often that of two feet, and
sometimes even greater; with its spreading club-like branches, its trailing bark and
peculiar form, the yucca palm is indeed an interesting feature in the landscape.
Another attraction is the peculiar form of the buttes, which rise from the desert
sands on every side. Varying in height from two to five hundred feet, grooved
and channeled by the elements, they give variety and interest to the landscape.
One must not neglect to mention the mirage as a third element of variety. We do
not remember ever to have seen more complete or deceptive mirage effects than
those of the Mojave Desert.

Rosamond, Lancaster, Acton are desert stations of small interest. The Solidad
Mountains tower to our right as Rosamond is passed, and we later on make our
way through this range by means of what is known as the Solidad Pass, reaching
an altitude of 3,211 feet.

Newhall. This station is not very large but boasts a large hotel, capable
of entertaining one hundred and fifty guests. From here may be plainly seen the
San Fernando Mountains, exceedingly perpendicular, and rising to an altitude of
three thousand feet. These mountains could not be passed until a tunnel
6,967 feet long had been made.

In this vicinity are oil refineries producing about five thousand barrels of oil
per day. The oil fields are but a short distance from Newhall.

San Fernando Tunnel. From Newhall we ascend the grade through
cuts until the tunnel is reached. The grade is one hundred and sixteen feet to the
mile, and as we approach from the north in the tunnel, it is thirty-seven feet per
mile, the grade on the south from the exit is one hundred and six feet, while the
elevation of the tunnel is one thousand four hundred and sixty-nine feet.

San Fernando. The valley of San Fernando bursts on our vision as we
emerge from the tunnel, a land of orange groves and olive trees, the very opposite
in character from the arid waste we have just left behind us. The town of San
Fernando is quite a place, and growing daily in population.

LOS ANGELES.

The Metropolis

Southern California.

A City of Tropical
Magnificence.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 19 1

Through cultivated fields, past suburban residences we roll pausing for a
moment at Burbank, only eleven miles from Los Angeles. Beyond this place we
journey through villages dc facto, de jure or in futuro. There are plenty of lot
stakes and the suburbs of Los Angeles will certainly be widespread, if they ever
cover the ground now laid out.

The valley of the San Joaquin has been passed.
the heights of Tehachapi have been scaled, the desert
of Mojave has been crossed, and we are here at last!
From our cheery heights, as we approach the town we
gaze on a scene of entrancing beauty. Mountain-
girdled, garden-dotted city, lying on the slope of the
San Gabriel Mountains, and watered by streams
from the heights above, one hardly knows whether to
call it a city of gardens and groves, or an immense
grove and garden sprinkled with palaces and de-
lightful homes. Health and prosperity seem to have made themselves the presiding
deities of the place. We gratefully decide that we have arrived at a point where it
were well to let the train, like the busy world it typifies, pass on and away, while we
rest in this paradise — a home indeed fit for the angels — and while we bask in its
sunshine, gaze at its mountain peaks, catch glimpses of the ocean, breathe the fra-
grance of its roses and geraniums, or listen to its mockingbirds and nightingales, we
unite many a time and oft in thanks to the kindly fate which led our steps to southern
California and the City of the Angels. There is no city whose growth can be
compared to Los Angeles — in fact, no city west of the Rocky Mountains can boast
of such rapid improvements. Thousands have come to southern California simply
to pay a visit, but soon become charmed with its wonderful climate and beautiful
surroundings, so much so that they conclude to remain permanently in this land of
sunshine and flowers. A great deal has been written of this section, but the half
has never been told. With the greatest climate in the universe, the richest and
most inexhaustible soil, the vast amount of valuable land in and around Los Angeles,
it is no wonder that her present condition is so prosperous. The beautiful avenues
extending away to the foothills on the east and to the ocean on the south, the orange
groves within her corporate limits, the magnificent public and private buildings,
all tend to make the Angel City a place of wonder. Main Street, one of the prin-
cipal streets in town, is the dividing line for east and west; First Street the division
for north and south. The wholesale houses are scattered along Los Angeles, Com-
mercial, Aliso, and Requena streets, while the large retail establishments are to
be found on Spring Street and Broadway, which are to Los Angeles what State
Street and Wabash Avenue are to Chicago. The streets are wide, well paved, and
bordered by composition and granite curbing. There are many beautiful parks
within the city limits, and the ocean can be reached in less than an hour's ride, and
by a dozen different steam and trolley lines.

It may be stated that the much-abused word "climate" has doubtless been a
powerful factor in producing grand results. Furthermore, the fact that hundreds
of those who were deemed hopeless invalids on their arrival here are to-day enter-
prising, energetic, and successful capitalists, merchants, manufacturers, farmers, and
orchardists, attesting the effects of this sun-kissed land and health-renewing climate
on the human system; and so long as there are any sufferers from the blizzards,
cyclones, and other life-destroying elements east of the Rocky Mountains, just so
long will southern California, and Los Angeles in particular, continue to receive

192 OVER THE RANGE

thousands annually of the best citizens of the republic, until it becomes the most
densely populated portion of the United States.

Los Angeles is reached by the Southern Pacific railroad, via either its line
through the San Joaquin Valley or via the beautiful Coast Line, in sixteen hours
from San Francisco — distance, 482 miles — or by steamer. It is a most beautiful
city, of 135,000 people, is growing rapidly, and is a commercial point of much
importance, as well as the center of an agricultural paradise, it being the principal
city between San Francisco and Kansas City on the transcontinental line formed
by the connection at Mojave or El Faso. It is also the largest city between
San Francisco and San Antonio, Texas, by the great "Sunset Route." The city
has many elegant buildings, wide, clean streets, with electric railways. A day's ride
over the lovely country surrounding Los Angeles, through miles of long, straight
avenues of orange trees and thousands of acres of grapes, seeing every kind of semi-
tropic fruit growing side by side with the more hardy fruits, both being in the
greatest profusion and of the finest quality, will convince the traveler from almost
any part of the earth that there is surely the paradise of America, if not of the world.

No city in the United States has improved so rapidly within the past few years
as Los Angeles. Nearly every one of the principal business streets have been
paved with asphalt, and the main residence thoroughfares with asphalt or con-
crete, thus making a drive equal to any avenue in the union. There are no im-
provements which have been of more benefit to Los Angeles than that of pave-
ment. The immense amount of daily traffic necessitated this movement, and there
is scarcely a block within the corporate limits which is not in proper condition.
Curbing has also received its share of attention, while the cement sidewalk is be-
coming universal. The city has an almost perfect sewerage system, which requires
an outlay of nearly $750,000.

Los Angeles is essentially a city of schools. The public, high, and normal schools
are supported by state taxation, and their doors are open to all. Besides, there are
numerous universities, colleges, and academies. The majority of children, after
obtaining an education in the public schools, by force of circumstances are com-
pelled to take up the battle of life for themselves; but to those who thirst for deeper
draughts at the fountains of knowledge, the higher schools await them.

LOS ANGELES.

SHORT TOURS ADJACENT TO LOS
ANGELES.

TO SAN PEDRO AND CATALINA.

Florence. This pretty town, embowered in an abundance of shrubs avid
fruit trees, is surrounded by well-cultivated and fertile fields. Here the line branches,
the San Diego division extending to the left. (Population. 800. Distance from Los
Angeles, six miles. Elevation, 151 feet.)

CoiliptOll. This is the largest town on the division between Los Angeles
and San Pedro. It is in the heart of an extremely well cultivated and productive
fruit belt. Grapes, citrus fruits, and berries grow in great abundance. The yield
is extraordinary, and is especially true as to small fruits, such as blackberries, straw-
berries, raspberries, etc. (Population, Soo. Distance from Los Angeles, eleven
miles. Elevation, 76 feet.)

Ten miles beyond Compton evidences of our near approach to the grand old
ocean begin to appear. Salt marshes begin to make their appearance, and the fer-
tile soil gives place to stretches of shifting sands.

Wilson's College. This is a Protestant institution of learning, eighteen
miles distant from Los Angeles, situated on the site of the old Headquarters of
the United States Military Department for southern California and Arizona, which
was abandoned about twenty years ago and sold to private parties. About a mile
beyond the college the junction for Long Beach is passed, and San Pedro, the rail-
road terminus, is soon reached.

San Pedro. This is one of the largest and best harbors between San
Francisco and San Diego. It has over a mile of docks, with between eighteen and
twenty feet of water at low tide. Ships receive and unload freight to and from the
railroad cars direct, though from some ships, of great tonnage, the freight is taken
by means of lighters. The government has improved the harbor to a great extent
and the results have been fully commensurate with the expense incurred. Further
extensive improvement, in the construction of a deep-water harbor, is now under
way, and in a few years the harbor of San Pedro will be one of the best on the Pacific
coast. The commerce of San Pedro is quite extensive. Sometimes as many as
fifty ships can be seen riding at anchor or tied up to the wharf, busily engaged in
loading or unloading freight. Great quantities of lumber are shipped to San Pedro
from the great timber forests of the Puget Sound country, and all nations are repre-
sented during the year by ships in this harbor hailing from every part of the world.
Coal comes here from the upper coast and from England, and in the case of English
vessels a cargo of grain is taken back. The history of San Pedro dates back to the
earliest settlement of California, but as a port of any importance its growth began
less than ten years ago. Before that time it was merely an open roadstead,
and lighters carried all freight to and from Willmington.

Santa Catalina. From San Pedro steamers plow the Pacific (in the summer

194

I9 6 OVER THE RANGE

daily or twice a day) on a twenty-three-nv 1 2 trip to Santa Catalina Island, the great
island resort of the Pacific coast, and but Liree and a half hours from Los Angeles.

The fame of the island runs now where man can read. Avalon Bay and the
Isthmus are ideal resorts. The twenty-two miles of island, mountain, cliff, valley,
forest, peninsula, possess a magnificent scenic stage road, wonderful views, fine goat
and quail hunting, winding trails, deep gorges, and water-falls, among the attrac-
tions of the interior; yet perhaps the larger number of visitors find most enjoyment
in or upon the water. It is a summer isle, with the surf beating on the rocky cliffs
of the south and west coasts, and with the ocean sleeping in glassy stillness along
the sandy and pebbly beaches to the north and east.

In the bay of Avalon, children paddle about unattended in boats that they can-
not upset. Indeed, everybody goes rowing and bathing here. There is no surf
and no wind, and so clear is the water that all the wonderful vegetable and animal
life on the bottom of the ocean may be seen through the bottom of a glass-bottomed
boat, as if the water were of crystal. Seals (sea-lions), unmolested, clamber on the
rocks. It is a wonderful fishing-ground, and on a summer morning a fleet of row-
boats and naphtha launches may be seen outward-bound in search of the giant sea
bass (reaching a weight of 500 pounds), the leaping tuna (gamiest of all fish), the
frolicsome and plentiful yellowtail, the albicore, the barracuda, that philosopher's
fish, the grouper, the white and rock bass, the halibut, and other denizens of the
salty deep. An expert with the rifle hunts the flying-fish.

In the height of the summer season, there are often 5,000 or 6,000 people on
Catalina Island. There are a number of good hotels, but the tent villages, with their
macadamized streets, and with rows of shade trees, arc very attractive, and here the
crowd lives. The furnished tents are rented very cheaply, and, at the delicacy
stores, dinners hot from the range, may be purchased less expensively than an in-
dulgence in home cooking. Illuminations, nightly concerts in a fine pavilion, fol-
lowed by dancing, a skating rink, and the unconventional social life that a respecta-
ble company makes possible, make life very pleasant upon the Island.

Long" Beach. We have already described the greater portion of the trip
from Los Angeles to Long Beach in that portion of this book devoted to the journey
from Los Angeles to San Pedro. We follow the same line in our excursion to the
Beach as far as the junction, at which point our train takes the line to the left, and
rolling along through a level country, encroached upon here and there by the salt
marshes of the ocean, but passing many fertile and attractive spots, soon reaches
Long Beach, the goal of our journey This popular resort is only twenty-five miles
distant from Los Angeles, and can be reached in an hour's ride from the city. Elec-
tric railways are in operation, and the service is frequent and rapid. Surf-bathing
may be enjoyed here the year round, and the accommodations are complete in every
respect. The beach itself is one of the greatest attractions of the place. The sands
are left hard and compact by the retiring tide, and the drive along the margin of
the ocean is undoubtedly the finest to be found anywhere on the California coast,
long Beach has a wharf which extends a distance of 750 feet in the ocean, reaching
water deep enough to float vessels of the heaviest tonnage by its side. Long Beach
has already become a resort of great popularity, and the excellence of its beacn,
its attractive scenery, and fine hotel combine to render this popularity greater every
day.

The trip from Los Angeles to Santa Monica, one of the famous bathing
resorts of the Pacific coast, is not only justified by what one finds at the end of his
journey, but also oy the pleasures enjoyed en route. The Southern Pacific Com-

SANTA MONICA.

The

Long Branch

of the

Pacific.

A Charming Sea=Shore

Watering Place.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1 97

pany runs four trains to the beac h each day — a distance of nineteen miles; and
there are three electric lines, with frequent and rapid service. On Sunday the
exodus to this famed seaside resort is something
extraordinary. For three or four miles after leav-
ing, we pass through suburbs of Los Angeles. Hand
some villa residences, surrounded by beautiful and
most attractive grounds, are to be seen on every
side. At last, reaching the open country, we pass
through a constant succession of vineyards and fruit
orchards, until the near presence of the ocean is made
known by refreshing saline breezes and the occur-
rence of sand dunes and salt marshes. The train
stops at a handsome depot, beyond which extends a
large, well-kept, and beautiful park. It is difficult
for one accustomed to the varying seasons of the lands across the mountains to com-
prehend the fact that this beautiful park, with its luxuriance of sub-tropical vegeta-
tion, its affluence of delicate and vari-tinted flowers, is never less verdant, less bril-
liant, or less attractive than it is now. It is not easy to grasp the fact that all the year
round, equally as comfortably on the first of January as on the first of June, one can
sport among the combing billows that come rolling in across the blue, serene Pacific.
The attractions of Santa Monica are manifold — beach-driving, surf-bathing, fishing,
boating, yachting, are the seaward delights; while on the shore are all the charms
which nature has so opulently spread for the pleasure of those who visit this favored
spot, together with all the ingenious devices invented by man for amusement and
relaxation. Of course it goes without saying that there is a magnificent beach hotel,
whose broad verandas face the sea, and whose appointments are complete in all
respects; also, of course, there are bath-houses of ample accommodations.

There are many points of scenic interest within easy reach of Santa Monica.
One of the most charming is that to Santa Monica canon, to which the Southern
Pacific Company has extended its line, and Manville Glen, a spot made cool and
inviting by ancient forest trees and a rippling brook, all embraced by rugged moun-
tain surroundings. This is a favorite camping-ground, where pleasure and health
seekers pitch their tents and spend months in the calm enjoyment of this sylvan
retreat. Santa Monica is a great health resort, and experience has proved its ex-
cellence in this regard. It possesses, the year round, one of the most enjoyable
and healthy climates in the world, being from ten to fifteen degrees cooler than Los
Angeles and the interior country in summer, and warmer in winter. There is a
magnificent driving beach stretching away for fifteen miles, good sea fishing, an
abundance of water-fowl in the neighboring lagoons, and game in the mountains a
few miles distant. The climate of Santa Monica and vicinity is worthy of somewhat
extended notice. In a general way we can sum up the climatic conditions of the
southern California coast as follows: So far as the amount of rainfall is concerned
throughout southern California, the rainy season simply signifies that during that
period, exclusively, not exceeding 18 inches may fall. The average annual rainfall
at San Diego is only 10.43 inches. Following up the coast to San Francisco, it
increases at the rate of about 2 inches for every 100 miles. Santa Monica receives
about 13 inches, Santa Barbara 15 inches, Monterey 17 inches, and San Francisco
21 inches. The Coast Range of mountains, rising to an elevation of from 2,000 to
4,000 feet, robs the ocean rain freighted clouds of all their precious burden before
reaching the interior plains and valleys. At Fort Yuma, on the Colorado River and

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 199

Desert, the mean annual rainfall is only 2.54 inches; among the little valleys extend-
ing from San Diego to the San Jacinto Mountains, from 7 to 9 inches; in the valley of
San Bernardino, and at Colton, Riverside, and Cocamongo, 10 inches; advancing
toward the coast, Spadra and El Monte receive about 1 1 inches; and Los Angeles-
situated jo miles from the ocean, about 14 inches. Crossing the San Bernardino
Mountains to the Mojave Plains, the yearly rainfall is only from 3 to 4 inches, and
from thence up the San Joaquin Valley as far as Goshen, in latitude 36 degrees, it
ranges from 3 to 6 inches; from thence, northward, it increases to 15.10 at Stockton
and 18.23 at Sacramento. Taking it all in all Santa Monica is a place of great
interest. We have said nothing about the town so far, but must not neglect to stale
that there is a town, and a very pretty one at that. It is situated on the level mesa,
which stretches back landward from the brink of the natural sea wall, from whose
foot extends the level beach outward to the ocean rim. The residences are taste-
ful, many of them elegant, the business blocks substantial, and every element of com-
fort and convenience for the health or pleasure seeker can be found here.

Port Los Angeles. Twenty miles west of the city of Los Angeles is
where the Southern Pacific Company have built their mammoth wharf, the longest
ocean pier in the world. The total length of the structure is 4,620 feet. The coal
bunkers are fitted with every convenience for rapid handling of coal cargoes from
ship to bunker and then to car, and are 8.6 feet long, 36 feet wide, and 36 feet high
with a capacity for 8,000 tons of coal. Depot buildings and freight sheds arc 384
feet in length, containing ample waiting-room accommodations and an excellent
restaurant. The fishing from the wharf is the best on the coast. Bait and tackle
can be had on the wharf. The large steamers of the P. C. S. S. Co. stop at Port
Los Angeles north and south bound for passengers and freight, while deep sea and
coasting vessels are coming and going at all times.

Soldiers' Home. A mile from Home Junction, on the Santa Monica
Branch, on a loop line, and sixteen miles from Los Angeles, is the home that a
government that would nourish the wonted fire of patriotism maintains for its
disabled volunteer soldiers. Two thousand veterans, heroes of the faded blue, are
here at home; the great group of fine buildings, the extensive grounds, with their
arboreal and floral wealth, the model farm of nearly 500 acres, and above all the
veterans themselves, make this square mile a place of intense interest. Street-car
service through a beautiful country connects the home with Santa Monica, and with
the excellent suburban service of the Southern Pacific Company, enables the
sightseer to visit both places in one day.

One of the loveliest towns in the world lies
before us as we enter Pasadena. From a sheep
range in 1873 to the paradise of fruits and flowers
and verdure which greets our eyes to day is a magic
transformation. Yet such, in a word, is the history
of Pasadena. The semi-tropical luxuriance of Bora!
and arboreal growth which delights us here has
sprung into existence within the marviiously short
space of a decade and a half, and, nestling here
among the orange groves and fruiting vineyards is
a city whose beauty of architecture is a glowing testimonial to the good taste,
wealth, and liberality of its residents. I know of no pleasanter or more interesting
drives than those which may be taken along the broad, tree-lined avenues of Pasa-
dena. Within spacious enclosures on each hand may be seen elegant villa rest-

PASADENA.

An Orchard City.

Beautiful for Situation.

A Delightful

Health and Pleasure

Resort.

TO THE CO I. DEN GATE.

20!

dences or splendid mansions surrounded by ornamental grounds of the greatest
beauty. Palm-trees, magnolias, century-plants, 6g-trees, ancient live-oaks, sur-
vivals of the days when this was only grazing ground for flocks and herds, pepper-
trees, blue gums, and an infinite variety of ornamental shrubbery, makes these
drives entirely novel, interesting, and (harming. The city obtains an abundant
supply of water from the Arroyo Seco Canon, and the results of irrigation confront
one in the wonderful groves of citrus
and deciduous trees. Pasadena has a
round dozen of churches, representing
an expenditure of nearly half a million
dollars. It has business blocks of
metrcDolitan proportions, spacious
and elegant theaters, four banks, a
score of hotels, large manufacturing
establishments, canning factories, elec-
tric-car lines, telephone system, elec-
tric lights — in short, all of the modern
conveniences. As a place of residence
we know of no more charming city
than Pasadena, whose ten thousand
inhabitants have every reason to con-
gratulate themselves that their lines
have fallen in such pleasant places.
The wonderful climate of Pasadena
is one of its chief attractions. Tour-
ists who arrive in November or Oc-
tober are constantly on the watch for
winter. Finally a rain-storm comes,
drenching the earth, and a few weeks
later the ground the length and
hrcadth of the land is carpeted with
flowers, form succeeding form, until
color and variety, tint and hue, seem
to have run riot; by this token you
may know that the winter has come.
The tops of the Sierras are clothed

with snow, so near that you can sec the snow blown high in air by the mountain's
blizzard, so near that in two hours' ride you can go snow-balling or tobogganing,
yet here at Pasadena the ground is white with the blossoms of the orange, there
is a carnival of flowers in every dooryard, and to the student who arranges his
plants according to their altitudinal horizons it is a puzzle. Here, in the same
latitude as Wilmington, X. C, we find the banana, fig, pomegranate, guava, alli-
gator pear, cocoanut, the fan-palm, sago-palm, cactus, the yucca, century-plant,
cork-tree, the rubber-tree, the olive, orange, lime, lemon, and a host of other
tropical forms, yet it cannot be a tropical climate, as side by side with these is
seen every pine known from Norfolk Island to the shores of the Arctic Sea, firs,
spruces; and as for fruits, we see the apple, pear, peach, apricot, plum, nectarine,
all the small fruits, everything found in the gardens of New York State.

The seasons are difficult to understand. The summer mean temperature at
Pasadena is 66.61 degrees; that of Mentone in the Riviera, 73 degrees; of Jackson-

MOUNT LOWE RAILWAY.

202 OVER THE RANGE

ville, Fla., Si degrees; of New York, about 73 degrees. Thus it will be seen Pasa-
dena cannot have remarkably warm weather. The summer, with the exception
of one or two days, is not unpleasantly warm, and it is always pleasant and com-
fortable in the shade, while every night is sufficiently cool to require a blanket. Not
a case of prostration from heat, not a squall or wind-storm, seldom a thunder-clap or
sign of lightning, and hardly a cloud in the sky; this is the record of the summer here.
Everv day is a pleasant one, and such heat as is experienced in New York City
in the summer is never felt.

Three hundred and forty days out of the year will permit of continuous out-of-
door life in the open sunlight, and at least half of the others may be enjoyed. This
is the great secret. The country is the land of the open air winter and summer, and
the conditions of altitude and nearness to large cities, allowing of all the luxuries and
comforts, add to its attractions.

Pasadena is connected with Los Angeles by three steam and two electric lines,
and communication between the two towns is excellent, cars and trains running very
frequently.

Mount Lowe. From Pasadena extends an electric railway to Altadena,
where a marvelous cable road lifts the traveler up to Echo Mountain, site of the
Mount Lowe observatory,, which has gained fame in the astronomical world through
the discoveries of Dr. Lewis Swift and other star-gazing scientists. From Echo
Mountain to Mount Lowe extends an electric railway, which is one of the marvels
of engineering. At Mount Lowe is Alpine Tavern (altitude about 5,000 feet), an
attractive resort visited yearly by thousands of tourists.

Silll Gabriel. This is the site of the famous Mission of San Gabriel, or,
to give it the full honors of its stately Spanish title, "El Mission de San Gabriel
Arcangel." The mission was founded September 8, 1771, and was moved from the
original site to its present position in 1775. The mission church is a most interesting
relic of what in the new world may be called antiquity, having been erected in 1804
of material imported from the mother country, Spain. An electric line running from
the heart of the city lands the tourist at the mission.

Beyond San Gabriel are the suburban towns of Alhambra, Shorb, and Aurant.

LOS ANGELES TO SANTA ANA, WHIT-
TIER, TUSTIN, AND LOS ALAMITOS.

OUTH of Los Angeles in the county of that name, and the neighbor-
ing county of Orange, is a .richly productive section that raises pretty
nearly even-thing under the sun, except tornadoes, Hoods, snow-
storms, sunstrokes, and torrid nights, which are not indigenous to
California, and which no weather prophet has been able success-
fully to import.
Downey. Leaving the Arcade Depot, the great city station of the South-
ern Pacific Company, reached from all parts of the city by electric lines, the trip
is southward through the hog and hominy land, past Florence and Vinvale to
Downey, an enterprising town surrounded by an agricultural section that would
make anv farmer's heart glad. Potatoes, walnuts, vegetables, small fruits, corn,
etc., are profitable crops, and the "lay of the land" is everywhere indicated by tin-
cackling hen.

From Studebaker, fifteen miles from Los Angeles, a branch extends to Whittier
through a country that is proving particularly well adapted to the cultivation of
fruits and walnuts.

Whittier. The Quaker colony of southern California, Whittier, is like Red-
lands, an example of marvelous growth. Ten years ago simply a vast barley-field,
now it is tree-clothed, and hundreds of homes make this an ideal foothill city. The
Whittier college of the Society of Friends is a very successful institution. "If thee
would find a place more beautiful than this, thee'd search far." Of interesl is the
state reformatorv institution, where the wayward youth are guided back into the
proper path. Whittier possesses city improvements and wealth; every year it ships
several hundred carloads of fruits, vegetables, and walnuts. Its cannery is one of
the largest in the State.

Norwalk. Returning to the Santa Ana line we pass the thriving village of
Norwalk. Ostriches of all stages are here, from those who have just been shelled out
to the bald-headed old gentleman, who, however, is not a bit stiff-necked. There
are two ostrich farms near Norwalk.

Buena Park. Buena Park is decidedly in the cow country. It has a con-
densed milk manufactory that expends $15,000 per month, using thousands of gal-
ions daily. A beautiful avenue is one of its greatest attractions.

Anaheim. Anaheim is forty-three years old, but has the perennial youth of
every southern California colony. A colony of Germans, possessing good judgment,
chose it in 1857 as a good place in which to live — and that good judgment has never
been disputed. Few cities are more prosperous, and its 2,500 people not only pos-
sess, but own a large area of cultivated country, orange groves, 1 incvards, walnuts,
and small fruits. The city has fine avenues, electric lights, street cars, and other
public utilities. There are several points of historic interest in the neighborhood.
Los Alamitos. Los Alamitos is nine miles from Anaheim, on a branch line

203

204 OVER THE RANGE

recently built. A sheep range a few years since, it is now the site of a large beet
sugar factor}- with a capacity of 700 tons of beets per day. It has a school-house, of
course, a church, two hotels, and several stores. It is the railroad station for Ana-
heim Landing and Bolsa-Chico Bay, one of the new seaside resorts.

Orange. Orange has fine avenues, an excellent public library, and a miniature
park in a plaza, but its chief distinction is its ideal homes and their lovely surround-
ings. Three miles from Santa Ana, its sources of commercial prosperity are those
of its neighbor.

Santa Alia. Santa Ana is thirty-four miles from Los Angeles, and is the
metropolis, commercial and political, of Orange County. It is a modern city with fine
business buildings, paved streets, electric lights, four banks, and an opera house that
would be a credit to any place on the coast. Its electric street-car system connects
with Orange, and is to be extended throughout the valley. Prosperity is very evi-
dent in Santa Ana, and that is not to be wondered at, for the surrounding county
of Orange is one of the richest sections of California, with a wonderful variety of
profitable products. That explains the four banks. A great many new houses are
being built, several new business blocks have just been completed, and there is every
prospect that the year 1904 will be one of unexampled growth in both city and coun-
tv. A new canning establishment, that is capable of turning out 50,000 cases of
Orange County products every day, is now in operation. A line new court-house
has just been finished. Santa Ana has a public park worth considerable pride, a
good public library, fine schools, an enterprising chamber of commerce, an Ebell
society for the ladies, and a Sunset club for the gentlemen. The northern part of
the city is noted for its beautiful homes. The county has been generously favored
by Mr. Irvine in its picturesque park in Santiago canon. Near by is the fifty-acre-
tract of the Santa Ana Golf Club, also a gift of the same gentleman. The city is the
junction of the Santa Ana and Newport branch with the main line.

Newport. Newport is a famous place for those who love the ocean for its own
sake, and not because of beach brass bands or merry-go-rounds. The man with
the broad-brimmed hat and the long fishing-pole, with a family who like to be sum-
mering along a delightful beach, comes here. It has a sand peninsula with quiet
water on one side and tumbling breakers on the other, a delightful bit of headland
scenerv, and a bay perfect for bathing and boating. Its wharf and hotels are all
attractive. A branch of the railroad extends to Smeltzer and the famous peat lands,
where are grown the hundreds of carloads of celery that find their way to the Eastern
market every year. Very productive are these peat lands, and grow almost any-
thing in abundance, save large timber that have "too heavy a step." Every tourist
should make a visit to this interesting section, where he can produce an earthquake
"all by himself." The trip from Newport to Smeltzer is one of much scenic beauty.

Tustill. Tustin is the center of one of the older fruit districts of the South, and
has manv magnificent groves. The town is the center of a community well known
for its wealth and refinement. Near by is the famous San Joaquin ranch of a hundred
thousand undivided acres that extends from the mountains to the sea. There are
good roads in all this country, a peculiar rock formation known as "Tustin cement"
being responsible for many of them.

LOS ANGELES TO SAN DIEGO.

HE trip from Los Angeles to San Diego abounds in interest, and if
one obeyed one's inclinations, and made a stop at all the attractive
stations which intervene between the inland city and the city on
the ocean side, it would take an entire vacation to accomplish the
one hundred and eighty-nine miles of the journey. Leaving Lcs
Angeles on the Sante Fe Pacific Railway at a comfortable hour in the
morning, we are soon speeding through the suburbs of the City of Angels. It is
difficult for us to tell just when we have passed beyond the confines of the city,
because the country is so fully occupied by handsome villa iesidences and the
suburban stations are of such frequent occurrence that one is puzzled to determine
where the town ends and the country begins. Downey Avenue, Morgan, Highland
Park, Gravanzo, Lincoln Park, South Pasadena, Raymond, Pasadena, Olivewood,
Fair Oaks, and Lamanda Park are all busy stations disposed within a distance of
thirteen miles from Los Angeles. It is therefore not to be wondered at that the
traveler is confused and at a loss to know just when he is "out of town." Beyond
Lamanda Park the stretches of open country between stations begin to widen, and
one can look out of the window at least twice before another town appears in view.
Raymond, As this station is approached one sees on the right an aspiring
hill adorned with handsome lawns, ornamental shrubbery, trailing vines, and
umbrageous trees. The summit of this hill is crowned by a massive and stately
edifice that at once attracts attention and excites curiosity. On inquiry we lecm
that this is the Hotel Raymond, and that here are entertained the hundreds cf
guests brought hither by the well-known excursion managers Messrs. Raymond
and Whitcomb. This, however, forms but a small part of the patronage of the
Hotel Raymond, for from its excellent management, beautiful situation, and health-
ful location the hotel has become exceedingly popular. Of course there is a town •
site here, and what is not always the case in this country of town-sites, there is a
town as well, with the prospects of a city. Passing through Pasadena, described
elsewhere, we come to

Lamanda Park. We wish to do the tourist who reads this book a good
turn, having his comfort and enjoyment at heart, therefore we advise him to stop
at Lamanda Park and make his headquarters for a day, or a week, or a fortnight,
in this delightful spot. In the first place, one can find here a homelike and com-
fortable hotel; in the second place, this is an excellent point from which to make
radiating trips through the charming San Gabriel Valley or among the foothills and
up the peaks of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Within an hour's drive are Sierra
Madre Villa, the famous Rose Vineyards, Baldwin's Ranch, where, besides miles
of orange avenues are to be found, at Santa Anita, the stables made famous by the
fast horses owned by the "bonanza king." Orange orchards, avenues of English
walnut-trees, lemon groves, vineyards, veritable forests of deciduous fruit trees and
a tropic luxuriance of splendid floral beauties surround this place, which, though
modest in size, is, as we have said, a charming resting-spot and a most convenient

205

SIERRA MADRE
VILLA.

An Ideal Pleasure

and

Health Resort.

In the Heart of Orange

Groves, on the

Slope of the Sierra

Madre Mountains.

2 06 OVER THE RANGE

point from which to radiate in all directions and view either the grandeur of the
mountains or the more quiet but none the less attractive beauties of the valley.

The fame of the Sierra Madre Villa is world-
wide. On its shaded verandas congregate daily the
most cultivated and intelligent people. It is not
always the same company that gathers here, but
it is always a company which it gives pleasure for
one to meet. The class of guests is of the best,
bei ause the reputation of the Villa naturally attracts
that class. This ideal pleasure and health resort is
located on tin- southern slope of the Sierra Madre
Mountains, fourteen hundred feet above the level
of the sea. This elevation gives it complete im-
munity from the fogs' of the sea and valley, and
also gives a view of the most wide-horizoned beauty.
Here we are only fourteen miles from Los Angeles, far enough away to escape the
turmoil of the city, and near enough to enjoy all of its advantages. Theater trains
are run three or four nights each week, and o. 2 can go to Los Angeles by train at
almost any hour in the day. The Sant 1 Fe Pacific passes within a mile and a half
of the villa, Lamanda Park being the station. The views from the Villa overlook-
ing the beautiful San Gabriel Valley, are a glorious panorama of rugged mountain
ranges, extensive orange groves — in one of which the Villa stands -vinevards, and
the distant ocean with its shadowy islands. Here is, indeed, an ideal home with
good food skilfully prepared, pure air, and sparkling mountain water. With all
these essentials for health, comfort, and luxury, the tourist cannot fail to enjov his
sojourn here. The fame of the Villa for its beautiful and healthful location, and
superior accommodations, with all modern improvements for over one hundred
guests, has become international. There are fine suites of sunny rooms, broad
verandas, inclosed with glass to keep out chilly air if desired, a beautiful lawn,
flowers, etc., and the most genial climate under the sun. Good roads and a beau-
tiful drive from Los Angeles to the Villa.

The Sail Gabriel Valley. The remarkable growth of the San Ga-
briel Valley of southern California may be traced to a single imperishable feature —
its climate. Towns and cities have appeared like magic; not the mushroom growth
one expci Is and finds where a mining excitement has been the magnet, but towns
which in completeness, architectural beauty, taste and culture of the people, will
equal many in the East dating back fifty years or more. Ten years ago the San
Gabriel Valley was, comparatively speaking, unoccupied. Several small towns, as
Duarte, San Gabriel, Puente, were the chief centers, and the entire land was cut up
into large holdings or ranches. To-day we find towns by the dozen larger than
these pioneers, three lines of transcontinental railway, and one city, Pasadena,
with a summer or permanent population of fifteen thousand persons, and a winter
one ranging from twenty thousand to forty thousand. The San Gabriel Valley is
about ten miles wide and thirty miles long. Upon the north are the California
Maritime Alps — the Sierra Madre range — rising directly from the plains in a series
of parallel ridges, in peaks from four thousand to fourteen thousand feet above the
sea. To the west, spurs of the main range, the Sierra Santa Monica, the San
Rafael and the Verdugo Mountains form a protective boundary, while to the south
the Puente Hills rise, beyond which, faintly visible, twenty-five miles away, is the
Pacific. The Valley is therefore completely environed on all sides, having abso-

3o8 OVER THE RANGE

lute protection from prevailing winds from the north, in this respect again resem-
bling the Riviera of Europe. The presence of these mountains and canons rising
so abruptly from the valley, gives to the locality a scenic charm difficult to describe,
and for its peculiar charm the view of the Sierra Madre range at Pasadena is
unequaled in this country.

Monrovia. This handsome little city has been christened by its admirers
"The Gem of the Foothills," and, in fact, there is quite as much truth as poetry
in the title. It has a most attractive site, commanding a comprehensive view of
the San Gabriel Valley to the front, while the background is filled in with the
massive range of the Sierra Madre Mountains. The town has two lines of street
railway and an electric line to Eos Angeles. It possesses an elegant and costly
hotel, furnished with all the modern improvements, handsome school-houses, first-
class business blocks, fine private residences, and no saloons.

Duarte. This is one of the oldest of the settlements of the Valley and is
surrounded by a country of great productiveness. Farming is a considerable
industry, and great quantities of corn and alfalfa, in addition to fruit, are raised.

Azusa is near the upper end of the San Gabriel Valley and is in the center
of the great ranch from which it takes its name. The stations now follow in quick
succession until San Bernardino is reached. In fact, the train never makes more
than four miles advance without either stopping at a station or passing through
one. To give the reader an idea of the frequent occurrence of these towns we
append a list, with the distance of each from Los Angeles: Glendora, 27; San
Dimas, 31; Lordsburg, 34; North Pomona, 35; Clarcmont, 36; North Ontario, 41;
North Cocamonga, 45; Etiwanda, 47; Rialto, 57; and San Bernardino, 60. One
of the most marvelous things connected with this journey of sixty miles from Los
Angeles to San Bernardino, aside from the marvels of nature, is that for an average
of every three miles of the journey there is a station, and that at many of these
stations there are considerable towns, and at several of them thriving cities.

At San Bernardino we stop for dinner, and
change cars, taking the Southern California Rail-
road for San Diego. The station is a large and
spacious building, admirably fitted for the pur-
poses to which it is dedicated. The city of San
Bernardino lies in a most beautiful and fertile valley.
The county embraces 23,476 square miles, and con-
tains not only some of the finest farming land, citrus
and deciduous fruits of countless varieties, but also
rich mines, and many mineral springs and health
resorts. The scenery is magnificent and varied, the mountains abound in timber,
and game is plentiful. The climate is superb and invigorating. The city of San
Bernardino is situated in the center of a valley one mile square, and has a popu-
lation of 10,000, and is rapidly increasing in size and wealth. Among other notable
buildings arc the finest brick grammar school in southern California; a court-house
which cost $40,000; the Stewart Hotel, costing $125,000; an opera house; an excel-
lent hospital; and churches of all denominations. There is an abundance of
artesian water. Three lines of railroads cross the county — the Southern Pacific,
through Los Angeles and Colton, to Yuma and Arizona; and the Southern Cali-
fornia, from San Diego, through San Bernardino to Barstow; and the Southern
California Railroad, which runs on a straight line between the two cities. There
is also the Valley Railroad, from the city to Gladysta, Lugonia, Redlands, and

SAN
BERNARDINO.

rianufacturing and

Mercantile Center.

A Beautiful

Residence City.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 209

Mentone, to the west line of High View. A motor road also runs continuously
between this city and Colton, a distance of three miles, and the San Bernardino &
Redlaiids Motor Road to Redlands and Lugonia via Victoria and Old San Ber-
nardino orange groves. Also the San Bernardino & Arrowhead Narrow Gauge
to Arrowhead Hot Springs. Street cars are running to all parts of the city.
Building material is abundant and cheap. Among the varied products that attain
perfection here we may mention oranges, raisins, wines, fruits and flowers of all
kinds, alfalfa, corn and bark)-, while gold, silver, and borax are found in large
quantities in the near mountain ranges.

A Fertile Valley. The county of San Bernardino is the largest in
California, and includes within its limits the valley of the same name. It con-
tains much land which is now lying fallow, but which will in time be irrigated and
made very productive. In its southwest corner are several large valleys, well
irrigated, and of unusual fertility. Within them are long stretches of almost level
plains, from which the gently undulating mesas gradually rise until they reach the
foothills. The lower level lands are sufficiently moist to grow alfalfa, corn, and
v?getablcs, without irrigation; and the soil is mainly a black sandy loam. The
higher lands become more sandy, while the foothills contain the gravel washings
from the mountains. These higher lands grow vines and deciduous fruits with
the natural moisture; oranges and lemons alone require artificial irrigation. The
higher lands are better for deciduous fruits, the mesas or table-lands for citrus
fruits, the lower lands for vegetables and general farming. There are some
immense vineyards in the country, and a vast quantity of excellent wine is made.
After a barley crop is harvested, it is succeeded on the damp or irrigated lands by
a crop of corn Alfalfa yields well and is cut from three to seven times in the
season. About two tons are taken off each acre at a cutting. The heavy black
loam of the mountain sides grows exceptionally fine potatoes. Vegetables and
edible roots of all kinds attain an enormous growth in the valley. Besides the
semi-tropical fruits, all those of more northern latitudes can be raised. These
valleys surpass any others in the southern part of the State in the matter of an
abundant supply of water for irrigating purposes. The Chino Ranch and Ontario
lands are in this county.

Coltoil. This live town is at the crossing of the southern California and
the Southern Pacific railroads, and an unusually handsome station and large hotel
are to be seen here. The town is only four miles from San Bernardino, and the
time is not far distant when they will be one city. The citizens of Colton are
enterprising and liberal, and as a result the town is making rapid and large im-
provement. Canning factories are established here, and the shipments of pre-
pared fruit and fruit in its natural state are something extraordinary. The
surrounding country is of unsurpassed fertility, and a drive of half a day through
the never-ending groves of orange-trees and in the midst of most entrancing
scenery will convince one that Colton has every requisite for becoming a large and
flourishing city. It is surely a most delightful place of residence.

East Riverside is the station for Riverside, reached by a branch line.
South Riverside, on the Southern California Railway, fifteen miles
southwest of Riverside, is remarkable for the beauty of its situation and the sym-
metry of its design. The projectors of this delightful town had original ideas and
the town-site is exactly circular in form. Fruit raising is one of the leading indus-
tries, while manufacturing is receiving a great deal of attention, and has already
been firmly established here.

:io

OVER THE RANGE

RIVERSIDE.

The

Orange Grove City

of
Southern California.

Washington has been wittily denominated "tht
city of magnificent distances," but here in southern
California we have lound a city equally as deserv-
ing of that characterization. Riverside manages to
towr twenty-five thousand acres, and this great
extent of territory has upon it between three and
four thousand inhabitants. But did ever any one
behold a more beautiful sight than this orchard city, reclining in the midst of
orange groves, its magnificent avenues lined with ornamental trees, among which
the oriental palm is most conspicuous, its artistic villa residences surrounded with
grounds in which the care of the Ian 1 ape gardener can be seen, its fine business

blocks of brick and stone,
its handsome hotels, and its
surrounding vineyards mak-
ing it a perfect bower of
beauty.

Resuming our journey
on the main line from East
Riverside, we pass through
Box Springs, Alessandro,
and Perris, which latter
place is situated on the San
Ja< into River, which emp-
ties in Lake Elsinore, some
twelve miles farther on.
The country has become
more rugged, for we arc
now skirting the San Jacinto
hills. We pass through
deep cuts and around projecting spurs, and finally enter a very pretty cation,
emerging from which we pause at Elsinore on the margin of

Lake Elsinore. This is a lovely little sheet of water, cradled in the
highlands, with a bold mountain range to the west. The lake is four miles long
and about half a mile wide, and forms a charming feature in the landscape.

Wlldomar. At the foot of Elsinore Lake is Wildomar. This town has a
very picturesque situation, and considerable expense has been incurred in planting
trees, grading the streets, and bringing water in pipes from the adjacent moun-
tains. It has schools, churches, good business houses, and a population of about
two hundred.

Murietta. This is a regular meal station, and on that account is of inter-
est to the traveler. It is situated on the Margurita ranch, which comprises
208,000 acres of land, especially and solely adapted for grazing. San Margurita
Creek flows through the town, and the railroad follows this stream for thirty-seven
miles, and then, over the brow of a rolling mesa to our right, the great Pacific
Ocean bursts on our view.

Ocean Si<l<'. This thriving town of a thousand inhabitants has a com-
manding situation on a mesa two hundred feet above the level of the ocean. From
this point of view the coast line can be followed in either direction as far as the eye
can reach. Here there is one of the finest hotels (the South Pacific) on the coast,
and here great improvements have been inaugurated by the enterprising citizens-

liJL

■

? '1 i

1 'T&

NEW GLENWOOD HOTEL, RIVERSIDE.

SAN DIEGO.

The Naples of the

New World.

The Great Bay City

of Southern California.

212 OVER THE RANGE

The accommodations for sea bathing arc most complete, and Ocean Side is sure to
become an exceedingly popular pleasure resort. Between Ocean Side and San
Diego, a distance of forty-seven miles, then- are just a "baker's dozen" of sta-
tions. At some of them one can sec hotels of the most imposing size and beau-
tiful architecture, a house or two, and thousands of lot stakes, but no great showing
of business or population. The stations occur in the following order: Carlsbad,
Leucadia, Encinitas, Del Mar, Cardero, Sorrento Alpine Selwyn, La Jolla, Roses
Siding, Morena, and Old Town.

The magnificent natural advantages of San
Diego cannot fail to make this the great city of
southern California. It lies upon a slope facing
San Diego Bay. This slope extends back perhaps
an average mile, where it reaches an altitude of
two hundred feet above the level of the sea, and
from which point the country extends back in a
broad, rolling mesa. With such a slope, and with
such an ascending altitude, opportunities are
offered for the most wide-sweeping and magnificent
views. At the foot of the city lies the land-locked bay, one of the most beautiful
in the world, glistening like a sheet of silver in the genial rays of an unclouded sun.
Between the bay and the ocean is the Coronado peninsula, on the expander! part of
which is the town of Coronado, with the largest hotel in the world. Beyond
Coronado is the Pacific Ocean, whose long, rolling swells break upon a level and
far-extending beach, their combining crests breaking into snow-white foam as they
fall with majestic regularity upon the shining sands. The distant background is
formed by the mountains, with the Jamul, old San Miguel, and El Cajon standing
well forward, the advance guard of an army of giants. To the right is the receding
mesa; to the left the table-lands and mountains of Old Mexico. The landscape in
garb of varying green, the bay and ocean with their ever-changing shades from
shining silver to deep, dark blue, form a picture of such entrancing beauty that
neither pen nor pencil can adequately depict. With such natural attractions, to
which should be added the attractions of climate, it is not a matter of wonder that
the population of San Diego has increased rapidly since overland transportation
facilities have been provided. The city's population in November, 1885, was but
the population of a healthy village, say about four thousand; a year later saw it
advance to a city of between ten and twelve thousand; and by November, 1887,
the population had doubled again, and reached a total of twenty-five thousand
souls. The increase since has been steady, and the common but conservative
estimate of the population to-day is thirty thousand. The character of the popu-
lation is truly American. Because to the Eastern mind San Diego is "away in the
West," the impression prevails with some that its population is of that Western
character to be found in romance of the light order. A greater mistake could not_
be imagined. San Diego is as typical an American city as any to be found in the
land of Americans. If the influence of any one city may be said to prevail here,
it is the influence of the city of Boston; and there is reason for it. The Santa Fe
Railroad, whose western terminus is at this harbor, is an institution maintained by
Boston men and Boston capital. This has naturally created in Boston a financial,
and finally a social, interest in San Diego, which has resulted in the transplanting
of many Boston men and women from the metropolis of New England to the new
city by the sunset sea. They have found here a genial, social climate. In a city

214

OVER THE RANGE

covering as much ground as does San Diego, the mutter of transportation is of first
importance. This has been looked after by the enterprising citizens. Electric
railway systems supply the needs of the inhabitants.

CLUSTER OF ORANGES.

SAN DIEQO BAY.

A Thing of Beauty

and a

Great Commercial

Factor.

The bay of San Diego is one of the most beau-
tiful in the world; it is also a great factor in the
success of the city. There are larger harbors than
this, but for the uses to which harbors are devoted,
there are none better anywhere than that of San
Diego, and it is large enough to afford a safe refuge
for the entire merchant fleet of the United States.
The bay is thirteen miles long, and the total area
of water is twenty-two square miles. Commodore
C. P. Patterson, Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, wrote
in 1878:

"I have crossed this bar at all hours, both day and night, with steamers of
from 1,000 to 3,000 tons burden, during all seasons of the year, for several years,
without detention. It is the only land-locked harbor south of San Francisco and
north of San Quintin, Lower California, and from a national point of view its

2l6

OVER THE RANGE

importance is so great that its preservation demands national protection, and justi-
fies National expenditure."

The history of this wonderful city reads like a romance. Previous to No ,,o m-
ber, 1S85, San Diego existed chiefly as a town-site, and, measured by the corpora-
tion limits, it contained an amplitude of area. It was in 183,3 that the Pueblo of
San Diego was organized; but it was not until eleven years later, in the latter part
of the year 1844, that the people followed the usual customs of those times, and
petitioned the Government of Mexico (this whole country was then under Mexican
rule) for a tract of land. A few acres more or less was of no particular account to
the Mexican Government at that time, and a grant of seventy-five square miles was

CjAIN DtKlNAKJ

made, "to be used, controlled, and disposed of by the legally authorized representa-
tives of the city." These seventy-five square miles, or, to be exact and use the
figures of the surveyor who traced the lines subsequently for the Government, and
who reported that the entire Pueblo consisted of 48,556.69 acres, do now, minus
1,233.8 acres reserved by the Government for military purposes, constitute the area
of the corporation of San Diego, The question of title never arises here. That
original grant has been confirmed and upon it rests all instruments of sale.

The shores of the bay are dotted with suburban towns, which share the benefits
of San Diego harbor. They are separated from the City of San Diego by distinct
bounds, but it is only a matter of time when they will become integral parts of the
parent city. These towns are known as National City, Roseville, and Coronado.

^National City is located four miles down the bay, reckoning the distance
from the center of the business community of each city. The two cities are, how-
ever, already practically merged into one, as they are one in interest and in sentiment.
National City has a population of 3,000. It is the terminus of the Santa Fe system on
the Pacific coast, and of the National City & Otay Railway Company. A capacious
wharf furnishes facilities for deep-sea vessels to unload, and here, too, ship and rail
are brought together. An olive-oil mill having been established, National City is
the olive market for Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties. It is
furnished with water from the recently completed Sweetwater reservoir, which has
a capacity of six billion gallons, and insures a supply sufficient for a city of twenty-
five thousand inhabitants.

VIEW IN SAN ANTONIO CANON, ONTARIO. CAL.

2i8 * OVER THE RANGE

Goronado. On Coronado Beach, just across the bay from San Diego, is a

city which has already become famous throughout the country. In two years' time
this wild waste of land has been transformed into a city with a population of two
thousand. It has one hotel which cost one million dollars, and others which cost
large sums; it has elegant and substantial residences; it has an iron foundry in
operation, and half a dozen factories of various kinds; it has ship-ways with a
capacity for dry-docking the largest coast steamers on an hour's notice; it has
complete water, gas, and sewer systems, and, as a whole, has been converted into
a veritable garden, the streets being uniformly lined with tropical trees, shrubs, and
flowers. The surf-bathing of Coronado Beach is the best on the entire coast,
and probably the finest in the world. The beach slopes gently, and the sand is
hard and free from stones and ragged shells, and there is no undertow. The tem-
perature of the air and of the sea is about equal both in winter and summer;
consequently there are extraordinary inducements for surf-bathing all the
year round.

Roseville and New Roseville are located not far from the entrance
to the harbor. A fine wharf has been built there, regular ferries established, and
the works of the San Diego Nail Factory are now being erected. Thev will have
a capacity of 500 kegs of nails a day, and will lie one of tin- important industries of
tin- San Diego region.

The Sweetwater Dam. This dam is one of the engineering wonders
( f this region, and an excursion to it is a most enjoyable experience. It is situ-
• ted about six miles back of National City, and is reached by the National City &
Otay Railroad. The dam, together with sixty-five miles of wrought-iron pipe laid
from the reservoir to National City, and to various points in that section for irriga-
tion purposes, cost a total of $800,000. The dimensions of the dam are as follows:
46 feet in thickness at the base, 12 feet in thickness at the top, 75 feet in length at
the base, 396 feet in length at the top. The reservoir is three miles long, three-
fourths of a mile wide, and covers 700 acres. When full it will hold six billion gal-
lons of water, a quantity sufficient to irrigate 30,000 acres of land and supply a city
of 50,000 people for one year, or irrigate 50,000 acres of land one year.

The climate of this region is a perpetual source

of wonder to visitors. It is stating the simple,

unquestionable fact to say that it has no equal

among the health resorts of the world. From the

compiled records of the U. S. Signal station here

we extract the following: From 1876 to 1885,

both years inclusive, covering a period of ten years,

and embracing a period of 3,653 days, there were

3,533 days on which the mercury did not rise above

8o°; and only 120 days in ten years in which the

thermometer marked a higher temperature than

8o°. During these ten years there were never more than two days in any one

month in which the mercury rose as high as 85° except June, 1877, four days;

September, 187S, five days; June, 1879, two days; September, 1879, four days.

Returiiiii}* - to Los Angeles. The lovers of fine scenery, yachting,
ocean bathing, c alt-sea fishing, outings among the hills, and those who delight in
a summer which circles the entire year will most reluctantly tear themselves away
from the charms of San Diego. But one can't travel and stand still at the same
time; so we take a night train northward on the same line we came in on, and

THE CLIMATE.

Summer the Year

Round.

The Home of Health

and Pleasure.

!20

OVER THE RANGE

sleep sweetly in one of Pullman's Palaces until we reach Colton. Here, after a
good breakfast, we take the Southern Pacific road for Los Angeles, thus passing
through new scenes from this point on to our destination. The first station reached
after leaving Colton is

CllCamong'a. This town is situated in the region made familiar to the
public by the Cucamonga wine, the grapes here being noted for their fine quality.
Slover Mountain is near Cucamonga, and is remarkable for containing quarries of
onyx, lime, marble, and cement. The "Mountain" is in reality only a moderate-
sized conical hill, but its rich deposits make it more valuable than a whole range of
its big brothers. The marble'is of the best quality, and can be quarried in great
blocks, fifty feet long, if desired, and with a width of from five to six feet. The

EUCLID AVENUE, ONTARIO, CAL.

onyx is white, and is mined in large quantities for ornamental uses. Along the
southern foot of Slover Mountain flows the river Santa Ana.

Ontario is located on the main lines of the Southern Pacific and the Santa
Fe Railways, the main depot being on the Southern Pacific, 38 miles from Los
Angeles and 20 from Colton, while the Santa Fe runs two miles north, the station
being North Ontario. From the Southern Pacific depot, a branch line extends to
Chino. The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe run also three trains daily each
way, thus affording first-class railway facilities. Ontario comprises some twelve
thousand acres, located on the mesa, which slopes south gradually from the Sierra
Madre Mountains to the Santa Ana River. It is in the west part of what is
commonly known as the San Bernardino Valley, and occupies the highest point
passed by rail or carriage road between Los Angeles and San Bernardino. The
lands reach from the mountains around the San Antonio canon to the Chino
Ranch, a distance of about nine miles, and the Colony ranges in width from
one to three miles. The altitude is a little less than one thousand feet at the
ranch line, and the grade is about one hundred feet to the mile, increasing a
little nearer the mountains, the mouth of the canon being about two thousand
two hundred feet above sea level.

The scenery around Ontario is of the most striking and attractive char-

222

OVER THE RANGE

SAN ANTONIO FALLS, ONTARIO, CAL.

actcr. To the northwest rise the
Sierra Madre Mountains, while to the
east towers the San Bernardino Range,
and to the west slumbers the dreamy
Pacific Ocean. As special landmarks
in this striking scene are the four
highest peaks of Southern California,
namely: Mount San Bernardino and
Old Grayback to the east, San Jacinto
to the southeast, and Mt. San Antonio
(Old Baldy) adjoining the Ontario
tract on the north. Ontario occupies
the elevated plateau between the San
Bernardino Mountains and the ocean.
The mountains being closely adjacent,
and the sea being forty miles distant.
The settler can choose his altitude
from nine hundred to two thousand
five hundred feet, and by so doing
find exactly the climate that is suited
to his personal tastes. On the higher
slopes of Ontario we can see orange
groves bearing fruit and flowers in
delightful profusion, suggesting the
breezes of "Araby the blest," while
half a dozen miles distant on the
mountain peaks gleams the arctic
snows. Nowhere in the world are
summer and winter brought into
closer juxtaposition. The zones of
perpetual summer and never-ending
winter are separated only by the
San Antonio Canon. Nor is it
scenery alone which recommends the
"Model Colony" of Ontario. Here
are the best fruit lands in this coun-
try of fruit-producing acres. Here
the orange and the lime grow most
perfectly and most abundantly; here
deciduous fruits flourish, and here,
ir a word, is the fruit-grower's para-
dise. It is alleged that orange groves
;il less than four years of age have
produced, and frequently do produce,
from three hundred to five hundred
dollars worth of fruit per acre. So
great is the fertility, indeed, that
three-year-old trees have been known
to produce a full box of oranges each.
But oranges are not the sole pro-

POMONA.

Health and Pleasure

Resort.

A Fruit-Growing

Paradise.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 223

ducts of this wonderful soil. There are grown in gnat profusion the olive.
peach, apricot, guava, prune, pear, ^apple, persimmon, plum, raisin, and grape.

and when one has mentioned these, he lias only begun the list. For residence
there can be no pleasanter place than Ontario, and for horticulture and aboricul-
ture surely no place can claim precedence.

One of the prettiest towns in the San Bernar-
dino Valley is Pomona, in the eastern part of Los
Angeles County, thirty miles from the city of Los
Angeles and thirty miles from the Pacific Ocean
northward and fifty miles eastward. The Sierra
Madre range of mountains — average elevation of
nine thousand feet above the sea, with snow-capped
peaks — are distant six miles north, and Mt. San
Bernardino (height eleven thousand feet) and Ml.
San Jacinto (about the same height) forty and fifty
miles eastward. The lower range, called the San
Jose Hills, midway between the Sierra Madre Range and the ocean, terminates
at the city, and the great valley widens at this point to twenty-five and
thirty miles.

Thus these high mountain ranges protect this valley equally from harsh sea
winds and the unpleasant dry winds and sand storms of the desert. The altitude
of the city is eight hundred and sixty feet above the sea, the valley rising gradually
to two thousand feet at the foot of the mountains. The immediate locality bears
a similar relation to the mountains and the ocean as the celebrated health resorts
of Mentone and Nice.

A ride through the streets of the city, or along the many roads traversing the
country in every direction, will disclose many fine residences; also cosy, comfortable
homes. Houses, which are neither large nor costly, show the refinement of true
comfort and adaptation to the wants of the owners. The mild, open winters, and
consequent freedom from cold, do not require as expensive houses as in eastern
and northern climates; therefore the house is open, cheer}-, and homelike in its
appointments, many with broad verandas for the open-air life of the occupants
during most of the days of the year; and yet the individuality of the owner is as
plainly seen in the architecture and plan of the modest home as the more preten-
tious buildings of the city or in older communities; for these quiet homes are sur-
rounded by groves of trees, many of them evergreen— rows of vines extending
almost as far as the eye can reach — with roses and flowers from the roadside to
and surrounding the house, the whole deeply impressing the visitor with the air of
homelike comfort and cheerfulness everywhere prevailing.

The town is fortunate in having an abundant supply of water at all seasons
of the year, this precious fluid being obtained from three sources namely,
San Antonio Canon, numerous cienegas which encircle the valley, and which are
fed by subterranean streams from the high mountains, and artesian wells. There
are in this valley some of the finest flowing wells upon the continent, some of which
have given an undiminished flow for nearly ten years. There are now flowing in
the Pomona Valley sixty-seven wells, fifty-two of which are owned by the Pomona
Land and Water Company, who are extending their works at different points and
increasing the number.

These waters are alike free from alkaline, saline, or mineral taint, and deli-
riously cool and invigorating. The right to use water for irrigation is sold witb

224

OVER THE RANGE

the land, so that there need be no fear of a lack of this necessity upon the part of
those who settle here.

Beyond Pomona are a number of small stations possessing all the requisites of
climate, soil, and scenery to become thriving towns; which, doubtless, will be the
outcome in a few years. At present, however, they possess only a statistical value
to the tourist. These stations occur in the following order: Spadro, Lemon,
Puenta, Monte, and Savanna

THE COAST LINE.

LOS ANGELES TO SAN FRANCISCO.

UCH time having been spent with pleasure and profit in the vicinity
of Los Angeles, we reluctantly turn our faces to tht north and take up
our journey by way of the new and beautiful Coast Lme, with San
Francisco again our destination.

Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. Northward from

Los Angeles the Southern Pacific Company's line strikes boldly

between the Sierra Madre and San Rafael ranges, and turning to the left from

Saugus, between beetling cliffs and the ocean, forms the famous shore line to Santa

Barbara.

Tropioo. Tropico is a beautiful suburb of Los Angeles, thirteen minutes
away. It is the station for East and West Glendale, Verduga, and Eagle Rock. It
is famous for small fruits, especially winter strawberries, and ships 200 carloads of
oranges per year. Its beautiful location is making it very popular as a place of
homes.

Blirbailk. Burbank is the center of enough rich land to support a city. An
irrigating system will shortly double values about this handsome town. Agriculture
means prosperity hereabouts.

ChatSWOrth Park . Chatsworth Park, the terminus of a branch from Bur-
bank, is in a few months to be on the maih line. A glance at the map will show
how the new through line will appear when the work on the gap between Oxnard
and Chatsworth Park, now being carried on, is completed. The contract has been
let for the last great tunnel necessary to complete the cut-off. This country is of
the good old-fashioned agricultural kind that produces many bushels to the acre,
and the crop returns fill many carloads.

Fernando. In the north end of the San Fernando valley is the town of Fer-
nando, proud of an old mission and a new mission, too. The old affair is being
looked after by the Landmark Club; the new one is being cared for by Fernando's
confident and energetic citizens. Orange, lemon, and olive groves are profitably in
evidence. There is one little olive grove of 1,200 acres planted a short time ago
that is worthy of attention. Artesian wells furnish good water. The climate is
oi the best.

Mission San Fernando de Espafio is near the station, and is noted both for its
own beauty and the loveliness of its surroundings. The historic structure with its
great arches, tile-paved floor, its long cloister and ruined fountain, bring vividly to
mind the self-sacrificing toil of generations gone.

!Newliall. Newhall has two industries that are factors in prosperity; oil wells
and placer gold mines, both of which are adding to the jolly appearance of its inhab-
itants. It has one oil well that produces pure petroleum, claimed to be a specific
for rheumatism. The town is a natural sanitarium.

Saugus. Saugus is the junction point of the Santa Barbara branch and the

225

2>2 6 OVER THE RANGE

main line. It claims fame as a health resort, and at least one Southern Pacific agent
owes his life to the worth of its climate. To the north on the main line are in succes-
sion Lang, Ravenna, Acton, Vincent, Palmdale, Lancaster, Mojave, and Tehachapi.
Actoil. Acton is becoming prominent as a health resort, its altitude, equitable
temperature, dry climate, and interesting surroundings making it a first-class place
wherein to laugh and grow fat. At no place in California can tourists see with less
trouble gold mines in operation than here. There are about twenty gold mines, one
extending 750 feet underground, and many of them very productive.

Acton is the gateway to the new resort on Mt. Gleason, destined to be one of the
great popular pleasure places on the coast. From its 6,000-foot elevation may be
seen mountain, desert, valley, ocean. Trees up there are 200 feet high; but if you
do not cai>i for climbing, hunting, exploring, and quartz-collecting are enjoyable
pastimes.

Mojave. Mojave is the junction of the Southern Pacific Company and the
Santa Fe Pacific Railroad, and is a railroad center of some importance, A large
mining country is tributary to it, and recent developments promise well for
Mojave.

Cailllllos. Westward the Santa Barbara branch passes through picturesque
Camulos, ever dear to the lovers of literature as the home of "Ramona." Here by
the Santa Clara River with the mountains of San Fernando on the south, and to the
north the gentle foothills, lived Ramona. The corrals, vineyards, and orchards, and
the old chapel, still stand as of old, vivid proof of the power of word-picturing
possessed by Helen Hunt Jackson.

Pirn. At Piru all kinds of fruit are at home, and many a valuable orchard
bears evidence by the carload of the value of good land and perfect climate.

Fillmore (Sespe CaiiOll). Fillmore and more oil, near the mouth of the
interesting Sespe Canon, a delightful hunting and fishing country. Here the busy
bee gathers sweetness from untold acres of blossom and boxes it for the lazy man to
sweeten his taste upon. Fillmore is the center of the citrus belt of Ventura County,
with a fine irrigating system.

Sailta Paula. Oil moves the wheels of commerce smoothly in Santa Paula,
and the growth of the town has been steady since the development of the oil industry.
The famous Sulphur Mountain Springs are near here. Citrus and deciduous fruits
and corn, beans, and walnuts are raised in abundance. The city is well built, paved,
and possesses fine public buildings.

Saticoy. Saticoy is noted for its twenty acres of sparkling springs and its
artesian wells; it is a deciduous fruit center, and walnuts and beans rival each other
in profit.

Moiltalvo. One of the principal shipping points on the coast line is Mon-
talvo, surrounded by great orchards of fruit, apricots and walnuts being extensively
grown. It is the junction of the new live-mile branch to Oxnard.

Oxiiard. Oxnard is a city of 2,000 people. Its site a few years ago was an
ordinary productive ranch. To-day it has fine brick business blocks, beautiful
homes, four churches, 400 school children, school buildings costing $48,000, good
hotels, a bank and one of the largest beet-sugar factories in America. The factory
can crush 2,000 tons of beets daily. It produced last year several hundred carloads
of sugar, a hundred carloads of beans, and a large amount of grain, nuts, and pota-
toes. Several thousand head of cattle are being successfully fed on beet pulp.

Oxnard has a fine avenue to a fine ocean beach, thirty minutes' drive. It is well
located in the fertile Santa Clara Valley (not to be confused with the larger Santa

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 227

Clara Valley, of which San Jose is the center). It will soon be on the main Coast
line of the Southern Pacific, and its future is most promising.

An immense beet-sugar factory, valued at $2,000,000, and with a capacity of
2,000 tons of beets per day, and thousands of acres of sugar beets, are the cause of
Oxnard's prosperity. Three and a half miles from Hueneme, on the coast, it has
a perfect climate.

Soillis. On the Oxnard branch now but within a year to be on the new main
coast line. Somis is to be a town of importance. From an elevation of 250 feet it
overlooks the pretty Las Posas Valley and the ocean, eleven miles away. Beans,
nuts, citrus and deciduous fruits all do well here, and fine crops of barley, corn,
wheat, and oats are grown.

Sail Buenaventura. They know beans here, and grow beans, too. Not
in garden patches, but in broad fields that stretch away to the mountains — beans by
the carload, beans by the trainload, beans that are excellent boiled in primitive
hunter's fashion, or baked in approved Boston style.

San Buenaventura is the county town of Ventura County, and is a pretty, energetic-
seaside city of 3,000 people. It is the junction of the Ojai valley branch with the
Santa Barbara line. The country is noted not only for its beans, but as well for the
variety and quantity of its fruits; a cannery has just been built, and the business
section improved by the addition of fine new blocks. Cattle-raising, dairying, and
hog-raising are important industries.

Mission San Buenaventura, southernmost of the Channel missions, is in a state
of good preservation. It is in the city, within five minutes' walk of the railroad
station. The city of Ventura is the home of U. S. Senator Bard. It is a great health
resort, and among the best governed of cities. The Elizabeth Bard Memorial Hos-
pital has just been built.

Norcllioff'. A trip through the fertile Ojai valley to Nordhoff is entrancing. It
is a park-like country, with trees hidden with climbing ivy, a country of beautiful
views. Nordhoff is in a mountain encompassed oasis, a beauty panorama of moun-
tains all about it. With its added perfect climate, good fishing and hunting, and
neighboring hot springs, it is a most pleasant vacation headquarters. The Oak
Glen cottages, a mile distant, form one of California's most charming places. The
wild flowers of Nordhoff are famous the world over.

Matilija Hot Springs. Only three miles from Nordhoff are Matilija*
Hot Springs, a wonderfully good place in which to get well if you are ill. Accommo-
dations are excellent, including a fine hotel, electric lights, telephone, etc.

Few trips by rail are more interesting than that along the shore line to Santa
Barbara. On the one hand cliffs, castled and domed, and on the other, within the
easy pitch of a stone, the pellucid waters of the Santa Barbara channel. Like blue
clouds upon the horizon lie th.- islands. With every turn of nature's picturesque-
pathway comes some new bit of entrancing scenery — a glimpse of the sunlit ocean,
or of some half-hidden Eden.

Carpinteria. Seventeen miles beyond Ventura is Carpinteria, an old
Spanish settlement in the land of the fig-tree and vine. Oranges, bananas, lemons,
guavas, walnuts, and strawberries flourish. Here is the largest grapevine in the
world, sixty years old, and now some eight feet in circumference at its base. Five
miles more of delightful ride and Summerland is reached. Five miles distant is a
pretty mountain resort — Shepard's Inn.

Summerland. Enjoying fame for many years as a resort place, it now, in
the light of a singular development, promises great commercial importance. At

228 OVER THE RANGE

no other place in the world are oil wells bored in the ocean and oil taken from the
depths. At last oil and water seemingly are near to mingling. Making the ocean
yield up its oil a quarter of a mile from land is a feat unique enough to be worth
a journey.

THE CHANNEL COUNTRY AND THE LOMPOC AND
SANTA MARIA VALLEYS.

Santa Barbara. The city of the "smiling channel," one of the great
resort places of the world, should hardly be passed by here with only a word. It
was a famous resort thirty years ago. when travelers had no railway, but had to
depend on steamer service. Naturally beautiful, lying between the broad beach at
the water edge and the Santa Ynez Mountains, it has been helped by all that wealth
and art and leisure could offer. On slopes and terraces its artistic homes have a
background of ever-blooming flowers, of shrubs and trees such as grow best in a
semi-tropic clime. The one business street, State Street, starts at the water's
edge at the end of the steamship wharf and extends back through the town up the
slope. On either side are ranged business blocks that give a stranger the impres-
sion of a city of twenty thousand people. The charms of Santa Barbara, its great
ocean boulevard, its fine mountain drives, its beautiful plaza and bath-house, its
fine Hotel Arlington, and the magnificent Hotel Potter just completed on Burton
Mound, and costing five hundred thousand dollars; its perfect climate the year
round, its mountain and valley tours, its fishing and boating and bathing, its horse-
back riding, polo playing, golfing, yachting — all these are so common to Santa
Barbara as to seem hardly necessary to mention. What one of the finest resorts
should have, that Santa Barbara owns. The city is an educational and artistic
center. It is the resort home of many Eastern people of wealth who come to spend
leisure time here in their magnificent country places.

The city, of course, is well kept. It has paved streets, good electric car system,
good lights, good water, and is well built. A fine new high school building has
just been completed.

Commercially, the city is very prosperous. It is exceedingly well governed.
It has an enterprising Board of Trade. The products include lemons and oranges,
English walnuts, lima beans, grain, pampas plumes, all kinds of deciduous fruits,
wool, honey, live stock, stone, lumber, and petroleum. The mean winter tem-
perature is fifty-five degrees; the summer sixty-four degrees. Very seldom does the
temperature rise above eighty degrees or go below forty degrees. Santa Barbara
is not altogether synonymous with dolce jar nicntc. It is a most excellent place
in which to dream dreams, but better still in which to live a pleasantly strenuous
life. Do not let the word "resort" deceive you; there's a tonic in the Santa Bar-
bara atmosphere, even though it has no month so cold as April at Atlantic City,
nor any month so warm as Atlantic City's June.

Mission Santa Barbara Yirgen y Martyr still serves the work to
which it was consecrated when peace had but come to the American republic, and its
A-ise men were struggling with the question of a constitution. The church is of
dressed stone, with massive walls heavily buttressed. The two-story towers yet shel-
ter the chime of bells, and the famous garden with its fountain, so often pictured,
still scents the air with fragrance. The mission has been carefully preserved, and
to-day is one of the most interesting and imposing of them all. It is a lighthouse
of hope from the sea, a beautiful landmark in white relief against the surrounding

230

OVER THE RANGE

green of the hilltops, its double towers in stately dignity overlooking their pleasant
surroundings as they did two generations ago. Back of Santa Barbara is the
lovely vale of Montecito, most beautiful of all valleys.

G-oleta . In the valley of that name is the center of a vast orchard of lemons,
walnuts, olives, oranges, and pampus plumes, interspersed with bean and sugar
beet fields and vegetable gardens. The valley lies parallel with the Pacific Ocean,
separated from it by beautiful oak-covered headlands. To the north lie the Santa
Ynez Mountains. It is a place of magnificent estates. Many such places as the
"Island" offer such charms for country homeseekers as are irresistible. Other
stations are La Patera, Coromar and Elwood.

MISSION, SANTA EARBARA.

Elwood. This orchard -surrounded village in the upper part of the valley is
famous because of the work of that pioneer orchardist, Elwood Cooper, whose
olives, olive oil, persimmons, and lemons are famous the world over.

The Cliff' Trip. The traveler from Los Angeles has an entrancing view of
the Santa Barbara Channel between Ventura and Santa Barbara, the ride skirting
the water's edge the entire way; and the journey northward along the Coast Line
from Santa Barbara is along the cliffs of the Pacific as far as Tangair, if we except
the short ride through that flower and fruit basket, the Goleta Valley.

So, from Ventura to the mouth of the Santa Ynez River and a little way beyond,
an even hundred miles, the passenger enjoys the greatest railroad ride along the
ocean in the world. There is nothing with which to compare it.

The journey is not at sea level, but all the way on cliffs from fifty to two hun-
dred feet above the ocean. The road runs along the very edge of these cliffs, which
descend as precipices to the beach below. One may walk or drive for miles at low
tide upon the sands at the foot of the cliffs and find few places in which the ascent
to the railroad grade along the verge of the precipices above can be easily made.
The way is broken with narrow, deep canons or arroyos from the Santa Ynez
Mountains, and these are either filled or spanned by steel viaducts over which the
railroad crosses.

233 OVER THE RANGE

The marine view on this hundred-mile journey along the border line of the
continent, looking over the beautiful Santa Barbara Channel, is indescribable.
For but a few years has it been wholly accessible to travelers; indeed, before
the completion of the Coast Line there was not even a wagon-road west of Gaviota
along that picturesque headland, stretching to Points Concepcion and Arguello-
The magnificent panorama of sea and sky with the mountainous islands of the
Channel rising between, the changing colors of the ocean, and the particularly
vivid contrast of the green shore waters and the deep blue of the more distant sea,
the varied pathway of rocky headlands, deep canons with live-oaks and sycamores,
of green mesa and rounded peninsula and the background of the Santa Ynez
Mountains, give the wayfarer something not elsewhere to be found in all the world.

Naples. Naples station is on a headland commanding a particularly fine
view, but the village itself is hidden among the sycamores and oaks of the canon
just beyond, owning a never-failing stream of mountain water.

THE CANONS OF THE COAST LINE.

The country from Naples to Point Arguello (the western pillar of the Santa
Barbara Channel) is much alike throughout. The mountains are parallel with
the shore, and mesas run down from their foot to the cliffs. These mesas are
broken at tolerably regular intervals with canons. Many of these are deep and
broad, but they have been so nicely chiseled out of the mesa that they are not to
be noted until one comes squarely upon them. All are possessed of mountain
streams in winter; many have waters running to the sea perennially, and back in
ihe mountains nearly all have never-failing brooks. Each of these canons is
richly wooded with oak and sycamore, and each widens out back in the moun-
tains into a little valley, or perhaps a series of little valleys. Each canon is already
the home of many people, and as they become better known they are to be the
beautiful country estates of hundreds of people who wish an ideal climate with an
ideal rural environment. In driving or walking up these rifts, one notes the wealth
of vegetables and small fruits, of limes, lemons, lima beans, and oranges, and
particularly English walnuts. The mountain walls are varied, rugged, and pictur-
esque, the woodland scenes are unsurpassed in beauty, and the whole canon such
an ideal home spot that one wishing to get apart for awhile from the madding
crowd, would instinctively stop here. The canon, and the mesas between, belong
to a few large estates which have been held since the days of the old Spanish grants.
Of these some spots have been sold, and some sections are for sale; but there are
others which the owners desire for homes and will not part from, considering them
indeed as priceless. The beauty of the canons is shyly hid by protecting moun-
tains and groves; yet enough may be seen, together with the great beaches by the
cliffs, to make one dream of the not far distant day when along the shore line from
Santa Barbara to Surf there shall be one continuous succession of magnificent
homes and resorts; for the climate is all the way of that charming quality that made
Santa Barbara famous before the railroad crossed the Sierras.

The fertility of the canons and their valleys has been mentioned; the produc-
tiveness of the mesa is also remarkable. From the train the Santa Ynez Moun-
tains, picturesque and attractive as they are, show small cover of timber; but it
must not be inferred from this that the country lacks in fertility or in water. A
trip through the canons will dispel that idea. Those who know of the rather light
rainfall along the coast between Santa Barbara and Surf may be incredulous when

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 233

it is said that a crop failure is unknown. But it is true. The highest mesa, if
cultivated, yields a paving harvest. The soil is of such character that a rainy season
is not beneficial; there seems to be a reservoir beneath this land, and the capillary
attraction is sufficient to show it the way to the surface. The running springs out
on the very backbone of Point Concepcion, where the grass is green — when nearlv
all California has donned its robe of russet — tells of the plant life of the shore
country.

The mesa products are at present cattle, sheep, grain, hay, and oak wood.
These will be vastly varied and increased as the estates are subdivided.

Edwards City. Only a siding now across the canon westward from Naples,
but with that point soon to become a fine resort. Note the vie from the headland
with its great oaks.

Capitan, Orella, Tajiguas. Canon stations which will increase in
importance as the tributary estates are subdivided and sold. You catch glimpses
of beautiful beaches along here; the shell-gatherers will soon know them as among
the finest of the coast. Bathing may be enjoyed here the year round.

Alcatraz. Known for its great asphalt and oil plant. Oil is piped herefrom
the Cuyama wells. It is a model industrial colony, and the great rows of eucalyptus
trees, the pretty cottages, the well-kept grounds and buildings, all help make it very
attractive. One should note the historic old stage road that from Santa Barbara to
Gaviota is near the railroad. A hundred and twenty-five years ago it was "el
camino real" of the Franciscan friars, and for the last century has been one of the
famous stage highways of the West.

Gaviota. The station is midway between the Gaviota canon and Alcatraz on
the mesa. The little settlement of Gaviota may be seen crossing the high viaduct
above the wharf. It is a stage station, and daily stages run to Los Olivos twenty miles
distant through Gaviota Pass. It may also be noted that the stage office is a private
dwelling, a farm-house, a post-office, a restaurant, a telephone office, a steamship
office, a general store, and a hotel. The Gaviota Pass to the north is beautiful. A
mile from the emporium, the backbone of a mountain has been worn through by the
stream, each portal being immense rocks several hundred feet high, and so scarred
and twisted, with such varying strata, as to justify close study.

The Overhanging Rock. The stream wore only a passageway for it;
narrow width, so a bridge must need span it between these portals. Just beyond is
the marvelous overhanging rock. One can stand in the roadway and look up at this
great mass of granite, hundreds of tons in weight, hanging direct overhead fifty feet
above you. It is not the projecting arm of the cliff, but a separate rounded rock that
seems to cling to the cliff side without any reason whatever. It is said that every
person whose attention has been unexpectedly called to this overhanging boulder
has instinctively "moved on." Here the Indians proposed to waylay General
Fremont on his California journey, in 1846, but he wisely chose a less rocky pass-
Just above are two locally famous hot springs, which time will develop.

Sacate, Santa Anita, San Augustine, Gato, stations which
mark pretty beaches, fertile fields, and cattle ranches.

Concepcion. The station is in the center of the neck of the point near the
cold springs. Seaward rises the great rock, two hundred and fifty feet high, on which
the white houses of the light house-keepers' stand. It marks the end of Point Con-
cepcion, and is perhaps the most picturesque cliff on the Pacific Coast. It is the end
of the Santa Barbara Channel, and on its western side is washed by the waters of

234 OVER THE RANGE

the Pacific. The lighthouse is not visible from the train until one is many miles
west. It is not on the top of the gigantic shelf, but on a rocky shelf part way down.
The fuel, etc., for the lighthouse are chuted from the top of the rock some hundred
feet down to this shelf, to which a narrow stair also leads. From the top of the rock
is one of the finest ocean views on the Facific Coast. The surf effects at the foot of
the rock during or soon after a storm are tremendous beyond description. The Point
Concepcion peninsula is itself very pretty and fertile. Many thousands of cattle
find pasture hereabouts.

The hot springs of the point are already well known, and this with the fine beach
and equitable climate, make the success of the proposed resort unquestioned.

Jalama. On the inner curve of the bay between Points Concepcion and Ar-
guello, at the mouth of Jalama Creek, which leads back into the mountains into a
beautiful valley, the ruins of adobe ranch-houses a century old tell of the
good judgment of the Franciscan friars. They found the beautiful places of the
Pacific Coast seemingly without effort. The Jalama Hot Springs are worthy of
mention.

Point Argliello. A jagged, sea-worn point, which perhaps better than
Point Concepcion marks the meeting-point of ocean and channel. The government
has recently erected a lighthouse, in which the revolving light is operated by com-
pressed air. Here the line turns northward. We pass Honda and Weser (fertile
country in the interior), and reach

Surf, set on a rocky, shelf-like cliff between the sand dunes and the sea. Here
the Pacific is unrolled as one great picture. It is the junction of the main line with
the Lompoc branch.

LompOC and Lompoc Valley. The Lompoc Valley, watered by the
Santa Ynez River, is one of California's finest valleys. It extends^ eastward under
the brow of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Tributary to Lompoc are one hundred and
forty thousand acres of farming and grazing land. Of the twenty-seven thousand
acres of rich farming land, fifteen thousand acres arc ir. the Lompoc Valley proper,
all of which in time will doubtless be given over to appbs, apricots, prunes, cherries,
and vegetables and small fruits, requiring intensive farming. The Santa Ynez
River is available for irrigation at nominal expense, and while there have never
been crop failures, irrigation, as more scientific, will be adopted in time.

The Lompoc Colony was organized in 1874, and so well pleased were the fifteen
hundred people who came in during the next five years by stage and steamer, that
none left willingly. Now that the valley is crossed by the main Coast Line, its four
thousand population is expected to increase largely.

The climate is unexcelled, the summer maximum being eighty-nine degrees, and
the winter minimum twenty-four degrees. The nights are always cool, the distance
to the sea being but nine miles. Ocean Avenue, eighty feet wide, all macadamized
and sprinkled daily, runs from the town to the beach. There are many fine scenic
drives among the mountains, including one through Miguelito Canon to the cave on
the Hondo, where a prehistoric artist has put to blush the old masters with his
quaint drawings. In the winter and spring the valley is a wild-flower garden.

La Purissima Mission is three miles from the town; founded in 1787, and is one
of the most interesting of the missions, but is now rapidly crumbling.

The products of the valley are indicated by the exports in carload lots of barley,
lime rock, potatoes, apples, mustard seed, infusorial earth, apricots, beets, and beans,
the total amounting to over a thousand cars per annum. Lompo~ apples captured

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 235

first medals at the New Orleans Exposition and the Chicago World's Fair. The
valley raises one-half of the mustard seed used in this country, and is the second
apple-producing section in California. Land is worth from twenty to one hundred
and twenty-five dollars per acre.

The town is well built with many fine homes. It is well lighted, has good side-
walks, macadamized streets, a fine water system, grammar and high school buildings.
There are seven churches, a bank, two hotels, and two newspapers. Fraternal orders
are unusually strong. Lompoc adjoins the foothills, its orchards and fields in front
of it. There is fine hunting and fishing in the wild mountains surrounding the
valley, with deer, mountain lion, and even bear now and then to lend excitement to
the chase, regardless of who is chased.

Tangair, Narlon, ami Alltoilio. In order, after crossing the Santa
Ynez River are stations for the "back country," with oak-covered hills and valleys
full of wheat. A country of great oil and asphalt deposits and many cattle and
dairy ranches.

Casmalia. Shipping-point for fertile interior valleys and hills. It is the rail-
road station for large asphalt mines, and for oil wells some nine or ten miles in the
interior. It may be mentioned here that the asphalt deposits of Santa Barbara
County along the Coast Line are of vast extent, and the product is of the greatest
purity known, running up to seventy-six degrees in the raw material. The country
about Casmalia is rich in dairy and farming possibilities. Large quantities of butter
and eggs are shipped daily. Beans and mustard seed have proved in the last few
years to be fine crops. Hogs, potatoes, asphalt, wheat, oats, and barley are shipped
in carload lots, and as soon as a pipe line is completed from the oil wells in the
interior oil shipments will be heavy. The wealth of this section so far has gone
almost unrealized and unknown; but the "closing of the gap" will soon change
all that.

Schumann and Waldorf. These are flag stops along the edge of the
beautiful Santa Maria Valley, which appears in view just after leaving Casmalia.
Waldorf lies near a famous asphalt mine.

Guadalupe. The railroad leaves the mountains and crosses the mouth of the
great Santa Maria Valley. Midway is the old Spanish town of Guadalupe, now
awakening from a long time sleep to a commercial activity that could not be avoided
after the completion of the Coast Line. The town itself, lying slightly north of the
station, is a pleasant place of five hundred people, with a bank, warehouse, brick
business blocks, and several creameries. The land about it is unexcelled for bean,
beet, potato, and barley culture. There are two beautiful drives to the famous Pismo
Beach.

The Santa Maria Valley, largest in all Santa Barbara County, and third among
those of the Coast section, is forty miles long by ten miles wide. From the sea its
direction is eastward, trending southerly midway. Lying between the ranges of the
Coast Mountains, with a famous climate and a richness of soil not anywhere exceeded,
this great valley will, within ten years' time, have tripled its present population.
There are not five thousand people in the valley, and it could easily support fifty
thousand. In driving through it, one is impressed by the uniform richness of the
land. Even more so than the Lompoc Valley is the area between the mountains
level. The soil is a rich black deposit, like that of Illinois or Iowa, save the more
sandy stretches along the Santa Maria River. Every acre is richly productive.
Here, as in the Lompoc Valley, good valley land can be bought for fifty to one hun-

236 OVER THE RANGE

dred and fifty dollars per acre, depending upon the nearness to town, etc. Cattle
ranches and hill lands generally are much cheaper.

The oldest settler in Santa Maria, who has lived there forty years, says that they
have never had a crop failure. In the two driest years California ever had they did
not suffer. Indians were at one time very plentiful, as also was game of all kinds.
The bears, three or four in a sociable party, thought nothing of walking through
the streets of Santa Maria town by night. Now the Indians for the most part have
taken the low trail over the ridge. Back in the mountains bear are still at home,
and in the wilderness of hills and valleys about the central valley is most excellent
hunting and fishing.

The Santa Maria Valley will produce eight to ten thousand acres of beans, six
thousand acres of sugar beets, several thousand acres of grain — chiefly barley — ■
considerable fruit, potatoes, onions, and vegetables, twenty cars of butter, eggs,
and cheese, a few hundred cars of hogs and cattle, some mustard, and large quan-
tities of oil and asphalt per annum. The resources of the country are scarcely
scratched.

Just before reaching Guadalupe, we look down from the train on the hillside
upon the large buildings of the Union Sugar Company, located on a spur five miles
from Guadalupe station, at Betteravia. This side will be noted Guadalupe Lake,
which is almost a half a mile wide and four miles long, having two arms. It is a
beautiful lake with green banks. Fishing and duck hunting are good.

The factory, which draws its water supply from the lake, can crush five hundred
tons of beets daily. The buildings cost five hundred thousand dollars. The farm
belonging to the factory has four thousand two hundred acres, of which a large part
is given over to beets. Limestone is brought from the Lompoc Valley. It is ex-
pected that in a few years the one hundred thousand acres of good beet land, tribu-
tary to the factory, will cause it to increase its capacity tenfold. This season it will
crush about eighty-five thousand tons of beets.

Santa Maria, the business center of the valley, is about ten miles from Guada-
lupe, its Southern Pacific station. Stages afford connections with all trains. The
town is well planned, with very broad streets, good business blocks, and fine homes,
with an unusual amount of fruit and flowers. Set in the center of the valley, in the
midst of a large level area, the view of the encircling mountains is superb. Santa
Maria is a lively and prosperous town, and would be heard of more often were it in
closer touch with the outside world. A narrow-gauge railroad (P. C. R. R.) runs
to San Luis Obispo and to Los Olivos, and a broad gauge branch from Guadalupe
is looked for. The mercantile business done is all out of proportion to the size of
the town. It has two papers, a bank, and a savings bank, several fraternal orders, a
good water system, etc. The people are all prosperous, there not being a single
industry that is going backward. The apple and apricot crops are becoming
important. Water supply, springs and surface water, is abundant.

It is doubtful, indeed, if any part of the country offers any one willing to work
greater opportunities, from an agricultural or horticultural point of view, than
the Lompoc and Santa Maria Valleys.

Broiliela and Callender are in the Santa Maria Valley and are enjoying
prosperity. Many beans are shipped from Bromela.

TO THE GOLDEX GATE. 237

OCEANO TO SAN MIGUEL, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.

OceailO. A town of one hundred people, lies within a few hundred yards of
the Pismo Beach, which is sixteen miles long and several hundred yards wide. It
has, therefore, fine possibilities with the neighboring stations to the north as a resort
place, but its importance as a commercial station is already deserving of attention.
It is the entrance to the rich Arroyo Grande valley. Three miles away is the town
of Arroyo Grande. Near it is the famous McClure seed farm of four hundred acres,
whence arc shipped each year hundreds of tons of garden and vegetable seeds to
the leading seed houses of the east and Europe. The Arroyo Grande district is of
unexcelled richness. Its lower districts produce immense crops of beans, celery,
beets, strawberries, blackberries, onions, potaoes, and all garden truck; its apples,
walnuts, oranges, pears, apricots and peaches are famous, and on its hillsides thou-
sands of tons of barley are grown annually. The water supply is fine and unfailing.
A large part of the area under cultivation is "cleared willow land."

Arroyo Grande. The town of Arroyo Grande is beautifully located on the
stream of that name in the center of the district bearing its name, a collection of very
rich va leys and arroyos with low cultivated hills intervening. The population is
one thousand. There are several fine stores, a bank, a good schoolhouse, a news-
paper, a hotel and some of the prettiest homes in the State. The town is growing
rapidly. While Oceano is its principal railway station, the Pacific Coast Narrow
Gauge Railway gives connection with San Luis Obispo and Santa Maria. The
walnuts, apples and lemons of Arroyo Grande Valley are not surpassed anywhere,
and as a vegetable country it certainly knows beans. Newsom Hot Springs, six
miles from Arroyo Grande, are destined to become a fine resort. Good hotel and
bath accommodation are now afforded.

The Great Beach Drive. Pismo Beach has already been referred to
as the finest beach in America. A magnificent trip is the drive from Oceano along
this beach to Pismo, thence up the canon via the famous Sycamore Hot Springs
to San Luis Obispo, or vice versa — a combination of sea and mountain, beach and
canon. A letter to the secretary of the San Luis Obispo Board of Trade will
result in a team meeting you at Oceano.

Grover. Grover adjoins Pismo Beach, and in a few years will be one of the
best summer resorts of that magnificent beach. Already hundreds of people camp
here during the summer.

Edna. A progressive community on the Corral de Piedro Rancho of thirty
thousand acres, six miles south of San Luis Obispo. It is famous for its walnuts, and
raises fine crops of grain, sugar beets, beans, cattle, hogs, and horses. The fruit
orchards and vineyards pay well. The population of two hundred is too health}- to
support a physician. Valley land is worth one hundred dollars per acre, and hill
land from ten dollars up.

Sail Luis Obispo. City of the Pyramids, the county-seat of San Luis Obispo
County, home of the mission of the same name, the commercial center of one of the
richest and most varied sections of California, and withal a beautiful town with old
fig and olive trees, orange and walnut trees, and vines with flowers everywhere adorn-
ing it tastefully. It is built amid a cluster of pyramidal mountain peaks, isolated
and on the different sides of the town, lending with the ridges elsewhere a picturesque
outline to the horizon. The city is by a plunging stream, San Luis Obispo Creek,
that comes from the canon above the town. The site of San Luis Obispo is undu-

238 OVER THE RANGE

lating, so that one may be on a hill, a hillside, a level, or in an arroyo and not go
far; yet each seems to have an easy way of approach, so that a comprehensive
journey is not tiresome. The well-laid out city is finely built, with many shade
trees, excellent water system, electric light and gas systems, etc. In location it
resembles Los Angeles, though nearer the ocean. The summer temperature has a
maximum of ninety-four degrees; the winter minimum is thirty-two degrees. Lemon
trees thrive throughout the town, and roses grow the year round.

San Luis Obispo, though a very busy commercial place, offers unusual attrac-
tions to tourists. The Hotel Ramona, with its two hundred well-furnished rooms
has a commanding location for the sightseers to whom it caters.

The many drives include a twelve-mile ride to the magnificent Pismo Beach
already spoken of, a seven-mile trip to the famous Sycamore Hot Springs with its
good sulphur plunge and private bath located amid a beautiful sycamore grove, a
nine-mile journey to Avila Beach, near Port Harford, a visit to the picturesque
Port Harford itself, a fourteen-mile excursion to famous Morro, with its singular
rock towering out of its bay, and a seven-mile ride up beautiful Reservoir canon.
Port Harford, Avila, and Sycamore Springs are also reached by the Pacific Coast
Narrow Gauge Railway. Pleasant trips to the interior are made over the Cuesta
grade to Oak Park and Arroyo Grande. In the heart of the city is the old mission,
San Luis Obispo del Tolosa, founded in 1772; visitors are welcomed.

San Luis Obispo has indeed all the necessary attractions to make it a most charm-
ing place of residence for people seeking temporarily or permanently a place of
great attractiveness and ideal climate.

The city has three banks, five churches, thirteen hundred school-children, high
school, grammar school, etc., and leading fraternal orders are represented. The
new state polytechnic school is to be located here, the site having been purchased by
the trustees. Extensive railroad terminals and shops are being built, and the town
is growing faster than at any previous period. The streets are broad, lined with
poplars, eucalyptus, and pepper trees, and in the business section are paved. The
business blocks are of stone and brick and are imposing. The city owns its water
system. The sewer, gas, and electric systems are good. The value of city
improvements is about one million five hundred thousand dollars. The Board
of Trade is unusually active.

North of San Luis Obispo is one of the best cattle, grain, and dairy sections on
the Coast. South and west large crops of beans and mustard seed are raised, and
to the southeast much fruit and nuts. In Los Osas Valley citrus fruits pay, while
over towards the coast about Mono and Cayucos dairy products each year means
hundreds of carloads. Beyond is the historic mining town of Cambria, with its
quicksilver and other mines. Yet beyond is the magnificent Piedras Blancas Ranch
of forty-eight thousand acres. Six miles north of its port, San Simeon, is the tall
tower of the Piedras Blancas Lighthouse.

In San Luis Obispo County there are perennial streams everywhere. It is a
well-watered country, and irrigation is little practiced because of plentiful rainfall
on the sea side of the ranges; but scientific farming is going to irrigate.

The population of the county is about eighteen thousand, and the assessed valua-
tion eleven millions five hundred thousand dollars. It can easily support ten times
the present number of its inhabitants.

The Horseshoe Incline. Leaving San Luis Obispo the Coast Line climbs
upwards into the Santa Lucia Mountains. Just above San Luis Obispo is a remark-
able inclined horseshoe that as an engineering feat is far more picturesque than

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 239

that of the Pennsylvania. The road crosses the stream some two hundred feet above
its surface, and then describes a horseshoe that all the way is on a steady grade.
Within two miles of the bridge crossing one may look down from the upper arm of
the horseshoe and see the track over which the train has just passed, some two hun
dred feet below and apparently running abruptly into the mountainside at right-
angles to the present line of motion.

The trip through the Santa Lucia Mountains is beautiful. Of this Edouard de
Reszke said, in the winter of 1902, "Nothing in Switzerland I have seen is so beau-
tiful." The road clings to the face of the wall, and looking down charming views
are had of the fertile little valleys far below. The Santa Lucia Mountains are
vividly green a large part of the year, and are well watered with some thirty inches
annually of rain. There is fine trout-fishing and good hunting in these half -unex-
plored mountains. Passing Goldtree, an important grain-shipping point, Serrano,
and Cuesta we reach Santa Margarita.

Sailta Marg'arita. A shipping-point of importance for some of the finest
hay that ever grew, and for cattle, sheep, and hogs, also wood. The town of four
hundred people is pleasantly located in the forest of oaks. Its elevation is a thou-
sand feet. It rains here in winter forty to forty-five inches, and irrigation lecturers
get no hearers. Surrounding the town is the famous Santa Margarita Ranch of
twenty-five thousand acres.

From Santa Margarita the way leads downward through magnificent oak forests
into the great Salinas Valley. On the way we pass Havel, Atascadero, and Asuncion,
bordering the great Henry Ranch, rich in timber, grain, hay, and stock. Some day
this great stretch of land subdivided, with its five mountain streams, rolling hills
and fertile valleys, will afford homes for thousands. There are beautiful waterfalls
back in the mountains.

Templeton. Is a lively town of four hundred people at the head of the Salinas
Valley. Several thousand tons of wheat, unexcelled anywhere, are shipped each
year, while the local flour mill takes care of its share. Crops are assured by an
annual rainfall of over thirty inches. Wheat, while the staple, is by no means the
overshadowing product. Templeton is one of the chief wood-shipping points in
the State, several hundred cars being shipped each year.

Among the fruits grown successfully are apples, prunes, peaches, figs, cherries,
plums, and grapes. Land prices are marvelously low, fertility considered, running
from twenty to fifty dollars per acre. There are several thousand acres of paying
vineyards and orchards, one apple orchard covering two hundred acres.

The upper Salinas Valley is remarkable as a place for poultry, hogs, and live
stock, which seem here to be particularly favored by the delightful climate. A
rancher may pay his living expenses from his poultry alone.

Templeton is built in a live-oak park, with an acre of beauty in the center reserved.
It has a fine school-house and good schools. Excellent roads lead into the mountain
passes and neighboring valleys. We follow the Salinas River another five miles
and then come upon the second city of San Luis Obispo County, and one of the
most famous hot springs resorts of America.

Paso Robles and Paso Robles Hot Springs. Beautiful El Paso
de Robles, the pass of oaks, is a charming town of fifteen hundred people, lying be-
tween the Santa Lucia Mountains to the west and the main coast range to the east in
the upper Salinas Valley. It is built between the Salinas River bank and the foot-
hills of the Santa Lucia. The city is amid a natural oak park. In i»s center is a
plaza of trees and flowers, and opposite is the great Hot Springs hotel.

240 OVER THE RANGE

The Hotel El Paso Robles is surrounded by beautiful grounds. It is a three-
story brick structure and, of course, has all modern improvements. The
spacious verandas of the hotel, unsurpassed in California, are an enjoyable
feature. In connection with the hotel are run the wonderful Paso Robles Hot
Springs, which have made the town famous. The main bath-house, costing
twenty-five thousand dollars, is near the hotel. There are also mud-baths and sand-
baths under the hotel management. People suffering from rheumatism, chronic
and inflammatory, or from any of the long list of nervous, circulatory, and skin dis-
orders, are cured here so readily that crutches and similar badges of discourage-
ment are like drugs on the market in P?so Robles — unnecessary. There is a resi-
dent physician to take charge of the crutches.

Paso Robles is not a health-resort only. It is one of the most pleasant pleasure
places ever visited. Quail, rabbits, wild pigeons, and doves — it is the most notable
dove section in the world — and trou* in the mountain streams, meet sportsmen more
than half-way. What J. Ross Browne wrote of this section of the valley, then known
as Santa Margarita, is, as Charles Howard Shinn has said, a description that appeals
as true:

"I have wandered over many a bright and beautiful land, but never have I seen
a country so richly favored by nature as California, and never a more lovely valley
than Santa Margarita, in the whole wide world. There is nothing comparable to
the mingled wildness and repose of such a scene, the rich and glowing sky, the illim-
itable distance."

Paso Robles' climate is of such healthful character that doctors depend upon
visitors. The midsummer days are sometimes rather warm; the nights are inva-
riably cool. In winter frost sometimes comes. No germs exist here, the sulphur in
the atmosphere discouraging th°m. Fever and ague die on the road, smallpox would
not remain over night, and the old residents have no such word as malaria in their
vocabulary.

Commercially, the town has a magnificent territory extending twenty miles west-
ward, sixty east. Paso Robles is connected by stage with the tributary towns,
Cholame, Creston, and Shandon to the east and Adelaide to the west. The territory
to the east is devoted to grain and stock; to the west quicksilver mines are becoming
industries of great importance. The upper Salinas Valley is a great wheat country,
and recently from Paso Robles alone were forwarded nearly fifteen hundred carloads
of wheat, flour, and millstuffs. Dairying, fruit-growing, poultry-farms, wine-mak-
ing, and cattle and hog raising offer good returns. Apples and pears are to be very
profitable crops. The Salinas Valley furnishes an unlimited water-supply, and
while the annual rainfall is always sufficient, if at the right time, irrigation is so easy
and inexpensive that the scientific use of water through that channel is becoming
more and more popular. Paso Robles has a high school and lower grades, a twenty-
five-thousand-dollar school-house, churches, fraternal orders, etc. There is a pro-
gressive board of trade.

Stlllta Y.sal>el. Is a magnificent estate, with hills and lowlands, canons and
mesa. There is an old bungalow there, which is mostly veranda and latticed windows,
and hammocks, where the sun never interferes with the interior, because the roses
climb everywhere protectingly in the way. There are more beautiful rides and
drives through oak -dotted uplands and unfenced parks than the most energetic will
become acquainted with in a month. Then there is the lake.

Lake Ysabel lies a little way from the farm-house, a pleasant canon walk. Think
of a lake, an actual lake of mineral water such as you pay fifty cents a quart for

24 2 OVER THE RANGE

to drink, lying in a beautiful canon, sufficiently warm to go bathing in in mid-winter,
and no different in mid-summer. It's unique, a. id really affords a plunge that has
no parallel. Further up the canon are the great springs, the largest hot springs in
California, with individual tub-baths, which are just a little different from any other-
Standing on Ysabel Summit and looking out over the five hundred square miles
of valleys and rolling hills, of mountain ridges and river sands, seeing in the fall the
russet and gold of autumn ripened among the oak-forests, or in the spring the vivid
green of a carpet of new life bounded by the horizon along the ridges, one must
recognize the beauty of the Upper Salinas; a: vividly recognize it as its clear atmos-
phere sets forth, photochrome like, its wealth of color, its variety of detail, and it-
bewildering immensity.

The government has chosen the Nacimiento Ranch of twenty thousand acres as
a permanent camp and manceuvering ground for the army in the west. The site is
a magnificent one, and the camp will be another attraction of the towns of Paso
Robles and San Miguel. After Wellsona, r flag-station, the thriving town of San
Miguel is at hand. Hereabouts we may see the great combined reapers and thresh-
ers in the wheat-fields.

Sail Mig'liel . San Miguel is also of the oaks, and shares the advantages of the
Upper Salinas with Templeton and Paso Robles. It has a place of unusual interest
in San Miguel Mission, founded in 1797, by Father Lasuen, one of the Franciscan
friars. The mission is built to withstand the centuries. At one time there was an
aqueduct eight miles long and fifteen-foot adobe wall two miles long surrounding
the buildings and plaza. It speaks volumes for the fertility of this country, when
it is learned that within twenty years these peaceful friars, coming unheralded among
the savages, had livestock under the care of the mission worth over three million
dollars and used land valued at ten million dollars.

San'Miguel is a shipping-point for wheat and flour, like Paso Robles. Its popu-
lation is about five hundred, and its future is very bright. There are many beaun
ful trips to be made from San Miguel into Indian Valley, up Nacimiento and San
Antonio rivers. The Improvement Club is a mine of information.

Before leaving this section, mention should be made the Carisa plain east oi
the mountains that one sees eastward from the train. This plateau is over fourteen
hundred feet in average elevation, and in the southwest part is Painted Rock,
hollow sandstone hill with a chamber in the center two hundred and twenty-five feet
long and one hundred and twenty feet wide, with the sky for a roof. The United
States Bureau of Ethnology has dissertated upon the wonderful Indian petroglyphics
that are painted in red, white, and black upon the v. dls of this chamber, and arrived
at conclusions equally interesting with those of Mr. Pickwick's learned sociecv
They are worthy of a visit from either Paso Robles or San Miguel.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Bradley, San Ardo, and San Lncas. Are business centers, with flag
stations of Wunpost and Upland alternating, of a country so rich that it would make
the Blue Nile country blue indeed to know of it. Needs more extensive irrigation
systems, because the rainfall is irregular, though the inhabitants are prosperous.
Some of them, with an awakened ambition to become millionaires, are now irrigat-
ing. The people hereabout sell several million pounds of wheat and large
quantities of butter, eggs, and wool, and Angora goats. They ship several
trains of cattle, and, like the older towns on both sides, have good asphalt, oil

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 243

and coal indications awaiting enterprise. The promising Stone Canon Coal
Mine has a ledge of fine steam coal sixteen feet thick, and of unmeasured
depth, twenty-five miles northeast of Bradley. Oil experts predict that this
will become one of the great oil sections of California. Nearly a thousand
square miles of territory are tributary to these stations. Irrigation and extensive
farming will increase the products and land values hereabout tenfold. The climate
is delightful, never oppressively hot in the summer, and never very chill in the winter.
The old inhabitants neither die nor move away, but remain to speak well of the
climate and the hard winter they spent when they went East in '57.

Sail Antonio Mission. West of San Lucas twelve miles (but reached more
easily by stage from Kings City) is the beautiful Jolon Valley, a fine fruit section,
and beyond the wonderful San Antonio country, where the discerning eyes of the
Mission Fathers saw so fair a spot that they founded a mission there July 14, 1771,
when Boston was yet paying tribute to the king. The mission is crumbling sadly
because of lack of care. Through the rich valley runs the broad San Antonio River,
joining the Salinas near Bradley. Dr. A. A. Wheeler describes the mountains back
of the mission as among the most interesting, scenically and geologically, in
America.

King's City. This station has a large tributary area, with a great deal of fertile
land yet unimproved. Here an irrigation system is making excellent headway. It is
the forerunner of an immense irrigation system with a reservoir in the mountains to
the west. Kings City speaks of the wealth of its surrounding country in trainload after
trainload of barley, wheat, sugar-beets, hogs, cattle, and sheep. Land under the
irrigation system draining from the Salinas River sells for fifty dollars an acre and
upward; hill land, to be very valuable in a few years, is held at fifteen or sixteen dol-
lars per acre. The pleasant climate is very beneficial for lung trouble sufferers.
There are many mountain resorts near by. There are good hotels, schools, and
churches, and several fraternal orders. Almost any farm product can be produced
in this rich country, but scientific farming demands that it shall be under irrigation.
The winters are no colder than those of Southern California; the summer days get
the Monterey Bay breezes, and are pleasant.

Metz. Is a grain, beet, and cattle-shipping station, growing every year in im-
portance.

SolccUlfl . A town of two hundred people, twenty-five miles south of Salinas,
with a good hotel, schools, and the ruins of the old famous Soledad Mission. This
mission was founded in 1791, and is one of the oases provided by the padres for
sundown stops between San Diego and San Francisco. Soledad is rich in its pro-
duction of sugar-beets, potatoes, beans, alfalfa, and onions, with forty thousand acres
of wheat and barley as a mainstay. Ruins of an aqueduct eight miles long, from
the Arroyo Seco, built by the Franciscans a hundred years ago, are yet visible, a
lesson for the residents of to-day, who have to learn well the use of an irrigation
ditch. Near by is the Salvation Army colony.

Three hours east of Soledad are the Pinnacles; to the south is the romantic
Arroyo Seco, with its trout and quail and deer and mountain scenery, awaiting
sportsman and naturalist. Off in the Santa Lucia Mountains is a wilderness of
beautiful country, named La Calera by the Spaniards and known to us Americans
as the Lost Valley. In beauty and grandeur of scenery it has few equals, even in
California. The best known resort near Soledad is Paraiso Springs.

The Pinnacles. Fourteen miles east of Soledad are The Pinnacles.

Vancouver, the famous voyaeer. was sent out by the British Government a few

244 OVER THE RANGE

years after the close of the Revolutionary war to explore the west coast of California.
He spent several years on the coast, and by order of the king, his voyages were
published about the beginning of the last century.

In these old volumes is an engraving of a castle-like mountain. The text
describes a wonderful mountain near Monterey, which resembled, with its pin-
nacles, domes, and spires, an old castle. It impressed Vancouver as the most
remarkable scenic feature on the Pacific coast.

A visit reveals one of the greatest natural wonders of America. Some ten
square miles of volcanic mountain is riven and cleft into great domes and turrets
of rocks surmounted with spires and pinnacles. Many of the gorges are roofed
over by immense masses of conglomerate two hundred feet or more in each dimen-
sion falling from the precipice edges above. Here are sheer walls of fifteen hundred
feet, great caves, and curious shapes of conglomerate rock similar to the Colorado
Garden of the Gods.

The Pinnacles may be reached via Hollister and Tres Pinos from the north or
eastward from Soledad. The wagon roads are good.

ParaiSO Springs. This Carlsbad of America, with its arsenic, soda, and sul-
phur springs, is an hour's ride from Soledad, among the pines and oaks of the Santa
Lucia Mountains between Soledad and the sea. The springs cure almost every-
thing, the prices are reasonable, and the accommodations excellent. It is a fine
place to go to get well, and better, if well, to have a good time. Here is mountain-
climbing, fishing, deer and quail hunting. Paraiso has its own fine orange orchard,
berry farm, dairy, apple orchard, etc., and hundreds of people spend a month here
every year.

Gonzales. Tributary to this town of five hundred people are sixty thousand
acres of rich land. The place has three churches, excellent schools, a bank, and
several large business houses. Fruit-growing is a remunerative industry. Belle-
fleur and Newtown pippins among apples, and all varieties of prunes, pears,
peaches, apricots, berries, cherries, and plums are excellent bearers. Sugar-beets
and potatoes have yielded large returns in the last two years, and dairying perhaps
is at present the best paying industry of all. Cheese and butter from alfalfa grown
on river lands, constitute large daily shipments. Here, as elsewhere along the
entire Salinas Valley, irrigation by using the inexhaustible supply of sub-surface
water of the Salinas River is a simple proposition. The Gonzales Water Company
has found within thirty feet of the surface an immeasurable supply of water, and the
trade winds and the windmills do the rest.

Cliualar. Chualar has a tributary section of twenty thousand acres, of which
sixteen thousand belong to one man. The soil is of great richness, just as it is else-
where in the Salinas Valley, and only subdivision and irrigation are necessary to
give a comfortable living to hundreds of families on twenty to thirty acre holdings.
The climate is excellent. Eighty-seven degrees is the summer's maximum, and
thirty degrees above, the winter's minimum; but the present system of tenant farm-
ing in this beautiful locality does not tend toward permanent improvements.
Chualar ships a hundred cars of products annually. The schools are good, old
settlers are numerous and very healthy.

We ride through the lower valley into Salinas, through Spence, a barley-shipping
point, and Spreckels Junction, whence a three-mile branch goes to the door of the
great sugar factory.

Salinas. The metropolis of the lower Salinas Valley, and the county-seat of
Monterey County, is charmingly located between Gabilan and Santa Lucia Ranges

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 245

<>t the Coast Mountains ten miles from Monterey Bay, which marks the end of the
valley. Its population is three thousand five hundred, it lias three of the best
hotels in the state, a good lire department, a main street lined with brick business
houses that would be a credit to a town of twenty thousand inhabitants, good street
pavements and sidewalks, three prosperous banks, gas and electric works, opera-
house, etc. The fraternal orders are very strong, and there are seven church build-
ings. The Salinas high school is accredited to the State University. Twenty
teachers point the way of progress. The town is a train-terminal, and the railroad
payroll is large. The houses are pretty and well kept, with an amazing wealth of
flowers.

The climate of Salinas is unsurpassed by that of any other section. The winter
minimum rarely touches the frost line, and the summer maximum falls short of
ninety degrees. Proximity to Monterey Bay, w r ith its superb evenness of temperature,
is responsible.

Salinas is a place of interest to tourists, and is attracting much attention. A new
and charming fifteen-mile drive to Mt. Toro is being laid out. From Mt. Toro one
may look down upon the green Salinas Valley, with its silver thread of a river wind-
ing northward, and turning, watch the blue waters of Monterey Bay break in their
crescent line upon the wooded shores. A hundred and fifty miles eastward the snow
roofs of the Sierras glisten, and off to the south peaks lean upon peaks, mountain
walls terrace one another, and green valleys show gayly amid the darker foliage of
the shadowing hills. Another charming drive is to Watsonville, and there are many
others also; but of all, the finest is to Del Monte and Monterey. Among the most
pleasant trips in the Coast Line country is the bicycle ride from Salinas to Del
Monte. The way is over a good road across the Salinas Valley, by the Spreckles
factor}', over the river, and then between oak and pine and redwood covered moun-
tains down to the shores of Monterey Bay, with such changing vistas, by such
templed hills, underneath arching woods, around the mountain brows — mountain,
valley, and bay flashing upon the view — that one carries away an impression in-
effaceable as it is indescribable. Visitors can well afford to stop off at Salinas
and reach the famous Del Monte, Monterey, and Pacific Grove over this charm-
ing road.

The country around Salinas is so productive, that it may be well to prepare your
mind with a few figures. The Spreckels Sugar Factory, three miles from town,
crushed in 1901 two hundred and seventy-one thousand three hundred and twenty-
two tons of sugar-beets, of which one hundred and forty-one thousand two hundred
and eighty tons were grown immediately tributary to Salinas. Here is one of the
large flour mills of California, shipping by the carload every day to China and points
nearer by. Train load after train load of barley and potatoes is forwarded . Among
the carload products may be mentioned cattle, potatoes, hogs, hay, oats, onions,
horses, goats; and from Spreckels sugar, beet-pulp, apples, and molasses.

Many potato growers in the Salinas and Pajaro valleys have cleared from
one hundred and twenty-five to two hundred dollars per acre. The sugar-beet
farmers received at the factor} - four dollars and fifty cents per ton, the price
being fixed in advance. The yield ranged from eight to thirty tons per .:> re,
the average being thirteen, so that, investment and assurance of returns considered,
the results to the farmers are very satisfactory. The cattle-owners are making
money rapidly, and, as elsewhere, the dairy farmers have more money than they
know how to invest. A Salinas banker said that — and he knows. Of course the
vegetable returns last season wen- exceptional, but no potato-grower is apt to leave

246 OVER THE RANGE

that business for any other very soon. The Salinas Burbank potato commands the
highest price in every market in which it has been sold.

Deciduous fruits and berries do well here, and are attracting much attention.
Apples, pears, quinces, plums, cherries, nectarines, prunes, figs, almonds, walnuts,
raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, currants, etc., are being grown with profit.
The average rainfall at Salinas during the last twenty years has been fifteen inches,
the minimum nine inches and the maximum twenty-one. Irrigation is practiced
some with such results that an immense reservoir is soon to be constructed in the
mountains.

Tassajara Springs. Among the charming mountain resorts near Salinas
are Tassajara Springs. They are reached by stage from Salinas. These eighteen
mineral springs, varying from cold water to that of one hundred and forty-five
degrees, are pronounced by the Smithsonian Institute equal to any known.

The springs are in the midst of a wilderness above that superb scenic river, the
Arroyo Seco, one of the best trout streams in the state. The hunting in this
wildest part of the Coast Range is also excellent. The two-story stone hotel fur-
nishes good accommodations. The location, eight miles from the ocean, sixteen
hundred and fifty feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by peaks and crags,
forest-covered, speaks for the climate. A road from a nearer point on the railroad
s projected, but as a matter of fact the wildness and comparative isolation of Tas-
sajara, w r ith its hundred or more guests, are but added charms to the mountain lover.

Spreekels Sugar Refinery, three miles west of Salinas on the banks of the
river near the foot of the mountains; the most prominent object on the level floor of the
valley is this great refinery, largest in the world, crushing in the busy season three thou-
sand tons of beets daily. The works are models of ingenuity. The factory has an
interior electric railway, which will serve to illustrate the scientific nature of its equip-
ment. Cars run automatically to chutes, stop automatically, and enter an elevator,
and are taken thence automatically to another floor, where they leave the elevator
of their own accord, and automatically dispose of their loads to the proper place,
returning automatically by another elevator to renew the trip. These intelligent
machines require the services of only one man to see that the tracks are not blocked
by sugar, which may spill overboard. There is a model town, school, and post-office
in connection with the factory. A narrow-gauge railway to Watsonville and a
Southern Pacific spur provide transportation facilities.

North of Salinas we pass through a vegetable and dairy country of exceeding
rchness along the great Elkhorn Slough, a famous place for ducks. This is the
lowland of the coast section back of Monterey, and near here the Salinas River from
the south, and the Pajaro from the north join the ocean.

CastrOY'ille. The junction of the main line and the Monterey Branch,
three miles from Monterey Bay (Moss Landing beach). Two miles northeast of
town are the mysterious lakes of Espinosa and Merritt. No one knows whence these
beautiful lakes draw their water supply, but they are pleasure places of much value
to boaters, fishers, and hunters. Castroville has twelve hundred people, several
churches, a good hotel, fraternal orders, 'good schools, an excellent creamery, and is
the shipping-point for large quantities of potatoes, onions, sugar-beets, dairy produce
and poultry, hay, grain, beans, peas, and shortly will be an important apple center.
The surrounding country is of exceeding richness, and never lacks for rainfall.

Morocojo and Xeponset. On the way to Monterey we pass unpreten-
tious Morocojo, which, however, is in the center of the vegetable country, and in that
line is nearly first among shipping-points. The train runs along underneath the

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. M7

shadow of an ocean-bluff, and we glide suddenly into the grounds of famous Del
Monte.

Del Monte The builders of Del Monte had the unrivaled attractions
of California to choose among, and they placed their faith lure by the shores
of Monterey Bay, where four hundred years ago civilization first sought a
landing-place on our Western shore. A climate of perennial spring, river and
forest, ocean and bay, lake and mountain, wild cliffs and gentle beaches, a
wealth of strange sea things, and of the life of the wilderness, and withal charm-
ing historic association and the tales of tradition; these they found and encom-
passed into one principality, directed nature, encouraged her, added where
addition meant charm, lost none of the grace of wildness, but gained the beauty of
accessibility. Then they built a palace of delight, where those who live out-of-doors
might have a shelter within walls equally pleasing, equally enchanting. To wield
a wand to create such an abiding place was most difficult, but Hotel Del Monte, with
its magnificent appointments, its great verandas, parlors, halls, recreation-rooms,
its magnificent suites, its own lighting, heating, and water plants, its artistic harmony
in colors and management everywhere, meets the needs so that no one returning from
sunset on the shore with the forest of Del Monte sighing a lullaby need go indoors
regretful because of repellent walls, or lack of cheery invitation. The fireplaces at
Del Monte roar and crackle and sparkle as if there were a smiling snowstorm with-
out; the high ceilings are lost in shadow; outline of window and door are gone; softly
and dreamily this place greets one by firelight

Becoming more material and specific, it should be noted that Del Monte has a
fine club-house, a magnificent new bathing pavilion, the best polo-grounds in
America, tennis-courts and golf-courses on which championship matches are played,
glass-bottomed boats to view the wonders of the ocean, a fine lake for boating, a
mysterious maze for those who wish to lose themselves, an Arizona garden growing
everything desert-like, except Indian warwhoops and mirages, flowers, walks, drives,
groves unnumbered, and the magnificent seventeen-mile drive.

The drive is macadamized throughout. It is through the historic town of
Monterey, along the shore to Pacific Grove, westwardly to Carmel Bay over the
the ridge and again through Monterey. It is a wonderful drive, and only a few of
the principal sights can be mentioned — the monument in honor of Father Serra, the
old lighthouse on Point Pinos, the great pines of the ridge, Cypress Point and its
wonderful cypress-trees, the seal-rookeries, Moss Beach, beautiful Carmel Bay,
Carmel Mission (a side-trip), and the quaint town of Monterey.

To rest at Del Monte is ecstasy, but for those who would play there are games of
tennis, croquet, golf, and polo; riding, driving, fishing, sailing, and special social fes-
tivities. The domain of Del Monte includes some wild and almost unexplored
mountains, with fine trout-streams, where the sportsman may spend happy days.

Del Monte must, of course, be taken to be enjoyed; it does not grow by descrip-
tion nor cast its charm through words.

Both the Southern Pacific and an electric line connect Del Monte with Monterey
and Pacific Grove.

Monterey. One mile from Del Monte and we are in Monterey. It is a city of
quaint and pleasant homes, of old-time adobes a::d of historic buildings and monu-
ments. The town of two thousand people lies in a hollow between the wooded hills
to the west and Del Monte to the east. The place is progressive, with fine streets,
schools, electric-fight plant, good water system, bank, park, etc. It has an excellent
beach.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 249

Historically, Monterey is the most interesting point on the coast. On the first
of September, 1840, a convention met here and framed a State constitution under
which Peter H. Burnett was elected governor in the following December. The
building in which the convention met is now used as a hall.

Monterey was California's first capital. Here were the first brick and wood
buildings, the first post-office and the first theater in California.

The Bay of Monterey is second only to San Francisco as a harbor, and through
that Monterey is yet to have an era of great importance. The scenic and climatic-
attractions of this vicinity are so unusual and so famous that the material side of
affairs has been the subject of little comment. Yet Monterey exports many train-
loads of dairy products, potatoes, beans, sugar-beets, honey, fruit, and cattle every
year. It is the most important tan-bark shipping place on the coast. The canning
and drying of fish and abalone are important industries. The back country is
chiefly "down the coast" in that sixty miles of semi-wilderness, valleys, and moun-
tains south of Monterey along the ocean. The rich Carmel Valley is responsible for
a large part of Monterey's shipments, but the country as a whole holds its resources
practically undeveloped. Fishing and hunting in such a well-watered, well-tim-
bered country are, of course, good. The government has recently established a
military post here, with building accommodations for several thousand troops.

Pacific Grove. Pacific Grove is on the shores of the bay two miles ocean-
ward from Monterey. It is the terminus of the branch line, and is one of the most
popular of the higher-class, inexpensive seaside resorts of Califorina. It is the annual
meeting-place of many educational, religious, and fraternal societies. The town is
built on a wooded promontory, commanding an excellent view of Monterey Bay and
the Pacific ocean.

The Chautauqua has assembled here annually for the last twenty years, and it is
a favorite Methodist resort. There are no saloons. All the leading churches have
strong organizations. "Housekeeping cottages" are plentiful, and rent reasonable.
It is an ideal family resort, summer and winter. The town with its permanent popu-
lation of two thousand people, has all urban conveniences. It is very well built
indeed, and has good hotels, boarding-houses, and bath-houses. The six miles of
ocean front between Pacific Grove and Carmel Bay include many famous points
of interest — the lighthouse, Lake Majella, Moss Beach, the clashing currents at
Point Joe, Seal Rock, with its diving inhabitants, and Cypress Point, with its rare
cypress grove, the only one on the American continent. These "Cedars of Lebanon, - '
wind-swept, stand protectingly together, facing the stormblows of the Pacific now
as unflinchingly as they have for the past thousand years. These are all on the
seventeen-mile drive, and beyond the cypress grove the road leads out upon a cliff
high above the beautiful Carmel Bay. A short side-trip takes one to the famous
Carmel Mission, now one hundred and thirty years old.

Pacific Grove and Monterey have glass-bottomed boats, through which to study
the wonderful life of Monterey Bay. The former is the site of the Hopkins Seaside
Laboratory, where students gather from all parts of the country to study marine
life. It is the result of exhaustive investigations that proved Monterey Bay to haw-
greater variety of sea-life than any other body of water in the world. Fishing and
bathing are excellent. There are times when the fish in the bay are so plentiful
that they may be scooped in by hand. Monterey Bay is the only regularly sched-
uled stopping-point for whalers en route between the Arctics and the Tropics. El
Carmelo and the Pacific Ocean House are resort hotels. Del Monte, Monterey, and
Pacific Grove — there is no pleasing him who is not satisfied with their offerings.

250 OVER THE RANGE

SANTA CRUZ FROM THE BROAD-GAUGE LINE.

Returning to the main Coast Line, ten miles from Castroville we arrive at Pajaro,
or, as it is now called, East Watsonville. It is the junction of the Santa Cruz branch
with the main line, and being but a mile to the city of Watsonville is a part of that
city commercially, and one of its two stations.

The local branch to Santa Cruz is twenty miles in length, touching first the city
of Watsonville.

Watsonville and Pajaro Valley. Watsonville is the commercial
center of one of the most wonderful valleys in the world. It is a small valley, as
valleys go in California, extending from the shores of Monterey Bay to the foot of
the Gabilan Mountains, with a level area of perhaps fifty square miles. If, however,
there is any more productive soil in America, the returns are not in. The Pajaro
is the center of the apple industry of the Pacific Coast.

But the Pajaro Valley is rich, and not alone in apples. Its sugar-beet crop,
averaging nearly twenty tons to the acre, and worth at the factory four dollars and
fifty cents per ton, amounts to seventy-five thousand tons annually. There are
some thirty-five hundred acres of potatoes and onions in the Pajaro Valley, and the
section immediately south near the shores of Monterey Bay, and last season almost
fabulous returns were reaped in a harvest of high prices — as high as two hundred
dollars per acre. The berries of the Pajaro Valley are one of the best results of
intensive cultivation in the state. Last year's berry crop exceeded over four hun-
dred carloads; in addition to these commodities there were shipments of pears,
apricots, prunes, beans, hay, lumber, hops, and oats in considerable quantities.

Watsonville is, of course, as the center of such a valley, one of the most prosper-
ous towns in the state. The climate is similar to that of Monterey, and Watson-
ville is a delightful place in which to live. Its seaside resort is Moss Landing, a few
miles distant, where there is a fine beach. Watsonville has the best of schools and
churches and commercial houses that will compare favorably with those of large
cities. Of course sewers, light, etc., are well looked after. The business part of
town always impresses one with its unusual activity. There is a fine public square
in the center and many handsome buildings on the main street. Residence build-
ing at present is very active.

Watsonville has a large sugar factory operated jointly with the one at Spreckles.
It also has lumber mills, evaporators, foundries, etc., and a company has been
organized to start a cannery.

The Shore Trip to Santa Cruz. The ride from Watsonville to Santa
Cruz is a beautiful one, a great part of the way being along the cliffs of Monterey
Bay in full view of that historic and beautiful body of water. To the right is
range of the Santa Cruz Mountains, with fertile fields and orchards in the foreground.
Through the car-windows is given a changing panorama of wooded headlands, the
waters of the bay, the peninsula beyond, the beaches surf-margined, and across the
way the arroyos of woodland streams.

Aptos. Once a famous resort of Monterey Bay, but now sleeping through the
summers. The cottages are filled by people who want peace and quietude. It is a
favorite resort of artists seeking the picturesque in mountains and shores. Back
of Aptos is one of the Spreckels estates, the beautiful Aptos Ranch. The mountains
have lost most of their timber, but are yet haunts of campers and sportsmen. Large
quantities of wood and a great deal of fruit are shipped hence.

SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS.

252 OVER THE RANGE

Opal. A picturesque point, shipping-place for a large lumber company, the
mountains to the back of the station providing much timber and wood.

Capitola. One of the best known of California summer resorts, well con-
ducted and increasing in popularity year by year, the records showing an increase
of travelers every season.

Capitola is at the mouth of Soquel Canon, partly on the beach and partly on the
wooded meadow at the back of it. It is a resort and a resort only. The rows of
cottages, vine and flower-clad, amongst the trees, are for summer pleasure-seekers;
so is the dancing-pavilion, with the stage, the pleasure-wharf, the grove of quaint
oaks, the well-kept beach with its southern exposure, and the fine hotel.

The climate is most delightful the year round, and many of the pleasure-seekers
own their homes here, coming and going as inclination suggests; fishing, boating,
bathing, riding, clam-bakes, dances, theatricals, mountain-climbs, golf, tennis, etc.,
take up the time of the energetic.

An electric line runs to Santa Cruz, whence special Southern Pacific trains are
run on midsummer nights to the Big Trees.

Sailta Cruz. The city of the holy cross is at the northern end of Monterey
Bay on a picturesque headland, where it climbs on terraced hills up toward the
blue peak of Loma Prieta rising four thousand two hundred feet above the city
by the sea.

Santa Cruz is one of the prettiest, best built, best governed, and most pictur-
esquely located cities in the United States. Few indeed can compare with it. Santa
Cruz City was the first in its size on the coast to own an electric-lighting plant, sewer
system, water-works, and a free library. The city has nine churches, with good
edifices, eight public schools, with property valued at one hundred and fifty thou-
sand dollars, high school with graduates accredited to the State University, and
several private schools. The assessed valuation of this city of seven thousand
people is about five million dollars, and its bank deposits nearly two million dol-
lars. It has seventy-two miles of bituminous sidewalks, six miles of paved streets,
thirty miles more graded, and an eight-mile electric railway. The streets are
sprinkled by sea-water pumped into a tank by a wave-motor, a local invention.
The city water supply comes from mountain springs. The homes of this remarkable
city "of endless summer with no last rose" are, of course, beautiful.

Amusements about Santa Cruz are too numerous to describe fully — out-of-door
games of all kinds in summer or winter, yachting, rowing, swimming, fishing,
driving, loafing in the flower-gardens, whipping any one of the twenty good trout-
streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains — surely there is enough to do in the city of
the bay, the ocean, the mountains, and the forest.

Commercially, Santa Cruz is of much importance. It is the terminus of the
broad-gauge branch and the narrow-gauge main line of the Southern Pacific. The
soil is very rich, and the orchards and vineyards very remunerative. The powder-
works, among the largest in the world, are in a canon of their own, three miles from
town. The vines and apples of Santa Cruz have captured mam' medals. Here
as elsewhere there arc many industries awaiting development, much land needing
intensive cultivation.

254 OVER THE RANGE

SAN BENITO COUNTY.— THE VALLEYS OF SAN BENITO
AND SAN JUAN.

The trip over the narrow-gauge from Santa Cruz to San Jose and Alameda is
another chapter. It is best first to return to the main Coast Line at Pajaro (Paharo
■ — bird), and go northward.

In the Pajaro Valley we pass Vega, one of the greatest berry-shipping points,
Aromas, growing in importance as an apple-forwarding station, and then enter the
scenic pass through the Santa Cruz Mountains. We cross the Pajaro River over
a fine steel bridge, stop a moment at that dairy center and apple-station, Chittenden,
amid pretty environment, and then for another moment have fleeting glimpses of
the beautiful valley of San Juan and the white-walled town of the same name on the
hillside three miles away. Here is Betabel, a spur-track, where the farmers of San
Juan haul 40,000 tons of beets each season to be sent to the Spreckels factory. A
little way beyond is the passenger-station Sargent, lying between the river bank and
the hills. It is an important shipping-point for farm produce and cattle, just above
being the famous Sargent Ranch; but it is chiefly important as the railroad station
of the San Juan Valley.

Sail »Tllclll. It is a beautiful drive along the wooded Pajaro, up through the
vegetable fields and orchards to San Juan. This town of a thousand people is of
great historic interest, and to-day among the quaintest, prettiest puablos of all Cali-
fornia. Before the railroad came south from San Francisco, San Juan was the most
important point between San Jose and Los Angeles. Stages ran to Visalia, to Santa
Barbara, and Los Angeles, to Salinas and Monterey and to Hollister. Its strategic
value in the matter of passes is recognized to-day by the telephone company, the
lines of which diverge from San Juan in the direction that the coach and six fifty
years ago went lumbering down the roads.

The broad, sandy streets are over-arched with old trees. There is an inde-
scribable air of early California about San Juan. The older inhabitants are for the
larger part residents of a half-century or more, who are satisfied with their quiet
prosperity.

Crowning the hill and overlooking the town and valley is the ancient plaza, sur-
rounded by the famous San Juan Bautisto Mission, the governor's house, and other
ancient buildings. The mission and its environment more faithfully reflect the early
life of the Spanish padres and their neophytes than any other in the state. On the
side of the plaza adjoining, is a picturesque old adobe — the governor's house, head-
quarters of the Mexican General, Seiior Castro, commanding the Mexican forces,
during the Mexican War. Here news of the declaration of war came to Fremont,
and changed a host into an enemy. Down the hill Fremont fought his first skirmish
— over on yon mountain peak he first unfolded in California the American flag. It
was in March, 1846, that Captain Fremont and his command, exploring California
"for scientific purposes," stopped at San Juan to rest his tired command. Permission
was given, but the disposition of his troop to trade for the best horses in the valley,
his evident desire to buy all the portable supplies of the mission, and the rumors of
war caused General Castro to invite him to take to the trail. To this the Pathfinder
replied to the effect that when he was through trading he would go — and not before.
Thereupon the General summoned the faithful of Mexico to drive the Americanos
ciel Norte into the sea. Captain Fremont retreated up the beautiful San Juan
Canon to Gabilan (Fremont) Peak, and there, on March 10, 1846, he unfurled the

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 255

stars and stripes and awaited attack from the five hundred armed and mounted
Mexicans. The latter paraded in the valley with all the pomp and circumstance of
war, but did not attack, the General tersely explaining the situation in a proclama-
tion, saying they gathered together to fight — not to climb mountains. The pro< la-
mation ended with "Salganse al plan; yo no soy cierbo" (Come down to the plain; I
am not an elk). Fremont came down, into the San Joaquin Valley, which was
perhaps as well for the Mexican caballeros.

Aside from its great historic interest, the San Juan Valley, with its forty thousand
arable acres of hill and valley land, is noted for its productions. Apples and pears
grow to perfection; mustard, potatoes, onions, berries, asparagus, beans, sugar-beets,
and prunes yield heavy crops; while the grain, hay, cattle, and dairy produce of
San Juan have made it famous for forty years. There is the quaintest old adobe
hotel imaginable in San Juan, while Cottage Grove Farm nearby is a summer resort
with many attractions, including fishing, hunting, riding, tennis, etc. The climate
of the San Juan Valley is perfect, or as nearly so as one can desire it.

Hollister. The beautiful town of Hollister is not far from the Gabilan Moun-
tains, at the foot of a high mound, which commands an excellent view of the valley.
This mound or hill is the city's park. On the level valley floor at its foot are the
houses of Hollister. No town in all the country in proportion to its size has so many
beautiful shade-trees as Hollister, and none more flowers. There are many unusu-
ally line residences in this prosperous town of two thousand people. It is the county-
seat, and even the jail and court-house show the result of civic pride — albeit the town
has the remarkable record of having had one criminal case in three years' time to
consider. A force of men is kept constantly at work upon sidewalks, shade-trees,
and streets under the city's direction.

THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY AND SAN JOSE.

The Santa Clara Valley proper begins with the section about the junction of the
main line with the Hollister branch, and extends northward to Palo Alto.

This dustless valley is in many respects the most remarkable valley in the world.
It in many things more nearly represents the ideal in rural homes than any other
section, and its progress in that direction is worthy of close study by the sociologist.

A glance at the map will show the bay of San Francisco to run southward for
some forty miles with the San Francisco peninsula to the left. Just south of these,
fronting on the southern end of the bay and narrowing to the left into the peninsula,
is the Santa Clara Valley. The climate is superb. Anywhere in the million acres
of this fertile land one may enjoy a perfect climate. The word "perfect" is used
advisedly. The climate of Santa Clara Valle\ is tonic; not too hot, not too cold. It
has the proper changes of dampness, of dryness, of crispness, and dry warmth. Its
nights are invariably comfortable. The sunshiny days are as numerous as in
any part of the state. Its season's rainfall is ample, and at the Droper time in
winter. The summers are cloudless.

Scenically, the valley is beautiful. The mountains surrounding it possess an
infinite variety, and never tire. The walls to the east are green to the very top of
Alt. Hamilton in spring and a rampart of gold in autumn. In the spring, when the
one hundred and twenty-five square miles of orchards are in bloom, the valley is
submerged in an ocean of dazzling white that rolls up the mountain-sides, covers the
floor, fills every ravine, and encompasses the green-walled cities.

The roads of Santa Clara Valley are of the features that have made its rural home*

256 OVER THE RANGE

famous. There are over three hundred miles of graded boulevards, sprinkled
throughout the dry season by the county. Through the endless orchards, go where
you will, bicycles, carriages, automobiles, and riding-horses are always in evi-
dence. The topography of the valley, as well as the roads, has much to do with this.
The valley floor is almost flat, though the foothills and mountains afford a very
different country with different drives.

One may drive all day without seeing an ill-kept orchard or a home without its
flowers, ornamented grounds, and drives.

What is the material side of the picture ? Forty-five cured and green fruit pack-
ing-houses, eight canneries, twenty wineries answer for the fruits. Out of these go
annually (measured by ten-ton cars) over one thousand two hundred cars of canned
goods, over one thousand cars of green fruit, over six thousand cars of cured fruit,
and one thousand cars of berries and vegetables. Its quicksilver mines are the
largest in America, its lumber mills among the most important in the state, its cattle,
dairy, hay, and grain interests very large.

Carnadero. At this junction is one of the famous Morse seed farms. It
has an area of one thousand two hundred acres, and hundreds of men are employed.
Hundreds of tons of garden and flower seed are shipped east and to Europe, there
to be distributed by the wholesale seedmen. From here is also shipped thousands
of tons of sugar-beets each year to the Spreckels factory. One of the Spreckels large
ranches lies to the east of Carnadero, the warm farm-house being located pictur-
esquely amid beautiful grounds on a hilltop. Just below is the famous Soap Lake,
now only of thirty or forty acres, but before drainage reduced its area occupying
several hundred acres. This section by the foothills, with its rich lowlands, suitable
for both orchards and vegetables, is known as San Felipe.

Grilroy. The thriving city of Gilroy, with a population of about two thousand,
is the metropolis of the southern part of the Santa Clara Valley. It is two miles
north of Carnadero Junction. Gilroy, like Hollister, has beautiful houses, with
well-shaded streets. It is supplied with gas and an electric plant. Ten miles of
street are paved and graded. The little city has an assessed valuation of over
$1,500,000. There are eight hundred school-children, good schools, two papers,
one bank, good hotels, six churches, etc. The oldest inhabitants settled here (Old
Gilroy) in 1845, and have found it good enough ever since. Indeed, you cannot
drive the old residents from Gilroy, and they die only as a matter of variety.

The valley here is four miles wide. The mountain and valley territory tributary
to the town is one hundred square miles. Land values in the valley range from
fifty to three hundred dollars per acre. A fruit-packing house is being built, and
there is a good opening for a fruit and vegetable cannery.

The products of this part of the Santa Clara speak for the wonderful richness of
the soil. The town is encompassed with prune, peach, almond, pear, and
apple orchards yielding a thousand tons of cured fruit last season, besides
fruit shipped green. Grain and hay are sure crops in this section, hundreds of car-
loads being marketed. The Santa Cruz Mountains to the west have good forests
of oak and redwood, and the lumber products form a considerable item in shipments.

Gilroy is very prosperous and is growing steadily. Rainfall is ample, and the
water supply excellent and there are artesian wells all over the valley.

Gilroy Hot Spring's. There are many beautiful drives to be made in the
neighborhood of Gilroy, and among them the one to Gilroy Hot Springs is best
known. A daily stage takes the traveler eastward thirteen miles to this famous
resort in the coast Range, where one is charged twelve dollars a week for board,

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

2 57

lodging, and the privilege of getting well. These hot springs arc among the best
known in the state.

Passing Rucker, station for a rich subdivision north of Gilroy, we cross Llagas
Creek and reach San Martin.

Sail Martin. This little town of a hundred people is the (enter of a very rich
sec lion now being subdivided and sold to settlers at reasonable rates. It has several
business houses, a fine school, hotel, etc. Near here is the well-known San Martin
Ranch, on which several hundred people have planted orchards and vineyards in the
last few years.

Passing Tennant Station, the next important slop is Morganhill.

Morganhill. This successful colony of a thousand people is growing at the
rate of forty percent a year. It is charmingly located at the foot of an isolated peak

SAN JOSE.

known as Nob Hill, and not far from Murphy's Peak, whence beautiful views are
obtained.

Morganhill is a temperance town, with four churches, good schools, three school-
houses, a good water system, a weekly paper, a fine depot, several large stores, etc.
The town is only ten years old. Fruit, wine, wood, hay, and grain are the principal
products. There is room for a good dairy and for a packing-house. Land is sold
at prices ranging from fifteen to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre.

Madrone, within fourteen miles of San Jose. Madrone is a pleasant town of
several hundred people, and is the station for many resorts. Mountain Home, with
its deer-hounds, hunting and fishing clubs, etc., is reached by a two hours' westward
ride three times a week. In the opposite direction Madrone Mineral Springs is
about the same distance, reached tri-weekly by stage. Its altitude is two thousand
feet, and its waters are particularly good for stomach troubles. The Indians knew
them as "Great Medicine," and it is said that the tribe that camped in that vicinity
surprised the Spanish padres with their appetites. There are several other resorts,
such as Glen Willis (three miles away).

Eden "Vale. Several miles south of San Jose in a magnificent orchard coun-
try, is Eden Vale. It is not a town, just a settlement of beautiful homes, with rural
mail delivery, and practically all the advantages of city life, with no disadvantages.
All deciduous fruits do very well. The rich soil is thirty feet deep.

2 5 S

OVER THE RANGE

Passing Valbrick we are taken through the suburbs of San Jose to the center of
that charming city.

San Jose. San Jose is a city of thirty thousand people, of whom some twenty-
three thousand live within the narrow city limits. It is unlike any other California
town. To all who have visited San Jose, the word recalls something strongly
individual. In public buildings and in business blocks there are few cities of its
size to rival it. It is almost in the center of the main Santa Clara Valley, and
through railroads and wagon-roads commands the entire valley and the surrounding
mountains, five miles distant to the east and eight miles away to the west. The
broad-gauge lines of the Southern Pacific extend northward along the peninsula to

San Francisco (fifty miles away), south to Los An-
geles and beyond, eastward via Niles to eastern
and northern California and beyond, besides local
lines to the quicksilver mines of New Almaden and
Los Gatos. The narrow-gauge extends from San
Jose through the Santa Cruz Mountains southwest
to the sea at Santa Cruz; and northeastward via
the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay to Alameda
and San Francisco. County turnpikes extend in
all directions from San Jose as a center.

San Jose as a health resort has the same ad-
vantages as the valley at large. In the summer
the highest temperature — unless there be a forest-
fire — is rarely above ninety degrees, ninety-four
degrees being the maximum in 1901. The air
lacks humidity, and there is never any evidence of
that stifling summer heat known in the east. San
Jose is indeed better known as a summer resort
than as a winter one. The nights are invariably
cool, and in the shade the hottest days are very
pleasant. Sunstroke, like cholora-infantum and
typhoid-fever, is unknown. The air is a tonic sum-
mer and winter; never a burden like an overheated
blanket. In the winter the climate is almost semi-
tropic. The city possesses two resort hotels, besides several commercial houses,
and many good boarding-houses. Nicely furnished rooms are to let to transient
-esidents. The reasonableness of the charges will be surprising. The hotel Ven-
dome, best known of Santa Clara Valley hostelries, occupies a park of its own in
the heart of town. There is a large swimming-pavilion, with bowling-alley, club-
rooms, etc. The golf-links and tennis-grounds are of the best. The hotel St.
James is near the business center of town, opposite St. James Park.

The nearest of San Jose's principal attractions :s Alum Rock Canon Hot Springs
and park, five miles east of the city. This six-hundred-acre park with its sixteen
curative mineral springs is the city's pride. It includes a magnificent mountain
canon with high walls, perennial stream, groves, springs, walks, and drives. There
ire deer-parks, aviary, plunge and tub-baths, restaurant, fountains, etc. An
electric line gives half-hourly service. Alum Rock Canon gives tourists the best
opportunity in California to visit a wild mountain canon. From its mouth the road
climbs upward to Mt. Hamilton.

Lick Observatory. The great seven hundred and fifty thousand dollar ob-

mm;

MT. HAMILTON.

260

OVER THE RANGE

servatorv, given to the world by James Lick, who rests beneathits base, is twenty-seven
miles from San Jose, and four thousand four hundred and forty feet above sea-level.
Santa Clara County spent one hundred thousand dollars in building the best moun-
tain road in the world to its site. The trip is made by stage, automobile, or bicycle;
the stage trip occupies about four hours each way. A day is given to the trip, except
that on Saturday the start is made at noon and San Jose reached, returning at mid-
night, the great telescope being given over to the public on that night. This thirty-
six-inch refractor is the second largest in the world, and anybody after new worlds
to conquer can find any number with its aid.

LICK OBSERVATORY.

The Santa Clara Mission. Is reached by a three-mile electric line ride
from San Jose along the beautiful Alameda, and is more fully described under the
heading of Santa Clara.

Congress Springs is twelve miles distant from San Jose in the Santa Cruz moun-
tains, reached by a lovely orchard-lined drive with an electric line, or via Los Gatos.
The New Almaden quicksilver mines, twelve miles away, are the objective points
of another day's journey by narrow or broad-gauge rail line. Beautiful Lomas
Azulas, ten miles to the southeast, and as fine a foothill paradise as Smiley Heights
in Redlands, gives another delightful day. Los Gatos is reached in twenty minutes
by the train, and Stanford University in a half-hour. Lovely drives along the
shaded avenues may be made to the Willows, to Berryessa, to Campbell, to Cuper-
tino, and Saratoga, great fruit-growing centers. The quays of the south Bay Yacht
Club are reached in a nine-mile drive. There are a dozen mountain trout-streams
to be encountered in four or five miles. Good quail-hunting is near by, and the
wilder mountains have plenty of deer, and even mountain-lion and bear. The
roads are unexcelled for automobiling, driving, riding, and cycling. The climate
gives one the out-of-door fever the year round. There are more automobiles in San
Jose now than in any other place in California, outside of San Francisco, and possibly
Los Angeles. The Big Trees — the famous giants of the redwood groves — are an
hour's ride away. With such attractions, and with a wealth of fruit and flowers
that is amazing, it is not surprising that San Jose is looking forward to the time
when it shall be unsurpassed among the resort-places of the world.

San Jose claims to be the educational tenter of the Pacific Slope. Stanford
University is almost suburban to it; Santa Clara College is three miles away, and

262 OVER THE RANGE

the famous University of the Pacific, the College of Notre Dame, the State Normal
School, and high schools, grammar schools, etc., are in the city limits.

The city has in addition to Alum Rock Canon, two parks (of about thirty-three
acres) in the city limits. The public utilities include a $250,000 city hall, a
$50,000 Carnegie library, seven school buildings, worth from $15,000 to $75,000
each, a $200,000 Normal School, a $200,000 Postomce, county court-house and hall
of records, valued at $500,000, thirty miles of electric street railway, fifty-five miles
of sewers, thirty passenger-trains daily, gas and electricity, and many of the most
attractive homes in California. As a business center it is the most important place
between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Santa Clara. This city of four thousand people is but three miles from San
Jose. Their destinies are one. They are connected by an electric line, and possess
identical interests. Santa Clara possesses man}- (harming homes, and the old Santa
Clara Mission has much of romantic and historic interest. It was founded January
12, 1777, and has many rare and ancient relics. The Mission is in the hands of the
Santa Clara College; visitors are welcomed. The Court of Flowers is of signal
beauty.

A hundred and twenty-live years ago some beautiful-toned bells were given Santa
Clara Mission with the understanding that they should ring each day forever — and
to this day the promise has been kept. So Santa Clara seems destined to keep all
promises made for it, and to be a fitting companion of San Jose.

Lawrence. A place of two hundred people in the midst of a rich seed, hay,
wine, and dairy country. Supplies San Francisco with much cream and milk.

Sunnyvale. In a very rich fruit section; an important shipping point for
green fruit and wine; needs a packing-house.

Mountain View. At the upper end of the Santa Clara Valley, eleven miles
from San Jose, Mountain View is this growing and progressive town. Its products
are wine, hay, grain, fruit, brick, and beets in the order named. 'Wine is shipped
hence all over Europe and America. The population of this prettily built town
among the oaks is about twelve hundred, with a tributary population of about three
thousand five hundred.

Mayfield. This beautiful town, a mile and a half from Stanford University,
has a population of one thousand. It is well built, has electric lights, good water
system, a fine new school building, a newspaper, etc. It is rich in wines, fruit (ber-
ries particularly), hay, dairy products, and vegetables. Its nearness to the University
adds to its desirability as a residence section.

Palo Alto. A mile north of Mayfield is the growing university town of Palo
Alto, a place of twenty-five hundred people. Its proximity to the grounds of Stan-
ford University, its fine climate and excellent society, the character of its government,
making it ideal for homes, has resulted in unexampled prosperity. The place has
kindergartens, private schools, two preparatory academies, grammar and high-
schools, etc. The public-school buildings cost fifty thousand dollars. The town
owns an electric light, sewer, and water system, has a free library, bank, newspapers,
and many business houses.

Leland Stanford Junior University. The gateway to the University
is opposite the town of Palo Alto. It is surrounded by part of its endowment, the
magnificent Palo Alto estate of seventy-three hundred acres. The value of the total
endowment is estimated at thirty-five million dollars. The University buildings are the
most beautiful group of public buildings in America. They are but parts of one plan,
and are constructed of Santa Clara Valley brown. sandstone throughout — beautiful

264 OVER THE RANGE

and restful in color, and in pleasing contrast to the walls of green of the surrounding
hills and the great campus in front. The buildings of the University are not piled
sky-high, but with long corridors rise two stories for the most part completely inclos-
ing a beautiful quadrangle, in itself about a ninth of a mile long by eighty yards
broad. The massive memorial arch in front, and the beautiful memorial church
with its cathedral-like interior, great arches and allegorical windows are the most
imposing features of the group. Flanking the main buildings to the right is Encina
Hall for the boys and Roble Hall for the girls, while across the campus are the new
chemistry building and the museum. Tuition at the University is free, and the
equipment is that naturally to be expected in the richest endowed university in
the world. The students of the present semester number fifteen hundred.

Stanford Stock Farm. Adjoins the University grounds, and is one of the
famous stock-farms of America. Many record-breaking horses were raised here by
Senator Stanford, and many lie buried beneath its sod.

Meillo Park. A mile north of Palo Alto, "the village of beautiful homes," is
a place of suburban homes for many wealthy residents of San Francisco. Here are
beautiful estates, both to the mountains and to the shore. The country here, as
about Palo Alto, is especially rich in berries, nursery-stock, and conservatories. It
has a boys' school, good schools, three churches, three commercial hotels, the
Academy of the Sacred Heart, and St. Patrick's Seminary. Like the other penin-
sula towns, Menlo Park has a good water and electric system, etc.

Fail* Oaks. Sister of Menlo Park, with equally attractive environment.

Redwood City. The county-seat of San Mateo County and a place of much
commercial and manufacturing importance. Its population of twenty-five hundred
people is engaged at home; only recently has the town given any attention to secur-
ing suburban settlers from San Francisco. It possesses* the largest tannery in the
state, employing one hundred and seventy-five men, and has two others. The Light
and Power Company use Redwood as a distributing-point for the peninsula. It is
the chief lumber-shipping point of the north coast line, the lumber being hauled from
the mountains rising back of it.

The Redwood Forest, L.a Honda, and Pescadero. Redwood
and San Mateo have a "back country." One may go to the pleasant village of
Woodside, three miles distant, to Portola Valley, a pretty summer resort place, or on
beyond over the ridge-top to Pescadero. At Grand View we can see San Francisco
Bay, the Santa Clara Valley, Mt. Hamilton, Mt. Diablo, and the peninsula towns.
Seventeen miles from Redwood on this road is La Honda, a famous resort amid
redwoods, with excellent hunting and fishing. Many people from San Francisco
spend summer after summer in this charming camp. Passing the camp village of
Harrison, we arrive at Pescadero, thirty miles from Redwood, and near the ocean.
Pebble Beach, with its acres of mock brilliants, the San Gregorio Lagoon and
its tributary stream, where the fish flock to meet the stranger, the Big Basin a few
hours' ride away — these are the attractions of Pescadero. Accommodations, hotel
and camp, are good at all the points named.

Sail Carlos. The town of San Carlos is an ideal residence place, two miles
north of Redwood City. The beauty of its surrounding hills and the loveliness of its
drives cannot be described.

Belmont. Another residence town suburban to San Francisco, a mile north
of San Carlos. It has an excellent military school.

Beresford. Yet another village where the city people find the comforts of
home.

TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 265

San Mateo. A town of twenty-five hundred people, and one of San Francisco's
finest suburban home places. It is popular the year round, but in summer is espe-
cially favored by the people of San Francisco. In the town itself are many beautiful
homes of people of moderate means who have business in San Francisco. Sur-
rounding the central part of town and extending up to and beyond Burlingame are
magnificent country homes, with grounds in size from an acre up to a thousand.
The excellent climate of San Mateo, its wealth of natural beauty in rolling hills,
picturesque beach and great oaks, have made it one of the most charming residence
districts in the United States. The San Mateo beach is unusually fine, with warm
water, owing to the protected position and the tide movement over warm sand.
Bath-house accommodations are good. A Yacht Club has its headquarters here.
The drives include a canon of remarkable beauty, interior lakes and high ridges
amid beautiful estates. The hotel is in a park of its own, and caters to "tourist"
travelers. Home sites cost from one hundred to one thousand dollars per acre.

Burlillgaine. Is just north of San Mateo, and its attractions, environment,
and location is not in any way different. It is perhaps the most exclusive home town
in California, and here San Francisco society has its country headquarters. The
homes are marvels of beauty, and it is everywhere evident that money and good
taste have been important partners with nature in making Burlingame beautiful.
The Country Club, with its magnificent home and two hundred and fifty wealthy
members, the many golf-links, polo-grounds, etc., bespeak the character of this
place.

Mlllbrae. The center of the great dairy section just south of San Francisco.
This little town sends daily nearly a thousand gallons of milk to San Francisco by
rail. Its population of three hundred, and its surrounding neighborhood are en-
gaged almost exclusively in dairying. A beautiful drive may be taken from San
Mateo through El Cerrito Park, along the county road by the massive Spring Valley
Dam and Crystal Springs and San Andreas Lakes to Millbrae or vice versa.

Sail Brillio. Tributary to this station are many dairies, vegetable gardens,
etc.

South Sail Francisco. Is on the "new" line, several trains running via
this station. It is an industrial town of about fifteen hundred people, and has more
manufactures in proportion to population than any other town in California. The
meat company, the pottery works, paint works, brick yard, ice works, etc.,
handle in and out large quantities of cattle, fresh and cured meats, ice, paint, lard,
hay, hides, tallow, pipe, and brick. The town has good schools, streets, and side-
walks, and a very promising industrial future.

Baden. In the midst of a vegetable section.

Colllia. Is the business station for the beautiful San Francisco cemeteries — ■
Mt. Olivet, Cypress Lawn, Sholim, Home of Peace and Holy Cross, which are in full
view from the train. Colma has an unexcelled dairy, hog and vegetable country
tributary to it, and supplies San Francisco's tables to a noticeable extent. The town
has about seven hundred people, and is growing. Union Coursing Park is near
here.

Ocean View and Valencia Street. Are San Francisco's residence
district stations.

266 OVER THE RANGE

THE NARROW-GAUGE LINE: SANTA CRUZ MOUN-
TAINS AND BAY SHORE.

Seventy-seven miles of picturesque country lie between Santa Cruz and Alameda
along the narrow-gauge — mountains, valleys, and bay shore. Once at Santa Cruz,
via the broad-gauge line, one should go as far as San Jose at least, over the narrow-
gauge.

From the union Santa Cruz Station the line runs through the city, and out
through a tunnel-gateway. Thence the road climbs steadily along the western and
northern slope of San Lorenzo Cafion, amid the redwood, madrone, laurel, and pine,
up into the Santa Cruz Mountains. Below the San Lorenzo runs musically down
its terraced pathway, while above the rounded hills swell out one above the other,
forest-covered, or turned into oases of orchard and vineyard.

The seven miles between Santa Cruz and the Big Trees is a beautiful journey
over the well-kept country boulevard, or by rail.

Big" Trees. The Big Trees of the Santa Cruz Mountains are of the great
redwood forests of California, the Sequoia scmpervirens. They are cousins of the
Sequoias of the Sierras (Sequoia gigantea), and in massiveness second only to them.
A hundred yards' walk from the Big Trees Station takes one to the foot of the largest,
the Giant. Other trees towering up in the sky beyond the power of the eye to
measure accurately are near by in groups, or singly in this hillside hollow above the
San Lorenzo.

General Grant and General Sherman are dignified trees; and the hollow tree,
in which Fremont found shelter in 1846, bears his name.

These trees are remarkable for both height and girth, single ones now standing
reaching up two hundred and seventy-five feet, and being sixty-five feet around.
"Family" trees, groups from a single root, have a yet greater base circumference;
one family, now almost gone, save the historic ridge or root upon the ground, has a
circumference over one hundred feet.

Whether one thousand, or two or three thousand years old, for scientists do not
agree, these trees give such an aspect of dignity to the scene, create a templed grove
of such majesty, that man measuring his temporal life with so narrow a span, may
well look upon them as the Immortals.

Feltoil. A mile beyond is Felton, junction for the Boulder Creek Branch,
station for the town a little way up stream, and shipping-point for vineyards
and fruit ranches of Ben Lomond Mountains, Zayante and Scott's Valleys. Wood
and lime are important products also.

Near Felton are many of the summer resorts hotels and camps that have made
the Santa Cruz Mountains famous.

The country hereabouts is a vast playground for city people in midsummer, who
live here inexpensively — camping, riding, swimming, fishing, hunting, living out of
doors.

The Boulder Creek Branch runs north in the canon of the San Lorenzo for eight
miles, crossing that stream as many times to a junction of Boulder Creek, Bear
Creek, and the San Lorenzo.

Ben LiOinoml. Is a great resort town, one of the favorites of the mountains.
Rowardennan is reached from here by stage.

Boulder Creek. Is a newly incorporated town of eight hundred people, the
terminus of the branch, and one of the great lumber towns of the coast. From its

TO THE GOLDEN (J ATE. 267

three tributary canons, and from over the ridge-tops come each summer thousands
upon thousands of wagon-loads of lumber, wood, bark, pickets, posts, and shingles — ■
redwood, pine, and oak. While ninety-live percent of its shipments arc now of tin-
forest, wine and table-grapes and apples will change that ere long. Boulder Creek
is growing too as a resort point.

The sawmills, save two or three, are several miles from town in a country beauti-
ful with a luxuriance of flowers and vine, of shrubs and forest.

Here, among redwoods and pines, the great ox-teams yet haul their train of
twenty logs down greased skids to the mill; and here one wishing to acquire strenu-
ousness in the use of language may listen to advantage.

The fishing is good; deer, quail, wild-pigeons, squirrels, etc., have a covert that
is protection enough to make hunting interesting to hunters as well as hunted.

Boulder Creek has good water-works, electric lights, a new sewer system, three
churches, a public school, a free library, and business houses commensurate with
its lively importance.

Arcadia, Union Mill, Meelian, Zayante, and Clem. Return-
ing to the main narrow-gauge line at Felton our trip is amid mountain-tops, a wild
country, and yet hiding many a fine orchard and vineyard. We travel tunnel-wise
here also, among the tunnels being the second longest on the system. The names
in the margin speaks of resorts and mountain homes.

Gleiiwood. This summer-resort station has six summer hotels tributary to
it, from one-quarter of a mile to seven miles distant. It possesses a redwood forest
park of eighty acres, free to every one.

The finest table-grapes in the world are raised hereabouts, and sent by the car-
load East. Apples and peaches and wine-grapes are important products, the local
winery making 200,000 gallons of wine this season. The large redwoods are nearly
three hundred feet high.

"Laurel. Like Glenwood, Laurel has a vast area of rich mountain land adapted
to the cultivation of wine and table grapes, to apples and other deciduous fruits.
Already the annual green-fruit crop sent to market exceeds five hundred tons, and
one hundred tons more are forwarded dried. The inhabitants report that the
climate "is healthy beyond belief." Magnificent views are had from Laurel of
Monterey Bay and the ocean.

The station has, of course, many resort hotels tributary.

WrijJ'llt. A pleasant summer resort, with a fine fruit country, as elsewhere in
the Santa Cruz Mountains. The hills that close in about it produce fifty carloads of
table-grapes, twenty carloads of pears, twenty carloads of plums, and seventy-five
carloads of prunes, peaches, etc. (green), and you can hardly see where the earth is
scratched.

Sunset Park, a popular picnic-ground, is three hundred yards from the
depot.

Alma. Alma is like its western neighbors, a summer-resort station, with a fine
country of forty square miles tributary. The six hundred people in this mountain
land have hotels or raise fruit or cut wood. A million pounds of fruit and a million
pounds of wine went out and through Alma last season. It possesses possibilities
in the way of oil-development that may make it famous. Here, indeed, was pro-
duced the first oil of the coast in a considerable quantity — successfully burned, by
the way, on locomotives nearly twenty years ago.

Los Gatos. The town has a population of about two thousand live hundred
people, one-half of whom have come here to enjoy the money acquired elsewhere.

268 OVER THE RANGE

The producing population writes its returns upon waybills in millions of pounds
of canned goods, dried fruit, green fruit, wine, ice, and limestone annually.

Under the brow of the mountains, tempered by the Bay of San Francisco, with
a good rainfall in winter and none in summer, seven hundred feet above sea-level,
Los Gatos is one of the most charming all-year resorts in the world. The lowest
temperature in 1900 was twenty-nine degrees above zero, in 1901, thirty-two degrees
above. The orange orchards, one of which is some twenty years old, produce
oranges equal to any. There are no frosts, and fresh fruits are ripened in the town
every day in the year.

The town has two good hotels now and. a large resort hotel planned. It has
electric light, gas and ice plants. A fifteen-thousand-dollar Carnegie library is now
being built.

Saratoga and Congress Springs. Saratoga is the western village of
Santa Clara County, and like Los Gatos, lies at the mouth of a pass through the moun-
tains — five miles north from Los Gatos and ten west from San Jose. Saratoga from
its foothill eminence commands a magnificent view of the Santa Clara Valley. This
vine-clad, rose-garlanded village has all the attractions of Los Gatos in climate,
products, and scenery. Two miles beyond up the canon are beautiful Congress
Springs and Hall (known also as Saratoga Springs), with a fine hotel, baths, walks,
drives, lake, springs, and streams. The water, which is extensively bottled, has
many medicinal qualities.

Both Saratoga and Congress Springs are reached by stage from Los Gatos or
San Jose.

Cupertino. Another pretty west Santa Clara Valley village without a railroad
is Cupertino (West-side), some five miles from Sunnyvale and eight miles from San
Jose.

Just west of Campbell a narrow-gauge branch runs southward ten miles to

New Allliaden. The Almaden quicksilver mines have been described else-
where. The land along the branch is a fertile orchard, vineyard, and hay country.

.Le Franc. Is a wine-shipping point, and the station for the Gaudalupe quick-
silver mines in the canon of that name, famous long ago as quicksilver producers-
They are once again the scene of activity. Water is being pumped from manv miles
of levels, and a hundred men will soon be at work five hundred feet below the earth's
surface.

Campbell. Four miles southwest of San Jose, on the narrow-gauge main line
five miles northeast of Los Gatos, is the model village of Campbell.

With its park, public library, churches, grammar and high schools, with its
broad streets, shaded with pepper, olive, acacia, umbrella, and English walnut trees,
Campbell is one of the most desirable of residence communities. Its population of
seven hundred and fifty is increasing largely because of its attractions as a home
town.

Its industrial establishments include a large cannery, an immense co-operative
dried fruit-packing establishment, and another packing-house. The village is in
the center of an unsurpassed orchard district

At San Jose the narrow-gauge main line joins the broad-gauge line and con-
tinues with it to Santa Tiara (both San Jose and Santa Clara have been described
elsewhere). It should be noted that a third-rail, giving broad-gauge service, extends
from San Jose to Los Gatos.

To Alameda Pier the narrow-gauge railway follows the eastern shore of San
Frani isco Bay, paralleling the broad-gauge Niles route, which is further inland. The

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 269

towns of the Niles route are described elsewhere, but it may not be amiss
to say of those near San Jose that Milpitas is a lively town in a rich fruit and vege-
table district, with a large cannery. Warm Springs and [rvington are also sur-
rounded by dairy, vegetable, and fruit sections of great wealth, and Irvington
is as well an educational center, and the station for the historic old mission of
San Jose.

AgneWS. Five miles from San Jose is the seal of an asylum for the insane.
Recently a large plant for the manufacture of alcohol from refuse molasses from
sugar factories has been built. The town is famous for its seed, its apples, Bartlett
pears, berries, asparagus, and other vegetables. One orchard of forty acres in pears,
yielding ten thousand dollars in one crop (1899). The population of the town is
about two hundred.

Alviso. Eight miles from San Jose, on a slough from San Fran< is< Bay, is San
Jose's "seaport." Here is the gathering-place of the South Bay Yacht Club. There
are row-boats to be had, and the marshes afford fine duck-hunting. All along this
part of the narrow-gauge line are gun-club houses and preserves. The ducks come
here by the thousands in autumn and winter. The tributary section is rich in
vegetables and berries.

Passing Mowry we reach

Newark. The town is a pretty place, built on a part of the grant of the San Jose
Mission (1776). Fruit of all kinds does well, and there is a large and increasing
output of asparagus, onions, and tomatoes. The soil is very rich. Land is worth
here, as elsewhere, in the lower valley from sixty to two hundred dollars per acre.
There are both high school and lower grades. The population is about seven hun-
dred.

Newark is a manufacturing point of importance, with two stove-foundries, car-
building shops, Southern Pacific repair shops, salt-works, planing-mill, etc.

Centerville. In the center of the valley, is about three miles from Niles,
Decoto, and Newark, and is reached from the last named point by a Southern Pacific
combined street-car and freight-car system, probably not met with elsewhere. The
old town is a progressive, pretty place of five hundred people, and is rich in fruit,
grain, hay, and vegetables. It has a good old-fashioned countrv inn.

Alvsirado. Has a population of about nine hundred, of which the beet-sugar
factory and the foundry employ the majority. The land hereabouts is very valuable,
and raises vegetables, sugar-beets, and small fruits to perfection. The salt industrv
is growing in importance.

Mount Eden. Is another place of value in the way of vegetables, small fruits,
hay, and grain. It should be noted that these narrow-gauge-line villages along the
bay shore have an unsurpassed climate summer and winter.

Russell, West San Lorenzo, West San Leandro. Russell is a

vegetable and berry shipping station, while West San Lorenzo and West San
Leandro are narrow-gauge shipping-stations for the fertile fruit and vegetable
districts that have their home centers nearer the hills.

Alameda Point. Is a ship-building and water-shipping station south of
Alameda. It has water-front facilities of increasing value.

Alameda, which is from thirty-three minutes' to forty-eight minutes' ride, ac-
cording to station, from San Francisco, is chiefly a home place for business people of
San Francisco, who by the thousand travel back and forth each day on the Southern
Pacific Ferry boats and trains, running every fifteen minutes, alternating broad and
narrow gauge trains, which service is also given the neighboring suburban cities of

270 OVER THE RANGE

Oakland, Berkeley, and Fruitvale, so that the whole eastern mainland shore is the
home of many thousands of people, who gain their living in San Francisco.

Alameda has a population of about eighteen thousand, and is noted for its mag-
nificent streets, houses, and even climate.

On the bay shore are several pretty beaches, and in the summer the high-tide
coming in over the warm sand furnishes ideal bathing. The climate is milder than
that of the city, freer from fog and wind, a little warmer, and altogether very pleasant.
The soil is fertile, and that accounts largely for the forest of trees that overhangs the
streets, the endless flower-gardens, and bright lawns. The city has forty miles of
cement sidewalks. The streets are all good. No city in the country has any finer
boulevards. The land is level as if rolled. For bicycles and automobiles Alameda
streets are unsurpassed.

Alameda has bath-houses for hot and cold salt water bathing along the pictur-
esque bay shore. In the opposite direction electric cars and boulevards lead off to
the hills about Mills Seminary and Leona Heights, Diamond and Redwood Canons.
Lake Chabot and Castro Valley are destinations of pleasant pleasure trips.

The city owns its electric-light plant. The public library has twenty-four thou-
sand volumes. The schools are of the best in the state, the high-school bearing a
wide reputation for excellence. The sewerage and drainage systems are perfect,
and good water is obtained from artesian wells. Fifteen miles of electric lines
traverse the streets. Churches, banks, business houses, etc., are in keeping with
the city's other characteristics.

Alameda Mole. Is the bay terminus of the narrow-gauge railway. Here the
trains meet the ferry-boats plying between the Mole and the Union Ferry Depot.
San Francisco.

TO THE YOSEMITE.

O one who visits San Francisco can afford to return home without
siring nature's great temple of wonders — the Yosemite. The way
thither has been greatly smoothed by the Southern Pacific Railroad,
and each succeeding year sees improvements in this direction.
What was formerly an undertaking of considerable magnitude and
difficulty, has now become an easy journey, and one fraught with
pleasure. It is only a vacation jaunt, requiring four days to make the round trip.
The valley is 259 miles from San Francisco, 178 miles to Berenda, on the route
already described in the trip to Los Angeles, thence twenty-one miles by rail to
Raymond, and sixty miles by stage to the valley. It is now all rail to the foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where the traveler is transferred to the most
approved pattern of stages (or carriages, really), and is delightfully whirled up
into the Land of Wonders over an excellent road, through giant timber, across
ice-cold rivulets, and past cataracts which send their spray into the sunlight, em-
bellished with the colors of the rainbow. Mr. Ben C. Truman, the veteran trav-
eler and writer of the Pacific coast, speaks as follows concerning this wonderland:
"Some few years ago we visited the Yosemite in company with a gentleman who
had traveled largely, and who had written much of the scenic attractions of Europe,
Asia, and America, and who exclaimed, as we reached 'Inspiration Point': 'My
God! self-convicted as a spendthrift in words, the only terms applicable to this
spot I have wasted on minor scenes.' And it was unfortunately true, that language
failed to give adequate utterance to the emotion of my friend upon that occasion,
and his hitherto facile pen failed to perform its functions with its characteristic
felicity and brilliancy. This has been the case with many, however, if not with
all others; and thus the pre-eminent grandeur and magnificence of the Yosemite
remains, after all, untold. Indeed its charms must really be seen and felt, for it
is an absolute fact that neither pencil nor brush nor photographic process can
give them faithful portraiture."

The Yosemite Valley is about 150 miles, in an
almost easterly direction, from San Francisco, and
nearly midway of the state between the northern
and southern boundaries. It was for many vcars
the rendezvous, or permanent abiding place, of hos-
tile Indians, who had a legend for every point of
interest, whether of water or rock. The place was
first seen in 1850 by a number of white men who
had formed themselves into a military company to
punish or compel peace with bands of murderous Indians. It was taken posses-
sion of in March, 185 1, by an expedition under the command of Captain Boling,
which invaded the oboriginal stronghold, killed several of its defenders, and cither
stampeded or compelled peace with the rest. The valley is some fifteen miles
long by about one-third of that distance in width, and is undoubtedly the most won-

271

YOSEMITE.

A Valley of Wonders.

The Climax

Grandeur and Beauty.

■'/

EL CAPITAN, YOSEMITE VALLEY.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 273

derful combination of chasm and dome, cliff and canon, mountain and valley,
river and waterfall, cataract and streamlet, winter and summer, and sunshine and
shadow, to be seen in the world — especially within a radius of eight or ten miles.
Among the most noted and majestic elevations, which rise right up vertically,
many of these seeming like hewn rock, are: El Capitan, 3,300 feet above the floor
of the valley; Cathedral Rock, 2,660 feet above the valley; Three Brothers, 3,830
feet; The Sentinel, 3,043 feet, with cascades of 3,000 feet fall; Washington Col-
umn, 1,875 f eet ; Dome and Royal Arches, 3,568 feet, down which descends a cat-
aract of 1,000 feet; the Half Dome, 4,737 feet; Cloud's Rest, 6,150 feet; Glacier
Point, 3,200; Sentinel Dome, 4,150; Eagle Point, 4,200, and many others of greater
or less altitudes. The most noted waterfalls are the Yosemite, which first dis-
plays an unbroken descent 1,500 feet, then 600 feet of partly hidden cataracts,
and a final leap of 400 feet, 2,526 in all; Bridal Veil, 900 feet; Vernal Falls, 400,
and Nevada Falls, 600 feet. There are many other points of interest, conspicu-
ous among which are the Merced River, Mirror Lake, and romantic drives and
climbs without number. There are a number of good hotels in the valley and
tourists are driven right up to their doors. The best time for visiting the falls is
from the first of April until the end of July, but it is accessible until the snows of
November close up its means of ingress and egress for several months.

The Kig" Trees. Thirty-five miles from Raymond is the Wawona
Hotel (formerly Clark's), one of the most exquisite spots in the Sierra Nevada.
There is an abundance of game near by, such as bear, deer (in great plenty), moun-
tain quail, grouse, and smaller game, while the adjacent streams abound in trout.
It is from this hotel that tourists make their pilgrimage to the Mariposa Big Tree
Grove, which is six miles, and is made in a carriage, and for which there is no extra
charge for those holding through tickets to and from the Yosemite Valley. In
this mighty grove there may be seen a large number of trees more than 300 feet
in height, and varying from 50 to 93 feet in circumference, according to Professor
Whitney's official measurement.

The Calaveras Grove, which was the first one discovered (by a hunter
named A. T. Dowd, in 1852), has a magnificent lot of mammoth trees, also pierc-
ing the clouds at heights exceeding 300 feet, and measuring 80, go, and 100 feet
around at the ground. Most of these have marble slabs containing the names of
distinguished soldiers, navigators, statesmen, poets, travelers, and authors. The
Calaveras Grove is 131 miles from San Francisco by rail, and 44 by stage, 175
miles in all. The Mammoth Grove Hotel has been lately enlarged, and can now
accommodate one hundred guests. There is a post-office, express and telegraph
office at the hotel. It faces the grove, having the greater number of trees to the
left, looking from the veranda, and the two sentinels immediately in the front,
about two hundred yards to the eastward. The valley in which the hotel is situ-
ated contains of the Sequoia trees, ninety-three, not including those of from one
to ten years' growth.

The sequoia is a representative of a family of trees, related to the cypresses, which
has survived from a time more ancient than almost any other family of trees.
Its nearest relative is in Japan. The name was given by the botanist, Asa Gray
in honor of Sequoyah, the Cherokee chieftain. Besides the S. gigantea, there is
still another species, the S. semperuirens, which exists in forests along the seaward
side of the Coast Range from San Francisco Bay northward for over 100 miles.
It is these forests which furnish the celebrated redwood lumber. Many specimens
of the redwood rival their big cousins near Yosemite in size, and the whole forest
will average 250 feet in height, where full grown.

FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO THE GREAT
NORTHWEST.

LONG reach of most interesting country lies between San Francisco
and Portland, Oregon. Seven hundred and seventy-two miles in-
tervene between the two great cities, and it is our purpose to take the
reader with us on this journey. There are two routes by rail, and of
course the ocean highway is open to all who wish to go by steamer.
The rail routes are east of the Sacramento River to Tehama, and
west of the river to the same point, 213 miles from San Francisco, where the two lines
form a junction. The route generally taken is that east of the river, and this is
the route chosen for our journey. From San Francisco we return on the Overland
route (by which we entered the city), as far as Roseville, eighteen miles beyond
Sacramento. Here we turn northward, leaving the main line behind us, and are
fairly embarked on our journey to the great northwest.

Lincoln is a small manufacturing town, where great quantities of pottery
and sewer pipe arc made. (Population, 1,100; distance from San Francisco, 11S
miles; elevation, 167 feet.)

Passing through Ewing and Sheridan, small villages surrounded by grazing
lands, we come to

Wheatland. Fitly named, it being in the center of a fine wheat region.
The town is well built, and has the usual complement of good business houses,
churches, schools, etc. (Population, 600; distance from San Francisco, 129 miles;
elevation, 90 feet.)

The Yuba River. Leaving Wheatland, we are soon crossing the bot-
tom lands of what the latest maps call the Bear River, but which "old timers"
know as the Yuba, a name which, it seems to us, should by all means be retained.
The Yuba here is a vagrant stream, inclined to "spread itself" entirely too much
for the convenience and comfort of the farmers; hence, it has been confined within
great dykes, which extend as far as the eye can
reach up and down the river. The road crosses
the bottoms on trestle work.

This thriving place is the leading town of north-
ern California, the depot for the product of Yuba
and Sutter counties, and is situated at the head of
navigation on Feather River, and on the right bank
of the Yuba. It has a population of 5,000. It is
known throughout California as being the neatest
built city in the state. Splendid business blocks,
fine residences, magnificent gardens, where flowers
bloom the year round; best of schools and acad-
emies, eight churches, large manufacturing interests, flour mills, finest woolen
mill in the state, fruit cannery, iron foundry, etc. The city is lighted by gas

275

MARYSVILLE.

Flourishing

Commercial City.

County-Seat of Yuba

County.

Population, 5,000.

Distance from San

Francisco, 142 Miles.

Elevation, 66 Feet.

27 6 OVER THE RANGE

and electricity. The water supply is considered the best in the state. The
trade of Marysville to-day is greater than any town north of Sacramento. It is
the trade center for a large country outside of Yuba County. It enjoys the trade
of all Yuba and Sutter, and part of Butte, Colusa, Sierra, Placer, and Nevada coun-
ties. In addition to excellent natural facilities, steamers and barges ply on the
river, carrying freight to and from San Francisco. It is one of the junctional points
of the railroad. In climate, Marysville cannot be excelled. No extremes of
heat and cold, but a pleasant, equable temperature, equal to, if not the superior of,
the climate of Italy. Epidemic diseases of any kind never obtain a footing here;
Marysville has been singularly free from such afflictions. With the fast-increasing

SIR JOSEPH HOOKER OAK, CHICO VECINO.
29 Feet in Circumference.

tide of immigration, which is now turning to California, and with the new and
varied industries which are now springing up here, as the producing power of the
lands are becoming known, Marysville will, in a short space of time no doubt, be
one of the leading towns of California. Frosts are very rare, and when they do
occur very little damage to vegetation results, owing to the great dryness of the
atmosphere. The same characteristics also make life very enjoyable, and render
this section one of the healthiest in the state. At Marysville a profitable side-trip
may be taken to Oroville.

Oroville is situated on the Feather River, 28 miles from Marysville. It
is the northern terminus of the Oroville branch of the Southern Pacific, which runs
from Marysville, 28 miles to the north. The town is well built, the business build-
ings being of brick, and the residences are almost universally neat and handsome,
surrounded with lawns set with a wealth of flowers, palms, and blooming orange-
trees. The church and school facilities are all that could be desired There is
abundant water-power awaiting the establishment of manufactories, and a flour-
ing mill and a large sash and door factory are now in operation. But the glory

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 277

of Ororille is mainly in the region about it. The western part of Butte County,
near the Sacramento River, is level; the eastern part includes the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, while the central portion consists of low foothills
gradually increasing in altitude as the mountains are ncarcd. This strip of sloping
foothills, twenty miles in width, consists of a rich gravelly soil, remarkably pro-
ductive. The climate of this region, which Is known as the "Thermal Belt," is of
peculiar salubrity, being milder both in winter and summer than in the lower por-
tion of the valley, and resembling that of the most favored countries about the
Mediterranean Sea. The summer's heat is here tempered to an even mildness,
and in the winter the formation of thin ice in the open air is of rare occurrence.
Snow is a natural curiosity, and outdoor work is uninterrupted the year round.
The average rainfall is about twenty-two inches. Experiment has shown that
the conditions of climate and soil make this region the natural home of the orange,
olive, lemon, fig, and other semi-tropical fruits, while all the known deciduous fruits,
including the hardy apple, flourish and yield in unsurpassed abundance. The
country about Oroville is undoubtedly the greatest fruit-producing region in the
state, offering great inducements to settlers, while it is equally wealthy in a great
variety of other resources.

Returning to Marysville, we resume our northward flight, the Sacramento
Valley being on our left, while the Valley of the Rio de Los Plumas, or, as it is now
popularly called, the Feather River Valley, is on our right. Following this course
we pass through Gridley, Biggs, Nelson, Durham, and arrive at

The largest town in Butte County, Chico, situ-

CHICO.

An Ideal Residence

City.
Population, 4,000.

Distance
from San Francisco,

186 Miles.
Elevation, 193 Feet.

ated on Chico Creek, five miles from the Sacra-
mento River. Chico is the centre of the finest agri-
cultural portion of the county — perhaps the finest
in the State. The famous "Rancho Chico" prop-
erty of Gen. John Bidwell adjoins the town on the
north, the rich and varied fruits of which have at-
tracted such marked attention at all fairs and expo-
sitions throughout the United States. Chico Creek
is a clear and beautiful mountain stream, flowing
sufficient water all the year to supply power for General Bidwell's large flour mill,
until its capacity was so enlarged as to require the supplemental aid of steam.
Steamers run on the Sacramento River to Chico Landing and points above, carry-
ing immense quantities of grain to the bay on barges. Chico is a beautiful city,
and its population is principally American, agriculture and its adjunct employ-
ments being the chief elements of its life. But it has also tributary to it a fine mining
region, up Butte Creek, and an immense lumber region to the east and north.
In this latter there are five or six large mills at work. A V-flume comes to the city
from the mountains, in which the lumber is floated from the mills to the town, so
rapidly that a few years ago a beam of timber was sawn in the mill, thirty miles
away, flumed to Chico, drawn through the town to the water-works building, fitted
for its purpose and wrought into the building, all within the working hours of a
single day. Chico has a regular town government, with police officers and an ex-
cellent fire department. It has gas and water-works, and is supplied with electric
light. There are two banks, i"n flourishing condition. Seven churches, repre-
senting as many denominations, adorn the city; a state normal school and large
and elegant public school buildings and private academies are filled with students.
The streets are wide, well kept, and shaded. Very many private residences are

278 OVER THE RANGE

large and handsome, and the homes of the people all indicate intelligence and com-
fort.

CllicO Vecino. This is an attractive suburb of Chico, included within the
boundaries of the well-known "Rancho Chico." There are one thousand acres in
the town site, the plat of which has been laid off in five-acre tracts. Here there
soon will be one of those delightful fruit-raising colonies for which California is
becoming famous. From Chico to Tehama we roll along through a fine fruit
and agricultural country, passing the stations of Nord and Vina.

Tehama is the junction of the Willows branch of the Southern Pacific-
Railroad with the main line. It is situated in a good wheat-growing country on
the west bank of the Sacramento River, and here irrigation is not found necessary
for the production of crops. The olive does magnificently here, and the sugar-
beet bids fair to make a profitable crop. A sugar factory is in contemplation.
Stock-raising and lumbering are large tributary industries. (Population, 700;
distance from San Francisco, 213 miles; elevation, 222 feet.)

Seven miles beyond Tehama we pass through Rawson, and five miles farther
on reach

Red Bluff, the county-seat of Tehama County, which is one of the most
thriving towns of the state, with a population of 3,000. It is a growing town in
one of the richest sections, and it has an elevated and sightly location. Its streets
are wide and well graded, lighted by electricity, and there is no place in the
United States better drained. The Sacramento River here is a clear, rapid
stream, lined with beautiful trees and vines. On all the three other sides
there are ravines or valleys through which streams run, which give the perfec-
tion of drainage. Its public and business buildings are fine architectural
structures, and its private residences are nowhere excelled for taste, elegance
and the beauty and the wealth of their floral surroundings. The streets are
lined with poplar, elm, white maple, locust, acacia and pepper trees, which
will soon make a veritable forest city. There are also many fine residences. Te-
hama County is the great grain-growing county of the state, 8,000,000 bushels of
wheat and 2,500,000 bushels of barley have been harvested in one season from its
fertile lands. Tehama has about 400,000 sheep, which produce 2,500,000 pounds
of wool annually. The numbers of cattle, horses, mules, and swine are large. In
this county the celebrated Vina Ranch is located, embracing 56,000 acres, a princeh
property, which, through the unexampled generosity of Senatoi and Mrs. Stanford,
has become the heritage of the children and of the coming generations of the Pacific
coast. (Population, 3,000; distance from San Francisco, 225 miles; elevation,
307 feet.)

The grade is now steadily upward, as we press onward in our journey. From
Red Bluff to Sissons, a distance of 113 miles, we make an ascent of 3,245 feet.
Through a broken country, and crossing a number of rapidly flowing creeks, we
pass through Cottonwood, and arrive at

AndeTSOn, which is a beautiful and very lively town of 1,000 inhabitants.
It lies a mile and a half from the Sacramento River, 12 miles south of Redding,
and 222 miles north of Sacramento. The town is attractively laid out, with wide,
well-shaded streets, lined with cozy and beautiful homes. The leading hotel in
the place is a fine one, costing $20,000. There are fine schools, the usual churches,
a fine roller flouring mill, good, substantial brick business buildings, water-works,
furnishing an abundant supply of pure water from the mountains, besides many
other evidences of enterprise and progress. The semi-tropical climate of the Sac-

2 So OVER THE RANGE

ramcnto Valley generally prevails in the region about Anderson, which is noted
for its healthfulness. The summers are rather warm, though dry, and the mercury
rarely reaches 105 degrees, 85 degrees being about the average. The winter, or
rainy season, is delightful, and resembles April or May in the Eastern states. (Pop-
ulation, 1,000; distance from San Francisco, 248 miles; elevation, 432 feet.)

Redding". No town of northern California has a more promising future,
and exhibits at the present time more enterprise, activity, and rapidity of growth
than Redding, in the southwestern part of Shasta County, of which it is the county-
seat. It is at the upper end of the great Sacramento Valley, 230 miles north of
Sacramento, and is built on a plateau on the bank of the Sacramento River, here a
clear mountain stream which sweeps around the town to the east and south. No
town in the state has a more charming and picturesque location. The brief history
of Redding is one of rapid progress, and never has it been more marked than now.
Its population has increased from 500, in 1883, to over 3,000 at the present time, and
with the rapid development of the county and the vast territory that is tributary to
Redding, extending, in some directions, a hundred and fifty miles, a rapid and con-
tinued growth is assured. The city has water and gas works, a great variety
of manufactories, many important buildings, a fine court-house and jail, two news-
papers, good schools, and several churches. The river here affords fine water-
power, and the lumber interests of the country tributary to Redding are immense.
The future of this lively place depends largely on the development of the country
about it; and with the great variety of soil, climate, and products, the thousands
of acres of cheap, unoccupied lands that only await intelligent cultivation to yield
great profits, and with the other almost inexhaustible resources which the country
possesses, there can be no question on this point. During the past few years the
country has made rapid strides, many settlers have invested, building has amounted
almost to a boom, new industries started, and thousands of acres of orchards and
vineyards have been planted. No part of California offers such inducements
to the farmer, the laboring man, the capitalist, or the home-seeker as Shasta County.
There is a delightful semi-tropical climate in the valleys and plateaus of the south,
and a gradual change is noted as higher altitudes are reached, that of the moun-
tains resembling the New England states. The climate of the southern portion
of the county is indicated by the fact that orange-trees nourish and bear abund-
antly. The county is noted for the number and beauty of its clear, sparkling
streams, which burst from the mountains through wild, picturesque canons, and
flow onward through small, fertile valleys of great beauty. In these mountain
streams the finest trout fishing in the state is found. (Population, 3,000; distance
from San Francisco, 260 miles; elevation, 551 feet.)

Keswick. This is a new town of about 2,000 people, brought into existence
by the smelting industry. A large plant is erected here, owned by the Mountain
Copper Company. The modern methods of treating ore make this the base metal
era, and smelters are coining money. This stimulates quartz-mining, for the smel-
ter must have a certain amount of ore for a flux. Three large smelting plants are
at work in this vicinity, and towns are building, population growing, and markets
active. Trinity County, like Shasta, has a vast territory heavily mineralized,
while the former has also extensive gravel deposits. The largest hydraulic mining
property in the world, perhaps, is opening now, and water is being piped over
twenty miles of almost inaccessible country. An immense sum was paid for the
acres of golden gravel.

Many cozy little homes arc scattered through the mountains. The farmer,

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 2S1

with a few acres of fruit and a little field for grain or pasturage, is often a miner also
working a small claim at intervals. One such, three or four years ago, struck a
pocket, taking out about $33,000 in a single day. That is one of the possibilities
which make mining so fascinating.

THE SHASTA REGION.

Tilt' (anon. We return from prospecting in the hills and resume our journey.
We are now in the canon of the Sacramento, creeping along the breast of cliffs, and
through tunnels, and crossing and recrossing the river, amid scenes of great beauty
and sublimity. From Redding, the great white cone of Shasta was seen, seeming to
rise out of a forested horizon, and as we go upward, it gleams upon the sight again
and again, a thing of beauty and of majesty. Its glory is best seen at a distance an
from below. Then its dark lavas are suffused with a pale rosy glow, its white
summit outlined softly against the sky, and the wide, placid sweep of its base is full
of repose.

Here the eastern wall beside us is broken by a rugged canon, and the McCloud
River comes pouring its cold flood into the Sacramento. Back among the hills it
first joins the Pitt River, and the two streams, swollen by many mountain springs,
add their volume to the Sacramento. All the region watered by the streams is
wild and virgin. It is a district full of fine forest trees, with many deer in the
depths of the woods, and trout in the icy waters of the streams. The Pitt River
cuts its way from the volcanic regions of the northeast, across a billowy sea of hills,
and falls toward the west in a series of white rapids. The McCloud has the ice
chill of Mt. Shasta upon it, and has worn its way through lava rocks, and tumbled
down steep gorges, to lose itself in the larger stream that rolls down to the bay.

The Sacramento is muddy and sluggish far down the valley, but here is dear
and bright and turbulent, rushing and foaming among the rocks, a very ideal trout
stream, and a line of light in the landscape.

Sims. This was a sportsmen's hotel in the days when only the Oregon stage
woke the echoes among the hills. It stands back from the station among
orchards of apples and other fruits, on a fine plateau, in the most rugged portion
of the Sacramento canon. Trout, game in its season, fruit and berries fresh from
the fields, milk and butter from their own cows, and an old-time hospitalitv make
this a restful place.

Sweet Brier, Crag 1 View, Bailey's. These arc camping-places and
hotels, close together, in a very attractive part of the canon. The fine views, the
delightful climate, the pure water, the numberless excursions into the hills, the
wild flowers, the luxuriant ferns, the bathing and fishing, make these resorts vcrv
popular in this season.

Castle Crag'. The fine hotel here was burned down and has not been rebuilt,
but the crags remain one of the most striking rock piles of any countrv. The
buttresses of this giant structure reach down to the bottom of the canon, and the
columns and minarets of gray, steely granite, lifted high against the sky, are very
impressive. They reach an altitude of four thousand feet, and easily and naturally
suggest the towers and minarets of some lofty and impregnable castle of the Middle
Ages. Back of these splintered peaks, at an elevation of nearly seven thousand feet,
lies Castle Lake, a lonely bit of crystal water, resting in its granite cup, over whose
Up the wild azalea droops, and in whose depths the silvery trout Boats like a shadow.
The lake is accessible from this point by a steep trail, or farther up by horseback.

282 OVER THE RANGE

Upper Soda Spring's. Numerous fine soda springs are found in tne canon,
and this is one of the most noted. It is an old and homelike place, in one of the
wildest and most picturesque parts of the canon. Shasta is but fifteen miles away,
'the fine coniferous forests, full of splendid sugar-pine, spruce, and cedar, and here
and there, on sloping mountain sides or on top of dividing ridges, lie lovely meadows
the wild gardens of the deer, lush with grass and starred with flowers. Nothing is
finer; and you cannot cross one of these forest-hidden gardens without finding,
perhaps still warm, the couch of the red deer, or, flaming in the sunlight, the brown
and orange spotted tiger-lily, or a bed of blue and white violets and daisies. The
water of the Soda Springs is cold and palatable, and for certain diseases very bene-
ficial. The fish commissioners keep the river stocked with salmon and trout, and
game can be found deep in the solitude of the hills.

Shasta Springs. This mineral spring is but a few steps from the track of
the Southern Pacific, and is a regular stopping-place for all trains. Everybody
"drinks" here, and many fill bottles or demijohns for later refreshment. The
water is bottled here for a wide market. On a fine plateau above the springs are
cottages, and many come here for rest and the benefits hoped for from the water.

Shasta Retreat. This is a camping spot, grouped about a magnificent
spring, pouring out a great volume of icy water. Several fine mineral springs are
also on the grounds, and Shasta is in full view. Plants and flowers grow in great
profusion, and the air is full of the balsam of pine and spruce and fir. The retreat is
under church control, and has a tabernacle for public services. The Chautauqua
assembly is one of the summer attractions. There is a tavern with airy rooms, and
comfortable cottages.

3Iott. Here a fine view of Shasta is obtained, and this is the visual center for all
the region. The lover of the grand and beautiful will look up to it at noonday, pale
and shadowy against the sky; will linger at evening to see the great lava cone glow
with light, when the canon is dark with the gathering gloom of night; and will ever,
"turn out" to see its dark head outlined at dawn amid the fading stars, or strongly
set upon the arch of rose which heralds the coming sun.

Turning the glance back over the route we have traveled, the slopes of the great
canon are seen, and the outlying cliffs of Castle Crags, while to the west, Scott Moun-
tain looms up in majesty.

Sissoil. The rambling, picturesque, and homelike hotel long known as "Sis-
sons" has disappeared. It had its day, and many a sojourner at the old, romantic-
inn thinks of it with a sigh of regret. The fame of the place was widespread, and the
old homestead was enlarged, and patched, and added to from year to year until it had
a character of its own, and was as original in appearance as it was homelike in the
experience of its guests. Strawberry Valley, full of willows and brush, became a
meadow, with a background of dark velvety pines, and above that belt of green rose
the white, triple cone of the great mountain. It was worth ten years of common
life to sit on the veranda at Sisson and look out over that peaceful mountain meadow
and up the shining slope of that

"Burned-out crater, healed with snow,"

and watch the play of light on granite crag or lava flow, or to sit in the sunlight of
Julv and see a snow-storm raging about the mountain summit, and rain falling in
the valley at its feet.

The railroad is here now, a bustling town is in the valley, and a hundred things
have changed. But the new "Sissons" is attractive if it is modern, the old-time

SHASTA.

The Monarch of the
Range.

Altitude, 14,440 Feet
Above the Sea.

Local Elevation,
10,885 Feet.

284 OVER THE RANGE

hospitality is there, and the mountain is unchanged. A delightful summer resort
it often has weeks of excellent sleighing, and then the tavern is alive with guests
from the city to whom the snow and the sleigh-ride is a novelty.

As we near Sisson, Mount Shasta, of which we
have obtained brief glimpses through the pines,
bursts into full view in all its sublime magnificence.
This noted snow-capped peak towers to the height
of 14,440 feet. It is an extinct volcano, and its snows
and glaciers feed hundreds of streams which thread
the wild region in every direction. At Sisson is
obtained the finest view of Shasta, and it is the only
convenient point from which the ascent can be made.
But few parties succeed in reaching the summit, and
the attempt is only made in midsummer, and then
with trusty guides. The feat is exciting, but the
view is grand beyond description. The region about Shasta is a paradise for the
sportsman and the lover of nature. Grizzly, black, and cinnamon bears abound,
elk, deer, and mountain sheep are plenty, as well as a great variety of smaller game.
The mountain streams teem with trout, and often the sport loses its zest through
the very abundance of the beauties. The McCloud and the Pitt Rivers are the
most noted streams, though others are equally attractive. The McCloud runs
through the most uninhabited and unexplored region on the coast. No region in
the state is so delightful for camping, and hundreds of parties go there every year.
At Sisson, camping and hunting parties can be provided with complete outfits at
moderate cost. From Redding northward the Southern Pacific road is the scenic
route of California; and at the base of Mount Shasta, eighty miles north of Redding,
the acme of interest is reached. While there are many places in California replete
with beauty and grandeur, there are none which, for infinite variety of scenery, wild-
ness, and abundance of everything to delight the sportsman, artists and tourist,
can compare with the region about Shasta.

JVIllir's Peak. After leaving Sisson we circle the base of Muir's Peak, locally
known as "Black Butte," which rises to a perpendicular height of three thousand
feet above our heads. It is black, bare, and desolate — an extinct volcano, with
half a dozen craters in plain view.

Upton. Here we diverge a little, taking the short line called the "McCloud
River Railroad." It is chiefly a lumber line, penetrating the rich forest region to the
east. Of old time we went from Sissons to the Big Bend in a stage-coach, twenty-
five miles of delightful ride. Now we take this odd "switch back" railway and
climb the grades and round the hills, until we reach McCIouds, where are noisy
mills and logging trains and mountain homes. The river, a few miles beyond, is
a cjuiet stream, its source not far away in the green meadows at the foot of Shasta
on the east. Its mother is Mt. Shasta, and it wells up out of the earth, icy cold.
It grows rapidly, a hundred rills and springs adding to its volume, so that a dozen
miles shows a broad tumultuous river, dark in the shadows of the great trees, and
gathering strength with every mile. It has immense attractions for the nature-
lover and the sportsman. The noblest trout of all the tribe, the "Dolly Varden,"
lurks in this dark green water, wary and full of vigor. Deer and bear are in the
wilder regions, where the mill men have not penetrated, and mountain lions are
not seldom seen. Fine views of Shasta are obtained as one climbs along the trails.
The region is full of splendid timber, the finest sugar-pine forests of the state, or of

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

any state, being found in the MrCIoud Basin. Going northward again, toward
Oregon, we note the lessening forest growth until we reach

EdgeWOOd. The name is suggestive. It is literally the edge of the forest.
Thereafter, climbing to the Siskiyou summit, a distance of twenty-live miles, there
is very little timber. The country is broken and rolling, with farms here and there,
and extensive cattle ranges.

Montague. This is forty miles north of Sisson and is the junction point of
the Yreka Railroad, running to the town of the same name, the county-seat of
Siskiyou County. It is a town of considerable importance. Mining, lumbering

MOSSBRAE FALLS, MT. SHASTA COUNTRY.

and cattle raising are the chief industries. Farms are in the small valleys, and the
whole country is prosperous.

Ag"er. From this point a stage line runs to Klamath Hot Springs, eighteen miles
distant, and near the border line between California and Oregon. It is one of the
most attractive mineral spring resorts in the state, partly because of the excellence
of its waters, and partly because of its beautiful scenery and the charm of the trout
stream at its doors. The Klamath is a dashing mountain stream, alive with
trout. The elevation is about two thousand seven hundred feet, and the tempera-
ture never high. Salmon, silver and rainbow trout can be found within sight of
the hotel.

The Siskiyou Mountains run over into Oregon. From their summit we look
down into the faraway Rogue River Valley, one of the finest of Oregon's many fine

286 OVER THE RANGE

/alleys. Going on a little, we cross the head waters of the Klamath River, rolling
westward to the Pacific, and at Cole's we leave California, and the next stop is
Oregon.

THE WEST SIDE.

Before leaving California it will be of interest to enter here a brief description
of the West Side Line extending between Woodland and Tehama, and by which
line the tourist may travel if he so desire. Leaving Tehama for the south the first
station is

Filiello. This town, on the north side of Thomas Creek, is a small business
center for a grain-growing district. It is on the edge of the old-time regime in farm-
ing methods.

Ricllfi*'J(l. Thi3 is a colony center, separated from Finello by Thomas Creek,
and not more than two miles distant. It marks the transition to a more stable
form of agricultural life, and settles up the country. Children born belong to the
land; school-houses are builded, and communities formed, and an independent
citizenship takes the place of renters and employees, whose only interest in the
country is what they can get out of it.

Coming'. This is an old-time town of about eleven hundred people, quite
surrounded by the colonies which have been planted in the wheat-fields, and have
transformed the face of the country. Conservative ranchers stick to cattle and
grain. One sold off part of his holding to the colony managers for twenty-five
dollars per acie, and when he saw what could be done with the land bought a good
share of it back at seventy-two dollars per acre. Many are in the ruts of habit
and method, and do not see the possibilities of development until it is actually
demonstrated before their eyes; they stay by the forms of industry which they
know.

May "wood Colony. This is a striking example of what this region and a hun-
dred like it are capable of, and what courage, confidence, foresight, and intelligent
energy will do. In 1890 this was a wheat-field. At first four thousand acres were
subdivided; but additions were quickly made. As fast as one tract was settled uf
another was thrown open, and settlers soon found to occupy it, until the original
four thousand acres had expanded to twenty-seven thousand. To-day Maywooc
Colony is a prosperous, contented, industrious, and successful aggregation of home-
builders. A plot of the central group of colonies shows the town of Corning com-
pletely invested with orchards and farms, nearly every lot being sold and occupied.
There are hundreds of comfortable homes, fine business blocks, well-equipped
hotels, schools, churches, an opera house, and all the evidences of a progressive and
successful enterprise. Oranges do as well as anywhere; olives are profitable as
pickles, or converted into oil, peaches, pears, apricots, vegetables, grain, poultry,
melons, sugar-beets — everything goes. A huge fir-tree, five feet in diameter, and
a black walnut, eighty feet high, hint the wide range of tree growth. Peas and
tomatoes are produced by the ton, the cannery taking all that can be grown. A
herd of one thousand to one thousand five hundred turkeys is not an uncommon
sight in the region.

The Colony district ten years ago had but about one hundred people, exclusive
of Corning. It now numbers two thousand, and with the old town fully one thou-
sand more. The new-comers are Eastern people, who had but little capital and no
knowledge of farming and fruit-raising, as practiced here. Competent California

2&5 OVER THE RANGE

farmers guided the first efforts, and no difficulty or hardship has been experienced
in "getting started." Back of all has been a wise management, a liberal and
enlightened policy. Then soil and climate. The growth can be duplicated on
hundreds of thousands of acres in this rich valley. It requires only the initiative
fair treatment, intelligence, and wide advertising. Multitudes only want to know
the facts about California. There are hundreds of chances here to one in the older
communities, and no unequal contest with nature, with cold and frost and storm.

Kirkwood. Outside of the limits of the colony just left, we dip into the con-
servatism of farm life again. This is a market town for a district given to grain-
growing, to livestock, and a little fruit. But the object-lessons in many localities
are breaking into the old cultural habits, and new life and growth begin to appear.

Orlailtl. This is Glenn County — a few years ago a vast wheat-field. But
change is in the air — transition to new methods. Orland is growing, and the region
roundabout filling up, and a diversity of the products of the land gives the tiller of
the soil an immense advantage. He has always something to turn off. Here is
alfalfa, and butter, and honey, melons, oranges, lemons, all kinds of deciduous fruit,
and all kinds of vegetables. Olives and almonds flourish. One tract of sixty-six
acres set to almonds returned, in 1901, nineteen tons, which sold for eleven cents a
pound; net result about thirty-five hundred dollars. Oranges and lemons are being
planted. The Lemon Home Colony is two miles out from Orland, with good land,
well watered. It is monotonous to repeat that citrus fruits will do well at a hundred
points hitherto untried. We are trying to tell the truth about a vast region. It is
nature's fruit realm. It has millions of acres as well adapted to oranges and
lemons as Sicily, Malta, the Grecian Archipelago, the south of France, or the best
section of Spain. The soil and the climate here insure the success of oranges,
lemons, olives, apricots, peaches, prunes, and almonds. But increasing attention
is being given to water and to alfalfa, as in many other places. The town is grow-
ing. You may see here a single acre which for twenty years has supported the
owner and his wife in comfort.

Land is not high, it is cheap. As in many places, it is men that are wanted —
men who can plow a straight furrow, who know good land when they see it, and
who have something to sell every time they go to town. Land is plenty, and men
with intelligence and energy can make a fresh start anywhere in this valley with
half the effort their fathers put forth to clear the forests or break the soil of the
Middle West.

Germaiitowil. The business center again of a wide area devoted to grain
and stock. Land can be bought for from twenty to sixty-five dollars, land under
cultivation, but without improvements. It is a good region.

Willows. This little city has a population of about sixteen hundred, and is
full of life. The tributary country is rich in grain and fruit. Willows is the junc-
tion point of a branch line that traverses a productive region as far as Fruto. This
euphonious name indicates the prevailing industry. Yet stock-raising, dairying,
and general farming is in vogue. One man grows ten acres of tomatoes, netting
him from seven hundred to a thousand dollars a year. Another raises barley,
alfalfa, and potatoes, and from thirty-seven acres netted, in 1901, two thousand six
hundred dollars. River bottom-land set to peaches returned one hundred and
twenty dollars per acre from a large tract.

Norman. Another market-place and shipping-point for grain and stock. The
western foothills furnish good pasture, and in the rougher brush lands the Angora
is profitable. From a flock of five hundred, one owner sheared two thousand five

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 2S9

hundred pounds mohair, selling for thirty cents a pound. His flock was increased
by four hundred kids. There is a growing market for the long silky fleei e.

Maxwell. We are still in the midst of wheat-fields, wide, flat reaches of
country. Diversified farming is growing in favor, and the monotony of yellow grain-
fields will soon disappear.

Hogs are seen in the fields, and other stock, and more attention will be given
cows and the dairy. The character of the soil will reveal itself at a glance.

The mountains on the west side are full of delightful camping-places, and some
of the most famous mineral springs are easily reached. Deer and bear are plenty,
and foxes, coyotes and panthers are readily found. On the east the Sacramento
River offers good fishing, and ducks and geese in their season.

Colusa Junction. This is the connecting point with the "Colusa and Lake
Railroad." It runs east to Colusa and northwest to Sites, and from the latter by
stage to Bartlett Springs and other Clear Lake points; Sites is a small foothill town.
The foothills of both mountain ranges, the Sierra and the Coast, have many fine
and fertile little valleys, and the climate is always exceptionally fine. Where water
can be had they make ideal places for fruit. Along the Coast foothills, water can
usually be had by digging wells.

Colusa is a town of nearly two thousand people — with its extensions, two thou-
sand two hundred. Electric power has been brought in, and is available for pump-
ing for irrigation, and for other mechanical purposes. A great body of magnificent
alluvial land is here, that will grow anything, with plenty of water for purposes of
irrigation. Lands are being cut up into small farms, and fruit-growing will sup-
plant wheat farms. Oil is found of a superior quality, and may prove very pro-
ductive. The lands along the river are protected by levees, and the river itself is
made to serve for winter irrigation. Bartlett Springs, which is not far from here,
is very celebrated, and much resorted to for the cure of certain diseases. Other
springs in the county are used as summer resorts, and for the healing virtue of
their waters. The Colusa stone quarries are drawn upon from all parts of the
state. The fine quality of the stone shows in the new Ferry Building at San Fran-
cisco, and in the band-stand at Golden Gate Park. Considerable land is for sale
here at fair prices.

Williams. The population is about twelve hundred, and the town is in the
midst of vast grain-fields. The increased value of stock is being recognized, and
this industry, with fruit-farming, and greater diversity of farm products, is
growing.

Arblickle. The whole region is devoted to grain and stock. The town serves
as a shipping-point, and for market purposes and social life.

DlUllligail. When some pastoral bard arises — some modern Virgil, surveying
these boundless wheat plains, will he find poetry in the scene ? There are figures
for the census, but not much to inspire the poet. The barns are not ideally colored,
like Eastman Johnson's, and where there are any at all, they are not "as wide as a
Dutchman's barn," the monotony of endlessly pleasant weather dispensing with
the necessity for barns in most cases. The country tributary to Dunnigan produces
grain — and a great deal of it.

Yolo. Poetry is still immolated here under the wheels of giant combined reap-
ing and threshing machines, or buried by the gang plow. It is a vast industry, but
too easy for profit in these competitive days. A brief period of plowing and sowing
another of harvesting, and then the employees drift away to the towns or cities, and
the rancher waits for next year. Meantime, California imports a hundred things

290 OVER THE RANGE

she consumes, and ought to produce at home. Pork, condensed milk, preserves
jellies, jams, poultry, eggs, sugar — all ought to be provided in this opulent state.
Woodland, the next station, we saw on our way north.

OREGON AND THE SISKIYOU.

Tlie State Lille. Resuming the northward journey, two miles beyond Coles
station we cross the state line, and entering Oregon, begin the ascent of the Siskiyou
Mountains. This ascent is a wonder of railway engineering. The statistical facts
concerning this achievement may be condensed as follows:

Elevation at State Line 2 $59 feet

Coles Springs 3>775 "

Tunnel No. 13 3, 108 "

Tunnel No. 15 $>1 10 "

Tunnel No. 16 2,977 "

Length of Tunnel No. 13 4,160 "

The mathematician has the advantage here. He can tell exactly the facts concern-
ing this great work; but the descriptive writer strives in vain to convey to the reader
the beauty and grandeur of the scene. The southern slope of the range is denuded
of trees, while the northern side is covered with a dense growth of pine.

Siskiyou Station. This is the summit of the range, and the highest point
on the entire line, being 4,135 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain view
from this coign of vantage is indescribably magnificent. To the east is the Cascade
Range, extending to the north for full four hundred miles; to the northeast is Mount
Pitt, while still farther on are Mounts Scott, Threlson, and Diamond Peak — mon-
archs of the Cascades. To the west are the peaks of the Siskiyou and Coast ranges;
to the south are the two Sisters, Mount Lassen, and above all imperial Shasta rears
his head. Lakes, rivers, and valleys lie spread out before us like a map; and in a
word, for variety, grandeur, beauty, and extent, this view has no equal on the con-
tinent.

Aslllaild. At the foot of the Siskiyou Range, on the eastern slope, is situated
this beautiful little town, in a delightful valley. The town was established in 1850;
and in 1887, on December 17th Mr. Charles Crocker, of San Francisco, drove the
last spike which completed the railroad connection between California and Oregon.
The town of Ashland has entered upon a season of great prosperity, being the seat
of the State Normal School, and having the White Sulphur Springs within near
proximity. It is a large shipping-point for wheat, and also for fruit. (Population,
3.000; distance from San Francisco, 431 miles; elevation, 1,891 feet.)

Rolling along through the valley we pass Phcenix and Medford, prosperous
towns of moderate size.

Jacksonville is the county-seat of Jackson County, and is connected with
Medford, four miles distant, by stage. (Population, 1,000; distance from San
Francisco, 450 miles; elevation, 1,399 feet.)

Rogue River Valley. We are now in the Rogue River Valley, and are
following the stream in its downward course. The valley averages about three
miles in width, with high hills on each side, covered with a strong growth of grass,
and in places heavily timbered. The products of this valley are berries, nuts, and
fruit. Fishing and hunting can be found here of the best quality. The stations

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SCENIC
ATTRACTIONS.

A Panorama of

the

Grand and Beautiful

in Nature.

292 OVER THE RANGE

which follow Medford are: Gold Hill, Grant's Pass, Merlin, Leland, Wolf Creek,
Glendale, West Fork, Riddle, Myrtle Creek, and Dillard.

For a stretch of over one hundred and fifty miles
from Grant's Pass, the country presents a wonder-
ful panorama of grand and beautiful scenery.
Mountains are all around us. To the right the
Cascade Range, to the left the Coast Range. Gorges
before us! Canons behind us! Little valleys of
entrancing loveliness are crossed; sparkling streams
abound; forests of oaks and pines, of hemlocks and
madrones, are threaded; in a word, the variety is
infinite, the beauty indescribable.

Roseburg' is the county-seat of Douglas County. Through the town flow
the Umpqua River and Deer Creek, which furnish water-power and a plentiful
supply of pure water for domestic purposes. Agriculture, horticulture, and pastoral
industries are tributary. (Population, 2,000; distance from San Francisco,
574 miles; elevation, 487 feet.)

The Valley Of the Umpqua. This valley, situated between the
Coast Range of mountains and the Calapooias, is exceedingly fertile, being especially
adapted to agriculture and the growing of fruit. The valley ranks third in size
among those of Oregon, those of the Willamette, and Umatilla being greater in area.
A historical interest attaches itself to the Umpqua Valley, for in its quiet confines lie
the remains of the brave soldier and public-spirited citizen General Joseph Lane.
His grave is in a little churchyard, a mile from Roseburg. After leaving Roseburg,
the stations occur in the following order: Wilbur, Oakland, Rice Hill, Youcalla,
Drains, and Comstocks.

Divide is on the water-shed between the waters of the Umpqua and Willa-
mette Rivers. Latham, Cottage Grove, Walkers, Creswell, Goshen, and Springfield
are the succeeding stations.

Eugene is the county-seat of Lane County, situated on the right bank of
the Willamette River, and is a thriving, prosperous town. Here has been estab-
lished the University of Oregon, which is one of the leading educational institutions
of the state. The Willamette is navigable from Portland to this point for steamers
of light draught; but freight traffic is now carried mainly by the railroad. This is a
fine agricultural and fruit country, and shipments of these products from Eugene
are large. (Population, 4,000; distance from San Francisco, 649 miles; eleva-
tion, 455 feet.)

Beyond Eugene are Irving, Junction City, Harrisburg, Muddy, Halsey, Shedds,
Tangent, and Albany Junction.

Albany, the county-seat of Linn County, is an enterprising, growing town.
For a country which Eastern people consider so "new," this town has great "an-
tiquity," having been established in 1848. Here is located the Albany College and
other schools of excellent quality. The town has good business and private build-
ings, water-works — in fact, all of the modern improvements. (Population, 5,000;
distance from San Francisco, 692 miles; elevation, 240 feet.)

Millersburg, Jefferson, Marion, and Turner are the stations passed after leaving
Albany before Salem is reached.

Salem is the state capital and the county-seat of Marion County. It is
situated on the left bank of the Willamette River, which furnishes unlimited water-
power. Here are located the state institutions, including the Insane Asylum, the

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 293

School for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind, the Penitentiary and the Indian Training
School. Steamers ply regularly between Portland and Salem, and the amount of
lumber shipped annually exceeds three million feet. The capitol building occupies
an entire block, and may be seen from the car window, to our left, after leaving the
depot. It need not be said that Salem is a well-built, prosperous city, for the fact that
it is the state capital makes such a statement superfluous. (Population, 6,000; dis-
tance from San Francisco, 720 miles; elevation, 100 feel . )

After we have left Salem we pass the state fair grounds, two miles from the
city, and four miles farther on Chemawa is reached, which is the immediate site of
the Indian Training School. Beyond are the stations of Brooks, Woodburn, Hub-
bard, Aurora, Barlow, Canby, New Era, and Canemah.

Oregon City is the county-seat of Clackamas County, and is noted for its
magnificent water-power, being located at the great falls of the Willamette River.
Here were constructed the canal and lock system which make the Willamette navi-
gable beyond the falls. This system cost half a million dollars. Oregon City is a
thriving town, boasting all the modern improvements, and doing a large business.
(Population, 4,000; distance from San Francisco, 756 miles; elevation, 95 feet.)
Beyond Oregon City we pass through the following stations: Clackamas, Mil-
waukee, Willsburg, Car Shops, and East Portland. These are really suburbs of
Portland, as the distance between Oregon City and Portland is only 15 miles.

This metropolitan city, with its population of
one hundred thousand souls, sits on the west bank of
the Willamette River, twelve miles from its conflu-
ence with the Columbia, and one hundred and fifteen
miles, by river, from the Pacific Ocean. The first
settlers came here in 1843, and in 185 1 the settle-
ment was incorporated as a city. It is now the
metropolis of the Pacific Northwest, and the third
richest city in the world, in proportion of the wealth
to per capita of population. On the east side of
the Willamette, directly opposite Portland, is the city of East Portland, and on the
same side, to the northward, around the bend of the river, the city of Albina, both
of which contain a population of about ten thousand souls, and are connected with
Portland by two bridges. Numerous ferry-boats also ply on the river between
Portland and her trans-Willamette suburbs. Thus, there are clustered here under
three corporate names, a community of one hundred and ten thousand people,
whose business intermingles, and who are actively engaged in its diversified indus-
tries.

The favorable position which Portland occupies for an important commercial
city, can be best understood by gaining a knowledge of its location, relative to a
large area of very rich country. The Willamette Valley, at the foot of which Port-
land is situated, contains four million acres of land, and its products are abundant
to furnish sustenance for over a million people. Most of this territory is now under
cultivation. Wheat has been the chief crop raised, but other cereals, root crops, and
fruits are now occupying the attention of the farmers, and on the slopes of the
mountains that border the valley, stock-raising and dairying arc found to be profit-
able industries. The finest flavored fruits in the world are raised here — apples,
pears, prunes, peaches, plums, small fruits, melons, etc. In fact, all the products
of the temperate zones can be successfully grown in the Willamette Valley. The
surplus product of this fertile valley, of course, flows through Portland, to which

PORTLAND.

The Metropolis of the
Pacific Northwest.

A City of Magnificent

Achievements and

High Hopes.

294

OVER THE RANGE

port it is transported by boats which ply on the Willamette, and railroads which
penetrate the country on each side of the river. The Columbia River, before pierc-
ing the Cascade Mountains, flows through and drains a tract of country more
than four times as large as the state of New York, and with a soil of wonderful

productiveness. The improve-
ment of that vast region is
scarcely begun, yet the pro-
duct has already grown be-
yond the facilities for moving
it, though they are great,
and beyond all expectations.
But the transportation facil-
ities are increasing rapidly,
and that trouble will not
last. Anything that can be
grown on fertile soil in a
mild climate is produced in
this basin in abundance, and
from Idaho, Washington Ter-
ritory, and Oregon a constant
stream flows to Portland.

The mines of Oregon, in-
cluding those of gold, silver,
iron, copper, etc., and the vast
mineral output of Montana,
Idaho, and Washington con-
w tribute an important amount to
q the business of this commercial
^ metropolis. The timber pro-
q duct is by no means inconsider-
<j able, large quantities of lumber
H being annually turned out
O The most extensive salmon
fishing in the world, and the
general piscatorial industry of
the Columbia and \\ lllamettc
rivers, have their main springs
of capital in Portland. Situated
as she is, at the gateway to the
regions mentioned, the resources
of which arc practically illim-
itable, and easily transported on
the rivers that drain them, be-
ing accessible to ocean craft, and having a demand for trade from across the
sea, being at a point of interchange of foreign and domestic traffic, having a
situation favorable for utilizing these various agencies for promoting growth,
Portland certainly possesses advantages of location equaled by few cities in the
world.

There are five lines of railroad centering in Portland. The Northern Pacific
hns north to Tacoma, thence east to St. Paul. It also connects, at Wallula June-

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 295

tion, with the O. R. & X., making a shorter route from Portland to the east. The
Oregon Railway &: Navigation Company has a line passing up the Columbia
River to Wallula Junction and branching out into various feeders, built and in
process of construction, ramifying the south-central portion of the great Inland
Empire. The connection of the O. R. & X. with the Oregon Short Line gives a
direct trans-continental line between Portland and Missouri River points by way
of Ogden and Salt Lake. Another line, the Oregon & California, starts from
Portland, and running up the west side of the river, forms a valuable feeder,
penetrating the heart of the garden of Oregon. This line connects, at Corvallis,
with the Oregon Pacific, extending westward to Yaquina Bay, and will soon
reach a rich, but as yet undeveloped, region in eastern Oregon. Then the Yam-
hill Division of the Southern Pacific Company affords another outlet for the
valley through Portland. Thus, the city is made a terminus for three trans-
continental railway systems, and has all the advantages of five local roads, besides
the water transportation on the Willamette and Columbia rivers and the Pacific
Ocean. The Canadian Pacific is also competing for Portland business, running
a steamer between here and Vancouver, B. C, to connect with its China line of
steamers, and bidding eagerly for freight and passenger business between Portland
and the Eastern states. The Xorthern Pacific Terminal Company has erected
shops in Albina at a cost of over $500,000, with a capacity for the employment
of a thousand men. The company owns nearly eight thousand feet of water
front. Besides the shops, there are large grain warehouses, coal bunkers, and a
dry dock, owned by the Oregon Railway & Navigauon Company.

On the Portland side of the river is the site of the union passenger and freight
buildings and freight yards. The completion of the bridge over the Willamette,
which the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company has constructed, enables
the improvements for the Portland yards and building to be carried out. This
bridge is a steel structure, consisting of a draw span of three hundred and forty
feet, and a fixed span of three hundred and twenty feet. It is a through bridge,
with carriage way and foot-walls above the railroad tracks, and connects Third
Street, Portland, and Holladay Avenue, East Portland.

Modern Improvements. The streets of Portland are lighted by
incandescent and arc electric lights. The city owns its water-works system. In
order to purchase the water-works plant from the private corporation which owned
it, the city issued 5 per cent bonds to the amount of $500,000, which were readily
sold at an average price of $1.08, showing the confidence in the city's financial
condition. The city has fifty miles of water mains, and the pumping capacity
of the works is twenty million gallons per day. The supply is obtained from the
Willamette River, about five miles up the stream. The average daily consumption
is five million gallons.

The Portland paid fire department is an efficient organization, operating under
the city board of fire commissioners. A fireman's mutual relief association is
in operation in connection with the fire department.

Manufacturing". The manufacturing advantages of Portland and vicinity
are not utilized to an extent at all commensurate with their importance. There is
abundant raw material in Oregon, cheap and reliable water-power, and generally
favorable conditions for the growth of varied manufacturing enterprises. The
comparatively recent discovery of the resources of the region must account for
the small amount of manufacturing that is done where circumstances are so
favorable. People from the East, accustomed to the closer and fuller develop-

296 OVER THE RANGE

ment of their resources, and alive to the advantages of manufacturing as near
the source of supply as possible, are surprised at the neglected opportunities
which they observe on the Pacific Slope, and particularly in and about the com-
mercial center of a region incalculably rich in the elements that promote manu-
facturing prosperity. Still, that branch of industry is well established, and is
constantly increasing in volume and importance. (Population, 100,000; dis-
tance from San Francisco, 772 miles.)

Picturesque Surrounding's. Aside from the advantages of its rela-
tive location, Portland has a very admirable site for a beautiful city. From the
docks at the river's side, the land gradually ascends to the west and southwest,
finally breaking in elevated and picturesque hills, upon which the residence por-
tion of the city is already encroaching. These hills form an important feature
in the topography of the city. The lower and more level part of the town is
occupied by business houses and manufactories. The heights are visible from
almost any point. They are ascended by means of roadways winding along the
hillsides, affording magnificent view as the prospect unfolds. From the summit of
Robinson's Hill, on a clear day, the sight is most grand and inspiring. Within a
radius of a hundred miles, which the eye sweeps from this elevated outlook, north,
east, and southeast, five perpetually snow-clad mountain peaks are visible. The most
prominent of these is Mount Hood, which rests upon the long, bluish bank of the
Cascade Mountains, and rears its lofty summit to the sky. Its covering of snow and
glaciers sparkles in the sunlight, and when suffused with the soft glow of the setting
sun, reflects the most delicate tints of purple, crimson, and gold, giving it a majestic
splendor inspiring to the beholder. To the south is Mount Jefferson, and to the north
Mounts Adams, St. Helens and Rainier, the latter the loftiest peak of the Cascade
Mountain range, all of them capped with snow and ice, and relieving a landscape
of charming beauty. Breaking through the ridge of the Cascades, the great "River
of the West," the Columbia, pours its mighty tide toward the sea. The Willamette
threads the broad valley to the south like a ribbon, its course being visible for many
miles, and finally being lost among the farms and villages that dot its banks.

Tacoma's commanding position among the
cities of Washington Territory has been earned
step by step by a struggle in which the odds were
against her. The general apprehension, justified
probably by the history of many cities and towns,
that in the West all one need to do is to stake off a
few lots, build a cabin or two, select a name, and a
city will grow up much after the fashion of vege-
tables in a garden, is in nowise true of Tacoma,
When Tacoma was established other towns on Puget Sound had existed for many
years, and naturally they did not extend any encouragement to a new town. Instead
of receiving, from the beginning, as in the case of many cities of the West, the ex-
clusive support and encouragement of an extensive business district, Tacoma
found the older towns already in possession, and ready to contest every step taken
by the new claimant for public favor and support. Figuratively speaking, Tacoma's
first breath of life was a battle-cry, and although the cry was not at first very loud,
it was firm, full of confidence and pluck. The town did not remain long in its
swaddling-clothes. Its voice gained in strength. At first Puget Sound only heard
it. Then it reached the ears of everybody in Washington Territory, and they were
pleased with it. The Pacific Northwest then realized that there was a new voice

TACOMA.

A City Whose Fame
Has Become Inter-
national.

••The City of Lestiny.'

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 297

in the business world, and stopped to listen, and soon the entire Pacific Coast was
talking about it. Then the great and populous East heard Tacoma's voice, and
when it said "Come," thousands responded. Then England came thousands of
miles by sea, in great ships, to learn more about Tacoma, a city whose fame had
crossed the Atlantic. China and Japan sent teaships at this infant's demand, and
even far-off Australia heard it, and was so pleased that the ocean pathway between
Tacoma and that continent is marked by an ever-increasing fleet of ships going and
coming. Tacoma helps to feed the world, helps to build the world's houses, and
yet its voice is stronger than ever, and is being used more than ever. The thou-
sands of people who listened and responded to Tacoma's invitation were not dis-
appointed. And Tacoma grew and flourished, until its present commanding posi-
tion was reached.

From a town of only a few hundred people, Tacoma now has a population
estimated at 45,000. Its property has increased to twenty times its value ten
years ago. Its business relations extend to all parts of the civilized world, a fact
which is true of no other city in Washington Territory. In railroads, shipping,
manufactories, and business generally, Tacoma's prosperity has been very great;
so great indeed, that whereas it a few years ago was only a small and relatively
unimportant village, it is now a city, possessing all the characteristics and con-
veniences of a city.

Tacoma was originally planned on a large scale, and the expectations of the
founders of the city, however sanguine they may have been, have doubtless been
more than realized at this time. Probably no one expected Tacoma to grow so
rapidly, to earn so speedily such extraordinary trade relations with the markets of
the world. The streets are wide and laid off with special relation to convenience
and beauty. Pacific and Tacoma avenues are without superiors for beauty and
length in the Northwest. These and other public highways are well graded, and
sidewalks are constructed of a substantial character.

The location of the Methodist University in Tacoma has given the city a not-
able addition to its already large number of educational institutions. The Tacoma
people subscribed a bonus of $75,000 to this great institution. The Annie Wright
Seminary, the Washington College, and the numerous public schools speak more
than words can tell of the public spirit manifested by Tacoma people, of their ability
to meet every demand of a liberal and progressive population, and of the existence
of a breadth of public sentiment which proves the stable character of the city's
progress. Of the many church buildings, some possess architectural beauties
equal to those to be seen anywhere. Private residences of handsome architecture
may be seen in all parts of the city. The hotels number twenty, and yet they are
not sufficient to accommodate the multitude of people who daily arrive in this flour-
ishing city.

The Northern Pacific Railroad Company has erected a magnificent brick
building for the offices of the company.

These features of Tacoma are worthy of special attention as evidencing the
solid character of the city's progress. They rebut every idea that Tacoma's growth
and the expansion of her industries are "mushroomy" in character. The city
itself is the best commentary on the character of its resources. (Population, 45,-
000; distance from San Francisco, 917 miles.)

The Climate of Puget Sound. The following extract from a recent
compilation so accurately sets forth the characteristics of this climate, that to
employ other words would add nothing to the facts contained in it:

2 9 8

OVER THE RANGE

The climate of the Puget Sound country is wholly unlike anything experienced
on the Atlantic slope or in the Mississippi Valley; or, indeed, anywhere on the
American continent except in the Pacific Northwest. The summers are cool, and
the winters singularly mild. A temperature of 8o° in midsummer is very rare,
and not often in winter does the mercury go much below the freezing-point. The
following meteorological table, which is for an average year, is compiled from
observations taken daily at 7 A. M., 2 P. M., and 9 P. M. A minute's study of it
will show how remarkably free from trying extremes the climate is.

ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Lowest. Highest. Mean.

January 30

February 31

March

April

May

June

July

August

September 46

October 39

November 34

December 28

59
68

75
80
76
86
84
74
64
60
60

Monthly
Rainfall
in Inches.

4.20

4.16

I .01

0.47

2.89

0.49

0.26

2.44

2-47
8.22
6.14

Total annual rainfall 3 2 -74

As suggested, if the above extract is carefully studied it will t^ll more than
many words of explanation.

Trade with South America and Mexico. The condition upon
which trade relations will be established with South American and Mexican Pacific
coast points are of such a promising character that it will not be long until a most
valuable commerce will be carried on. The peculiar conditions which justify the
hope of establishing very extensive relations with that country are found in the
products of the countries. The purposes of this article will not admit of a minute
examination of these conditions, but any one who will examine the subject will
find that the products of Washington Territory supply what the South American
countries referred to do not have, and those countries produce that which will find
a ready market in the Northwest. Hard woods, tropical fruits, valuable ores and
minerals on the one hand, with soft woods, iron, grain, fish, and many other of the
resources of the Northwest — these, any one can easily see, furnish all the con-
ditions upon which most extensive commercial relations may be established. The
relations will be those of exchange of products. Such conditions are especially
promising, as they will afford cargoes both going and coming.

Tacoma's commercial relations with the Pacific coast are now so well known
that it is almost unnecessary to make reference to them at all, except to make this
array of evidence complete. Reference to the record of Tacoma's shipping, as set
forth already in this article, will show how extensive are Tacoma's relations with
San Francisco and other coast points.

The thoughtful man will reason that if Tacoma enjoys such extraordinary

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 299

advantages now, what will the future bring? He will then understand the pe< uliar
significance of the poetical phrase, "The City of Destiny."

A Magnificent Harbor. The general measure of Tacoma's appre-
ciation of this most remarkable body of water would be expressed in miles rather
than particular instances. To say that there are saw-mills at particular points, coal
bunkers at others, wheat warehouses near by, magnificent docks elsewhere, various
harbor improvements and railroads, would certainly be very suggestive of what
Tacoma has accomplished in a few years. But to say that these improvements
extend along the water front for a distance of about six miles, gives a larger idea of
their extent.

These features of Tacoma's enterprise and prosperity have a special meaning.
They are not constructed simply as a matter of ornament. Business men do not
do things that way. Business methods are not fancy in their character. These
improvements indicate that demands exist and are being supplied. And Tacoma
is doing the supplying.

Terminal and Shipping 1 Facilities. The fact that the Northern
Pacific Railroad has made Tacoma its terminal point is, of itself, enough to satisfy
anyone without further explanation that the terminal and shipping facilities would
be commensurate with the importance of a great trans-continental railroad com-
pany's interests.

The immense docks, at which railroad and ocean traffic unite, are so large and
involve so many distinct features that it would be difficult to impart to any one not
familiar with such improvements an adequate idea of their extent and importance.

It is not an uncommon sight to see lying along these immense dot:ks, only a
few feet away from the railroad tracks, an ocean sailing-vessel, several ocean steam-
ships, Alaska steamers, besides a host of smaller craft. This will suggest the char-
acter and extent of these docks. The Northern Pacific Company ha*, immense
warehouses erected on these docks, and all the conveniences incident to t^e prompt,
careful, and expeditious handling of freights. It is often a difficult matte for local
craft to secure dock accommodations, so crowded with steamers and saili'-g-vessels
do the docks become.

These conveniences are such that the handling of immense cargoes ?s accom-
plished with ease and dispatch scarcely conceivable. The ships laden with tea
are drawn up within a few feet of the great warehouses, alongside of which are the
railroad switches. The San Francisco steamers also discharge their freight into
these warehouses. Extensive additions have been made to these docks to accom-
modate the ever-increasing demand for room, and more extensions are in
contemplation.

Trade with the Middle AVest. The trade with the Middle VY.-.tand
in the Far East is made up of tea and lumber and shingles. In lumber and shingles
most promising trade relations have been established with the sections referred
to, and the trade in these products is constantly increasing in volume. Tile excel-
lence and durability of the cedar shingles manufactured in Tacoma and vicinity
make them superior to any manufactured elsewhere, and large quantitie? are now
being shipped East. The qualities of Puget Sound lumber has made is famous
all over the world. Tacoma, being the terminal point of that great tra ls-conti-
nental artery of commerce, the Northern Pacific Railroad naturally enjoys the
results of such special advantages. It does not require elaborate reasoning to
convince any man that the same conditions which gave rise to such tradf will in-
crease its volume rapidly the longer the relations exist.

SEATTLE.

A Town of Marvelous
Growth.

" The Queen City

Puget Sound."

300 OVER THE RANGE

Tea Trade with the Orient. It was only a few months after the
completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company's Cascade branch that the
first tea-ship arrived in Tacoma from Yokahama. This shows how quickly Ori-
ental and American merchants realized the advantages attending the shipping of
tea to Tacoma. The great gain in time and reduction in expense were the consid-
erations which have brought to Tacoma such an important branch of San Fran-
cisco trade. Is there need to expand on the significance of these relations? Is
there need to repeat the fact that trade brings trade ? Tea and lumber will not
always be the only articles of commerce between the Orient and Tacoma. This
is only the beginning, and it does not require much imagination to picture, in the
near future, a constant stream of vessels, both steam and sail, between Tacoma
and the various commercial cities along the western Pacific coast. Tacoma
has first secured these trade relations. Such relations are very tenacious.

Seattle is the county-seat of King County, and
is known far and near as the "Queen City of Puget
Sound."

It has a present population of 90,000, against
3,500 in 1880. The city contains national and pri-
vate banks, daily and weekly journals, mortgage,
loan, and trust companies; twenty churches, public
school buildings, two of which cost $30,000 and
$42,000 each; a territorial university, two private
colleges, and a girl's academy, besides numerous
private schools, three hospitals, and an orphan's
home. The wholesale and retail stores are too many to enumerate, some of the
former doing a business annually of $500,000 to $1,000,000 each. The city is
admirably supplied with pure water, both by numerous private companies on a
small scale and by the mammoth works of the Spring Hill Water Company, located
at Lake Washington. This company has completed a great reservoir on Central
Hill, 315 feet above tide level. Connected with it in the city are hydrants, from
which fire-extinguishing streams are thrown far above the highest buildings in the
business part of the city. This city has a splendid system of gas w r orks and elec-
tric lighting. Both arc and incandescent lights illuminate the streets. Two lines
of street railway are in operation and steadily extending outward, and several other
lines are projected. It contains more than forty benevolent societies and fraternal
lodges, also four well drilled and equipped militia companies. During the past
few years there have been added to its municipal improvements twenty-five miles
of graded streets and sixty miles of sidewalk. Some of the recent steps in the pro-
gress of Seattle as a metropolis are here given. On October 1, 1887, the free postal
delivery system went into effect in the city. A few weeks later Seattle was made
the terminus and center of distribution for all the mails for the entire Puget Sound
country. In consequence it has become the central headquarters and home port
for destination and departure of the steamboat system of the Sound. Within its
maritime jurisdiction are now plying more than one hundred and fifty steamers.
On December 1, 1887, the United States District Land Office was removed to
Seattle, making this city the principal seat of the public land business in western
Washington.

The city of Seattle contains ten saw-mills, whose plants cost $4,000,000, which
employ over a thousand men; and also has tributary to it, within a radius of thirty-
five miles, the mammoth lumbering establishments of Port Blakely, Port Madison.

TO THE GOLDF.X GATE.

301

Port Discovery, Port Gamble, Port Ludlow, Utsalady and Seabeck, said to be the
largest saw-mills in the world, some of them having a capacity of 350,000 feet per
diem, and employing scores of sea-going ships. There are three or four brick
yards and tile factories, four breweries, numerous bakeries, candy factories, a
cracker factory, several sash, door and blind factories, shingle factory, soap works,
furniture factory, soda works, bottling establishments, carpet-weavers, match
factory, harness and saddlery, blank books and bindery, book-printing, several

Befs

boiler works, foundries, iron and brass works, etc.; numerous boot and shoe shops
and tailoring establishments, factories of shirts and underwear, cigars, millinery
goods, chair stock, barrels, plaster decorations, etc.; four marble and stone-cutting
works, patent medicines, dressmakers, hairwork, carriage-makers, wagon-shops,
fish-packers, coffee and spice mill, cabinetmakers, boat-builders; and numerous
dentists, jewelers, watchmakers, florists, nurserymen, fancy poultry breeders and
stockmen, furriers, gun and locksmiths, hatters, meat packers, photographers,
picture-framers and painters, metallic-roof works, scroll-saw works, shipyards, tin
shops, taxidermists, chemists, undertakers, etc.

The export trade of Seattle and Puget Sound is very large and is rapidly increas-
ing. As Seattle is the chief metropolis of the entire Puget Sound region, it is not

302 OVER THE RANGE

far out of the way to credit the most of this business as her commerce, since it is
largely contributory to her growth. Besides the ordinary shipments of coal, lum-
ber, hops, oats, wheat, potatoes, furs, lime, canned and barreled salmon, the daily
routine export trade to the neighboring British ports of Victoria and British Colum-
bia forms an enormous item.

Advantages of Seattle. The special advantages of Seattle are too
numerous to mention in full. A few may be specified, as: First — A splendid
harbor, scarcely equaled in the world for the varied purposes and conveniences of
commerce. Second — Its central position relative to the commerce of the world, as
the great seaport on the Pacific Ocean of North America, and directly facing
the teeming population of Asia and the great and rich islands of the South Seas.
It is already the chief port of supply for the growing trade of Alaska — a great
region, more extensive than the thirteen original states of the Union, with an ocean
coast line of thousands of miles, that is beginning now to loom up as a great coming
source of supply of the precious metals, as well as of furs, fish, whale oil, yellow
cedar and ice. Third — It has an excellent and most productive soil for fruits, flowers
and garden produce, of such a nature as not to be very dusty in summer nor muddy
in winter. Fourth — Its exceptional healthfulness. The death-rate in Seattle is
only seven in one thousand per annum, which is less than one-third that of the
Northern cities of the Union. Fifth — Its mild, even, and delicious climate, free from
all dangers from the clouds above, from vapors or miasma around, or the fires
beneath. Sixth — Its surroundings on all sides, except the magnificent harbor
front, by grand lakes and deep, navigable rivers, which have caused it to be officially
designated as the location of a great naval station and construction yard. Seventh —
The one-third mile canal now completed between Lakes Union and Washington
in the suburbs of the city, furnishes a great water-power of incalculable value for
manufacturing and motive power.

Seattle has two lines of local railroad completed and in operation, the Colum-
bia & Puget Sound, with two branches, one twenty miles long, running to New-
castle, the other forty miles long, running to the Black Diamond and Franklin
collieries; and the Puget Sound Shore Line, extending through a link of the North-
ern Pacific Railroad, and placing the city in connection with the Northern Pacific,
the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, the Oregon Short Line, the Rio
Grande system, the Union Pacific, the Oregon & California, the Southern Pacific,
and the general railroad system of the United States.

The Canadian Pacific has been pushed through the Canadian Dominion by
British capital, to a Pacific terminus, something over a hundred miles north of
Seattle, and the Seattle & West Coast Railroad, which furnishes the connecting
link, and makes Seattle the American terminus of this great system. This line, as
regards the carrying trade, is as much an element in the transportation problem of
the Northwest as any of the American roads.

Beauty of the City. The city presents a beautiful and striking
appearance from whatever side it is approached. It rises from the water front
to the crest of a hill in a gradual slope. The site is most beautiful. The city
extends about four miles along the water front. The whole water front is lined
with mills, manufacturing establishments of various kinds, commission and storage,
and warehouses.

Steamers are constantly arriving and departing; regular lines run to Tacoma
and Olympia, to Port Townsend and Victoria, to Whatcom and other points on
Bellingham Bay, and to the Skagit River; there are regular steamers to Alaska

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 303

San Francisco, San Diego, and other points in California. Ships from China,
Japan, Australia, crowd its docks. In addition to the great and varied industries
on the water front, there are business blocks, higher up, that would do credit to any
Eastern city. The residence portion of Seattle is unsurpassed for beauty. There-
are hundreds of homes costing from three thousand to fifty thousand dollars, sur-
rounded by charming grounds, and so located and constructed as to command
magnificent views of the Sound, the Olympic and Cascade Ranges of mountains,
always covered with snow, and the mighty peaks of Mounts Rainier and Baker.
To the north of the city and (lose up to it lies the beautiful Lake Union, a body of
fresh water covering a section or two of land, and of immense depth. The heights
about this lake are being covered with pleasant homes, and in the near future it will
be a most delightful resort. To the east of the city, four miles from the bav, but
now hardly a mile from the city limits, lies Lake Washington, twenty-five miles in
length by from two to four in width. It is clear, fresh, sparkling water, so deep
that it cannot or has not yet been sounded. The lake is hemmed in by hills
covered with giant forest trees. The water supply of Seattle is drawn from this
lake. It is connected with Lake Union by a small stream, which is being enlarged
into a ship canal, so that within a year or two the largest steamers and ships will go
directly from the salt water of the Sound into the clear, fresh water of Lake Wash-
ington. It will make one of the finest ship-building points and dry-dock stations
in the world, and will certainly be utilized for such purposes, either by the National
Government or private enterprise. There is certainly not within the national
domain such an eligible location for a great navy yard. Special attention is being
paid to the establishment of manufacturing industries in Seattle, and almost every
week some new enterprise is materialized. Henry Villard, in his visit to the city
in 1878, designated it "The Queen City." Situated as it is, in the heart of western
Washington, with railways running out in many directions, with a harbor equal
to any in the world, the city well deserves the title. The city is the nucleus of
territorial commerce; all the prosperity of the country is reflected in the general
progress of the city. The history of the city is the history of the whole Northwest.
It is the supply depot and shipping port for a quarter of a million people; it is the
wholesale and retail market for a vast territory. Its commerce within the last two
years has assumed enormous proportions. It is the coal and lumber shipping
depot for the whole Pacific coast. It is the heart of navigation of Puget Sound.
Nearly two hundred steamers radiate from the wharves to different local points.
(Population, 90,000; distance from San Francisco, 940 miles.)

OGDEN TO PORTLAND

VIA THE OREGON SHORT LINE AND THE OREGON
RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION CO.

HE lines of the Oregon Short Line Railway andj.hc Oregon Railway
and Navigation Company, both rail and water routes, form an exten-
sive line of complete communication between all points in the great
northwest. The main line extends from Ogden in a northwesterly
direction to Portland, with branch lines reaching to Butte and
Helena, Montana, to the famed Yellowstone Park, to the rich mining
regions of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

The scenery on this route is equal in many respects to that of the lines described
in the preceding pages, and the beautiful country descending the Columbia River
from Umatilla to Portland is replete with grand views of mountain, meadow, and
valley.

Og*<len, Utah. The southern terminus of this line is described elsewhere
in this volume, and boarding one of the elegant trains of the Oregon Short Line
at the Union station at Ogden we start on our journey to the northwest and reach,
as the first station on our trip

Hot Spring's, Utall. Very picturesque as to location, being surrounded
by rugged mountains, which attain an altitude of more than a mile above the
springs, which are situated four thousand two hundred and forty-six feet above the
sea level.

Bl'ig'hani, Utall, population 3,000, is a county-seat of Box Elder County;
has a bank, opera-house, electric lights, telephone exchange, flour-mill, planing-
mill, and knitting factory, marble and onyx works, creamery, schools, the
largest of which cost twenty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, three churches.
Principal industry, fruit-shipping; specialty, strawberries, cherries, peaches, and
cantaloupes. The commercial center of Bear River Valley, irrigated by the Bear
River Land, Orchard and Beet Sugar Company, which company operates one of
the largest canals in the Uinted States, covering one hundred and fifty thousand
acres of choice land. Finest duck-shooting grounds in the inter-mountain region,
fifteen miles distant.

Dewey, Utah, population, 200, is the shipping-point for Bear River
Valley, one of the finest farming sections in the state. Good duck-hunting, good
grain, hay, and fruit section.

Collistoil, Utah. Population, 100, a tributary population of 3,000 in
surrounding country. Principal business carried on is farming and stock-raising.
Bear River Water Company has fine canal running through country, and now
is opening up a branch of canal on east side of river next the station; a
power company is now surveying for an electric plant, to be established close to
station.

Cache Junction, Utah. Population, 300. Good farming and cattle

3°4

A MIGHTY CLIMB. CRIPPLE CREEK SHORT LINE.

ST. PETER'S DOME. CRIPPLE CREEK SHORT LINE.

306 OVER THE RANGE

country. Is the junctional point with the branch to Preston. On the Preston
branch we soon reach

Logan, Utah. Population, 6,000. County-seat of Cache County, one
hundred miles north of Salt Lake City. Lighted by electric lights. Has complete
water system owned by city, good public schools, and in addition has the State
Agricultural College, Brigham Young College, and New Jersey (Presbyterian)
Academy. Has two newspapers, opera-house, eight hundred capacity; two banks,
beet-sugar factory, four flour mills, four planing-mills, two knitting factories, one
woolen mill, two breweries, one agricultural implement factory, one steam laundry,
one grain elevator, two cold-storage houses, two creameries, one foundry.

Franklin, Idaho. Population, S50. Principal industries, agriculture
and stock-raising, creamery, flour-mill, planing-mill, woolen mill, and brick-making.
Excellent trout-fishing within two blocks of Oregon Short Line depot. Special
rates at hotels to fishing parties.

Preston, Idaho, population, 1,500, is in Oneida County, and situated in
the extreme southeastern portion of the state, it being the terminus of the Cache
Valley, or Preston branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. It is in a
very fertile and productive district. The principal industries are farming and
stock-raising. There are about twenty thousand acres of land under irrigation in
the vicinity, the going price of which, with water-rights, is fifty to sixty dollars per
acre, the price of dry farm land being from ten to twelve dollars per acre. Wheat
is the principal farm product.

Returning to the main line at Cache Junction, and resuming our northward
journey, we pass Ransom, a small station, being the last one in Utah.

Oxford, Idaho. Population, 400. Industries, agriculture, stock-raising,
and dairying.

McCammon, Idaho. Population, 300. Fine surrounding valleys, well
settled. Farming community; cattle, horses, and sheep handled in large quanti-
ties; flour-mill, capacity one hundred and fifty barrels per day, takes care of all
wheat raised in vicinity. Portneuf River, running through town, has numerous
falls of from six to twenty-four feet, affording large water-power, which at present
is unused and generally unclaimed. About ten thousand acres of farming land
within ten miles of town, practically all under irrigation ditches, price with water-
right ranges from forty to one hundred dollars per acre. Junctional point with the
branch line to Granger, Wyo.

Pocatello, Idaho. Population, 5,000. Commands only gateway into
central Idaho from east and south; is at intersection of the two main trunks of the
Oregon Short Line system, one connecting Salt Lake and Butte and the other
Portland and river points. It is the southern terminal for the St. Anthony branch,
and for the newly constructed Salmon River Railroad piercing central Idaho. Has
the largest railroad shops on the Oregon Short Line system, and work to rebuild
plant at a cost of eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars has just begun; the
present shop force is five hundred men, and will be increased to eight hundred men
with the new plant. The present population and commercial importance has been
secured in ten years. The city has well-graded streets and shade trees, splendid
water system, mountain springs, electric light, and telephone systems, with connec-
tions with all inter-mountain points; has substantial brick and stone business blocks,
handsome private residences, splendid public school system, all religious denomina-
tions represented with modern church edifices. Is the county-seat of Bannock
County, and has under construction a twenty thousand dollar court-house, and

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 307

work is just beginning on the Academy of Idaho, which is 1 si two hundred

thousand dollars.

From Pocatello we will find it interesting to take a short side trip to the Yellow-
stone and Butte.

Blackfoot, Idaho. Population, 1,500. The first station north of Pocatello
and connecting-point of the Salmon River Railroad branch road. It is the county-
seat of Bingham County; also the seat of the United States Land Office of the
largest district in the state, and also one of the state institutions -the Insane
Asylum. Blackfoot is the shipping-point for all the mining camps in Custer
County. The principal industries are farming, stock-raising, and placer-mining
along Snake River. Fruit-raising is one of the coming industries. Large quanti-
ties of small fruits are shipped each season. Bingham County has more miles of
canals and irrigation ditches than any county in the state. Thousands of acres of
government land are subject to entry at the local land office, while valuable farms,
well improved, can be bought from eight to twenty-five dollars per acre.

Idaho Falls, Idaho. Population, 1,700. Electric lights, waterworks,
long-distance telephone, also city exchange, seven churches, public schools,
creamery, planing-mill, five large flour mills; surrounding country exclusively
engaged in stock-raising and agriculture. Finest farming country in the state,
rrop failures unknown. Soil adapted to lucerne, potatoes, and small grain. The
rountry is developing rapidly. Thousands of acres of the richest farming land in
the Snake River Yalley under successful irrigation.

Market Lake, Idaho. Population, 150. Good schools, principal
industries farming and stock-raising. Plenty of good free range west of town.
Butte and Market Lake Canal runs close to the town, and covers about seventeen
thousand acres of fine farming land.

Dubois, Idaho. Population, 200. Industries, stock-raising exclusively.

Spencer, Idaho. Population, 50. Sheep-raising is the chief industry,
being the headquarters for live stock. The surrounding country affords a fine
summer range.

Monida, Montana. Population, 50. Situated on the summit of the
Rocky Mountains, 6,960 feet above level of the sea. Stock-raising is the principal
industry in the immediate vicinity, but back in the country about thirty or forty
miles grain is raised to some extent. In what is known as the Centennial Valley
a vein of very rich gold ore has been located, which tends to increase the value of
the country to a great extent. At this point we leave the railway for the stage
tour of the Yellowstone Park.

The Yellowstone Park, Montana. Monida, a station on the
Oregon Short Line Railroad, on the crest of the Rocky Mountains, seven thousand
feet above the tide, is the starting-point for the stage ride, and is less than one
day's coaching distance from the Yellowstone Park. The name "Monida" is a
composite of the first syllables of "Montana" and "Idaho."

The lower Geyser Basin in the park is about the same elevation as Monida, so
that the stage route passes through a level country, and all the way is lined with
picturesque scenes, making the coaching trip one of the most delightful in the
Rocky Mountains.

Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage, who, with his party, visited Salt Lake City and other
portions of the west during the summer of 1898, says: "But the most delightful
part of this American continent is the Yellowstone Park. My two visits there made
upon me an impression that will last forever. Go in via the Monidda route, as we

308 OVER THE RANGE

did this summer, and save two hundred and fifty miles of railroading, your stage
coach taking you through a day of scenery as captivating and sublime as Yellow-
stone Park itself."

The stage road from Monida to the park threads the foothills of the Rocky
Mountains, skirting beautiful Centennial Valley, the Red Rock Lakes, and after
passing through Alaska Basin, crosses the Divide to Henry Lake in Idaho, whence
it recrosses the range into Montana via Targhe Pass, near the Western entrance to
the park. Red Rock Lakes are one of the sources of the Missouri River, and in
Henry Lake originates one of the branches of the Snake. From Henry Lake are
distinctly visible the famous Teton Peaks. Near the western entrance to the park
prettily situated on the south fork of the Madison River, is Grayling Inn (Dwelles),
the night station for tourists going in and out of the park. After passing Grayling
Inn the road enters the reservation, winding through Christmas Tree Park to
Riverside Military station, following the beautiful Madison River and canon to the
Fountain Hotel in Lower Geyser Basin.

The Yellowstone National Park, Montana. Lies principally
in the northwest corner of Wyoming, though portions of it creep over into
Montana and Idaho. In 1872 its 3,344 square miles were withdrawn from the
public domain by an Act of Congress, "and dedicated and set apart as a public
park, or pleasure ground, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." It is
nature's great curiosity shop. Around it are ranges having peaks fourteen hundred
feet high, and within it are a diversity of incomparable marvels of nature which
neither pen nor tongue can fitly depict.

Here, amid the grandeur of Alpine scenery, tinted with colors of indescribable
variety and beauty, are geysers spouting at precise intervals their scalding waters
skyward; terrace-building fountains; pools of steaming clay; everlasting springs
iced in earth's depths or boiling from her furnaces; and the Yellowstone Lake, a
mile and a half above sea level; and romantic vales and shaded glens; and all else
that prodigal creative genius could furnish to fill the land with wonders.

The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Montana. A gash
in the earth ten miles long and one thousand two hundred feet deep — its awful
depths stirred by the music of the rushing river; its great falls roaring and whisper-
ing every sound described in the swinging old rhyme, "The Way the Waters Come
Down at Ladore;" its painted walls, lurid with every tint from the palette of the
Master; and all the blended colors of all the paint-pots ever mixed by mortal or
immortal hands; its shadows, somber and gray; its sun-gilded pinnacles — who
shall describe that ?

What an awful, what a majestic, what an incomparable wonder it is ? To see
its cliffs of volcanic glass, its unsurpassed water effects, its mountains of petrifac-
tions, its hills of brimstone, its perpetually snow-covered peaks, is to gaze upon a
spectacle of grandeur such as the world elsewhere cannot produce.

The rivers and lakes of Yellowstone abound in trout, the United States Fish
Commission having stocked many of the waters. Native trout only are found in
the Yellowstone Lake and River, but the Fire Hole, Gibbon, and Nez Perces Rivers,
and Indian, Willow, and Shoshone creeks are filled with eastern trout.

In Madison River native and eastern trout, whitefish and grayling abound.

Rainbow trout were once planted in the Gibbon River, but they sought the
deeper waters of the Madison, from whence specimens weighing six pounds and
over have been taken.

There are land-locked salmon twenty to thirty inches long in Shoshone Lake.

310 OVER THE RANGE

The rules of the park as to hunting and fishing are very strict, but as yet few
regulations have been interposed to the use of the rod. Ladies enjoy trout fishing
in Yellowstone Lake, where rowboats and guides are easily obtained.

Two companies of United States cavalry are stationed at Fort Yellowstone
(Mammoth Hot Springs). During the summer detachments of these troops are
placed at different localities in the reservation. Their duties are to patrol the park,
prevent the spreading of forest fires and the commission of acts of vandalism. The
troops have authority to arrest for any violation of park regulations. Hunting is
especially prohibited, and all guns are officially sealed at the entrance to the park.

The commanding officer at Fort Yellowstone is acting superintendent of the
reservation.

All rules and regulations emanate from the department of the interior, and
printed copies of the same will be found at every hotel.

Returning to Monida after our tour of the park we resume our northward
journey.

Lima, Montana. Population, 500. Source of revenue are railroad em-
ployment, the machine shops, round-house, and fine gravel pit. Horses, cattle,
sheep, wool, hay, and grain; twenty-five thousand acres of land under irrigation
are tributary. Valuable deposits of gypsum, white and red sand-stone, as well as
good supply of timber, can be found in mountains nearby, while copper deposits
are plentiful in Sheep Creek, twelve miles distant; good water supply.

Red Rock, Montana. Population, 50. Red Rock is the center of
extensive stock interest, very considerable shipments of cattle, horses, and sheep
being made. It is the nearest railroad and shipping point for Lemhi County,
Idaho, and extensive gold and copper-mining districts around Salmon City and
Blackbird, Idaho. The recent developments in this section of country are bringing
it greatly into prominence. Stage leaves daily for all these points.

Dillon, Montana. Population, 2,500. It is one of those marvels of the
aggressive west, and is to-day one of the solid, substantial towns of the great
northwest. It is the county-seat of Beaverhead County, and is most beautifully
laid out in one of the prettiest mountain valleys. It is the metropolis of a region
two thousand square miles in extent, and is the distributing-point for the richest
and most productive country in the state of Montana, half of which is mountainous,
highly mineralized, and also utilized for grazing lands for vast herds of cattle,
horses, and sheep. The other half is farming land, very fertile. No other section
is so favored for the settler or the capitalist. All the comforts of life are to be had
in Dillon. The public school facilities are unexcelled.

Melrose, Montana. Population, 200. Located about midway between
Dillon and Butte in the Big Hole Valley, twelve miles from the mining town of
Rochester, with a population of five hundred, and a good market for all kinds of
produce. Industries, mining, farming, and stock-raising; principal crops grown,
potatoes, hay, and oats.

Divide, Montana. Population, 50. Located on the bank of the Big
Hole River, about twenty-seven miles south of Butte. Principal industries, agri-
cultural and stock-raising. In this valley there are about three thousand acres
of land under water. Divide is the distributing-point for the Big Hole Basin,
which lies some twenty miles to the west. The Basin is about fifty miles square,
mostly under water. Industries in this Basin, livestock pnly, all fine hay land.
Hunting and fishing all through this vicinity; grayling, trout, and whitefish; deer,
bear, elk, moose, and small game.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 31 1

Silver Bow, Montana. Population, 120. The terminus of this branch

of the Oregon Short Line. From this point to Butte the trains run over (lie tracks
of the Northern Pacific Company.

Butte, Montana. Population, 30,470. Gas and electric light; com-
mercial center of Montana; greatest mining camp in America. Junction point of
Oregon Short Line and Great Northern Railways, on main line Northern Pacific.
City growing rapidly, immense amount building in operation; electric cars to all
parts of the city; largest dancing-hall in northwest at Columbia gardens; fishing
and hunting on tin- Big Hole River is delight of good sportsmen. The Thornton
Hotel is now open for visitors; each room is connected with office by telephone;
hot and cold water, and private bath is in each room. Besides the Thornton,
there are several other fine hotels; all American and European plan.

Having visited the famous copper mines of Butte, the City of Helena, and other
points of interest in this vicinity, we return to Pocatello and resume our journey
toward Portland.

American Falls, Idaho. Population, 7^. Principal industries, agri-
cultural, in small grains and fruit; stock-raising is the largest industry. Placer-
mining in Snake River. Available land now under water, which is all taken up,
about three thousand acres. There is under construction now an irrigation canal
of sixty-four miles in length; water taken from Snake River at Blackfoot, Idaho,
and will extend thirteen miles below this town. This canal will irrigate about
four hundred thousand acres of good soil, available to raise any grain or fruit sub-
ject to this country. A power-plant is also located here and run by water-power,
and generates three thousand horse-power, and light and power is furnished for
all surrounding towns.

Minidoka, Idaho. Population, 1,200. Daily stage for Albion and Oak-
ley, which are the trading-points for the best and one of the wealthiest farm and
fruit-growing spots of the west. Albion supports the state normal school, which
has only the best faculty and educational facilities. Snake River is the scene of
much placer and dredge mining, and within a radius of ten miles from Minidoka
there are hundreds of thousands of dollars washed from the sands of this river
yearly.

Kiinama, Idaho. Population, 25. Situated upon the great rocky desert
of Idaho. Kimama is forty miles north of Oakley, Idaho; sixty miles northeast of
Rock Creek, Idaho. No farming nearer than the two above-named places.
Thousands of : - v eep and horses are herded in this vicinity.

Shoshone, Idaho. Population, 500. Is the county-seat of Lincoln
County, situated in the center of the great lava desert. Shoshone and vicinity are
well watered by the two mountain streams, Big and Little Wood River, is trans-
formed into a veritable oasis in the midst of the desert. These streams furnish
water for the many fertile farms and orchards, for which this part of Idaho is
becoming famous. Wool-growing is the principal industry. Placer mining is also
extensively carried on along the shores of Snake River. The great attraction for
sight-seers is the Shoshone Falls, situated about twenty-five miles southeast of
Shoshone on Snake River; a daily stage connects them with main line at that place.
Shoshone is the junction-point with the Wood River branch to Bellevue, Hailey,
and Ketchum.

Bellevue, Idaho. Population, 800. Bellevue is the supply-point for the
agricultural sections of Silver Creek, Spring Creek, Little Wood River, and Muldoon,
from ten to twenty-two miles distant. The great summer range for the vast cattle

3 12 OVER THE RANGE

and sheep herds supports a large agricultural section. Wheat, oats, and hay, also
the best fruits of all kinds, are raised here. Wood River, Silver Creek, and Little
Wood River furnish ample water for irrigating-ditches. Silver and lead mining
is a great industry for this section. The Minnie Moore mine that has produced
over seven million dollars in dividends, is being worked by Chicago capitalists,
and is only one mile from Bellevue.

Hailey, Idaho. Population, 1,460. Is the county-seat of Blain County,
situated on Big Wood River, surrounded by rich mining country. Has electric
lights, long-distance telephone, also city exchange. Hot springs one mile west of
town, surrounded by beautiful mountains, where bathing can be had. First-class
hotel, all modern conveniences. Good schools, churches, etc. Fish and game in
abundance.

Ketchum, Idaho, Population, 300. At the northern extremity of the
Wood River branch; is an excellent summer resort. The chief industries are mining
and stock-raising. About one thousand acres of land are under irrigation, and a
large acreage is available. Three miles west of Ketchum are the Guyer Hot
Sulphur Springs, where there is located a roomy hotel, with beautiful grounds,
surrounded by numerous cottages, and good fishing and hunting. Facilities are
provided for steam, tub, and plunge baths, and accommodations for one hundred
people.

Bli.SS, Idaho. Again on the main line. Population, 500. Nearest station
to Hagerman, reached by stage. Principal industry, farming and stock-raising;
good fishing in vicinity.

Glenn's Ferry, Idaho. Population, about 500. Stock-raising is about
the only business of any note, although there is some ranching.

Mountain Home, Idaho. Population, 1,000. County-seat of Elmore
County. Stock-raising principal industry. Mining and farming carried on quite
extensively. About five thousand acres of land under water.

]NTampa, Idaho. Population, 1,500. Industries, fine agricultural and fruit,
and exceptional stock-raising facilities. Iron foundry, canning, and evaporating
establishments; creamery. One hundred and fifty thousand acres fine land now
under water; forty thousand acres under cultivation, balance will be irrigated upon
completion of present irrigation plants. Junctional point with branch line to Boise.

Meridian, Idaho. Population, 300. Midway between Nampa and Boise.
Two churches, fine creamery, school-house, accommodating the largest school in
Ada County, outside of Boise, and four general stores. The town is comparatively
new, but is being pushed ahead by thickly settled farming settlement surrounding it.
The principal industries are fruit-growing, hay, and stock-raising. Land is valued
at fifteen to forty dollars per acre. Plenty of water for present necessities and
for considerable more land than is under cultivation, with good prospects for much
more available in the near future.

Boise City, Idaho. Population, 5,957. Is the capital of Idaho. The
city has electric lights, waterworks, and paved streets; many of the buildings are
heated by natural hot water. The natatorium is one of the very finest bathing-
resorts in the inter-mountain country. The principal industries carried on in the
vicinity are mining, fruit-growing, agriculture, cattle and sheep raising; a vast wool
production centers in the city. There are two national and two state banks in
Boise. There is one hundred thousand acres of available land in the Boise Valley
not yet under cultivation, but under water; land for agricultural purposes ranges
in price in the raw state from ten to fifteen dollars per acre; nearer the city land is

3 1 4 OVER THE RANGE

valued at from twenty-five to forty dollars per acre. All this land is adapted to
fruit-growing, but that nearer the city has a special value for that purpose.

Caldwell, Idaho. Population, 1,500. Stock-raising and agricultural.
Available land under water, five thousand acres. Four newspapers and two banks.

Payette, Idaho. Population, 1,200. In the Payette and Snake River
Valleys, surrounded by very fertile lands, irrigated by waters from these streams,
contiguous to unlimited open range and possessing a very mild climate, this is an
ideal agricultural and stock-raising district. Fruit-growing is the largest and most
profitable industry; the principal fruits grown are prunes, apples, and pears; cante-
loupes produced here have made a wide and favorable reputation, large quantities
of them are grown and shipped. Stock-raising is next in importance, many sheep
and cattle being owned, ranged, and fed in this vicinity. A sawmill on the banks of
the Payette River manufactures lumber from logs of fir and yellow pine, which are
cut from large forests at the headwaters and floated down this stream.

Weiser, Idaho. Population, 1,670. Two banks, wholesale and retail
mercantile houses and other business houses up to the standard. The town is
substantially built of brick, with modern residences, handsome lawns and shade
trees. The school facilities are of the best. Weiser College and Academy, and
Idaho Industrial Institute. Weiser is the commercial and banking center for a
rich country extending one hundred and fifty miles north. It is adjacent to exten-
sive ranges, and is immediately surrounded by the finest agricultural and fruit land
in the west. It is the gateway to the Seven Devils copper mines, and includes in its
resources the mining of all precious metals, timbering, stock-raising, husbandry,
and fruit-growing. Ships two million pounds of wool each year, with corresponding
output of mutton and other livestock. It has the largest fruit evaporator and
flour mill in the state.

Huntington, Oregon. Population, 850. Junction of Oregon Railroad
& Navigation Company and Oregon Short Line systems. Three churches, fine
school building, several general merchandise stores, livery barns and storage ware-
houses. Principal industries are stock-raising, mining, and fruit-growing; also
manufacturing lime and plaster of first quality, in large quantities. Is also point of
supply for large interior country, embracing Harney and Malheur Counties. The
Oregon Lime & Marble Company, three and a half miles west of town, mnaufacture
and ship large quantities of lime, plaster, and gypsum. The Fastern Oregon Land
& Irrigation Company, capitalized at five hundred thousand dollars, has its head-
quarters here. The Pomeroy Dredger Mining plant is operated on a large scale
at Weatherby on Burnt River, a few miles west.

OREGON RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION COMPANY.

Leaving Huntington, we are on the lines of the Oregon Railway & Navigation
Company, and the first station we pass is

Durkee, Oregon. Population, 200. Paying mines with stamp mills
running, and many small mines and promising prospects; two large irrigation
ditches, watering ten thousand acres of rich farming lands. A favorite winter
feeding-place for stockmen, many of whom drive their flocks and herds long dis-
tances to winter here.

Pleasant Valley, Oregon. Population, 150. Chief industries, mining,
lumbering, and stock-raising.

Baker City, Oregon. Population, 6,663. County-seat of Baker County.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 3 ! 5

Baker City is the center and metropolis of the Eastern Oregon gold fields, including
Fourteen thousand square miles of gold-ribbed mountains and gold-strewn gulches
and creek beds. It is situated three hundred and fifty-five miles southeast of Port-
land, at an altitude of three thousand four hundred and forty feet above the level of
the sea. Its climate is unsurpassable in all healthful and invigorating qualities
The whole region is rich in agricultural and horticultural possibilities on the surface
and mineral resources underneath. There are over five hundred tributary mines
in operation, or in process of development, several of them producing from five
hundred to one thousand five hundred dollars a day each. The Bonanza mine,
which could not be sold for one thousand dollars a few years ago, turned out one
hundred and two thousand dollars in gold bricks in the single month of March,
iooi. Baker City has ore-sampling works and a custom mill, a one hundred and
fifty thousand dollar gravity water system, gas and electric light systems; six saw
and plaining mills, with a daily capacity of one hundred and seventy-five thousand
feet of lumber, or fifty-five million feet a year, one company alone employing over
three hundred hands; two breweries costing seventy-five thousand dollars; two
foundries and machine shops; a telephone system with five hundred subscribers;
street railways; a chamber of commerce, churches of all denominations; a Masonic
temple, and halls of all the other fraternal orders; a thirty-five thousand dollar opera
house; three daily newspapers; free postal delivery, and the third post-office in the
state in volume of business; a superb natatorium, and a sixty thousand dollar hos-
pital. The public schools of the city won the gold medal at the Omaha Exposition
and the Sisters of St. Francis have an academy with buildings that have cost fifty
thousand dollars. The two banks of the city carry one million five hundred thou-
sand of deposits. More than fifty handsome business blocks, and scores of residences
have recently gone up, and there are fifteen hotels. Baker City is the junction-point
with the Sumpter Valley Railway, leading to Lockhart, McEwen, and Sumpter,
thirty-one miles distant.

Union, Oregon. County-seat of Union County. Population of town about
2,000, of county, 17,000. Has woolen mills, flouring mills, sawmills, planing-mills,
box factory, largest fruit evaporator in Eastern Oregon, creamerv, state experi-
ment station, electric lights, gravity water works, two schools, two-story brick court-
house, and county jail, city hall, six churches, national bank, telephones, suburban
railroad, two daily stage lines, two newspapers, hot mineral springs, undeveloped
water powers, projected railroad to timber and mines adjacent, in the midst of fertile
fruit, sugar-beet and agricultural lands, in the best watered section of Eastern
Oregon. Nearly all lines of ordinary business represented.

Hot Lake, Oregon. Union County, 313 miles east of Portland, on the
main line of the Oregon Railroad &• Navigation Company. What the famous Hot
Springs of Arkansas an- to that state and the East, Hot Lake is to Oregon
and the West. For untold ages the springs have poured forth their volcanic-
heated water, and the locality has always been known as the "Big Medicine"
camp of the Indian. The flow of the springs is about 2,500,000 gallons a day,
or over 100,000 gallons an hour. The temperature of the water, where it spouts
out of the earth, is 19S degrees, and that of the lake, which has an area of eighty
acres, and which discharges through a creek into Grande Ronde River, from 70
to 80 degrees throughout the entire winter.

The water, pleasing to the taste, has cured and restored to health innumerable
invalids, who had tried in vain much-advertised and noted resorts. A sanatorium,
costing $150,000, provides luxurious accommodations for invalids and tourists.

316 OYER THE RAXGE

La Grande, Oregon. Population, 2,991; township, 6,000; county, 15,000.
Heart of the celebrated Grande Ronde Valley. Eight churches, four schools
two banks, three newspapers. La Grande"s beet-sugar factory last year produced
1,800,000 pounds of fine sugar, and it has a flourishing creamery. The region
is rich in all agricultural and horticultural resources, and has room for thousands
of industrious farmers, beet-growers and stock -raisers. La Grande is the junction-
point for Elgin.

Elgin, Oregon. Township population, 2,400. Four churches, two schools,
two hotels, one newspaper, one flouring mill, with a capacity of seventy barrels a
day; several sawmills, one planing mill, a fine brown stone quarry. Soil fertile,
producing heaw crops of grain, grass, vegetables, and fruits. Good pasturage.
Abundance of timber, pure, soft water, climate mild and healthful. Elgin is the
main shipping-point for Wallowa County, with its 6,000 population. It offers
many advantages to homeseekers.

Perry, Oregon. Population, 350. A school, a lumbering plant, country
rugged and heavily timbered.

Hilgard, Oregon. An important lumbering point, three adjacent saw
mills having an aggregate capacity of 64,000 feet a day, the product going to
all parts of Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Kailiela, Oregon. Population, 220. Railroad round-house. Wood and
timber-handling point.

Meacham, Oregon. Population, 300. Much lumber and cordwood
shipped. Scenery superb, climate cool and delightful, fine hunting and fishing,
lovely camping grounds. Here is the famous Log Cabin Eating House, favorably
known by traveling people all over the country.

Bingham Springs, Oregon. In the very heart of the pretty Blue
Mountains, and reached after a most enjoyable six-mile drive over a tree-shaded
road from Bingham Station, 252 miles east of Portland, on the main line of the
Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company, are Bingham Springs, having an eleva-
tion of 2,200 feet, and surrounded by peaks from 3,500 to 7,000 feet high.

Bursting, at varying heights, from the face of an almost perpendicular preci-
pice of rock, the springs — several in number — have an aggregate flow of about
120,000 gallons a day, discharging into the Umatilla River. All of the springs
contain sulphur, and have a uniform temperature of about 100 degrees, but vary
greatly in composition, several being as highly charged with gas as champagne,
and one is sharply acid. The waters have proven beneficial in many forms of
nervous disorders, stomach and liver trouble, and the milder types of gout, rheu-
matism, and kidney disease.

The accommodations are good, and there is a resident physician in attendance.
Good saddle horses are always to be had, and the roads lead to some most inviting
mountain places, where trout and salmon fishing is splendid, and game easily found.

Pendleton, Oregon. County seat of Umatilla County, which, with
scarcely 15,000 population, produces 1 per cent of all the wheat raised in the United
States. Its crop in 1900 was 5,000,000 bushels, worth, at that time, 83,750,000 in
gold, or $250.00 for every man, woman, and child in its borders. The assessed
valuation of the county is $7,355,662 — nearly S500.00 for every inhabitant, old and
young. It is in the very heart of the famous wheat belt, where from 40 to 60 bushels
to the acre is not an uncommon yield, and So bushels to the acre have been pro-
duced. Pendleton is 231 miles east of Portland. It has 6,000 population, an
increase of 1,094 since the census of 1900. It has broad, well paved streets, a sple.idid

3'^ OVER THE RANGE

electric light system, water works that cost $75,000, two flouring mills with a daily
capacity of 1,500 barrels, and wool scouring mills with a capacity of 50,000 pounds
a day. The town handles from 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 pounds of wool a year,
and one of its woolen mills manufactures the famous "Pendleton Indian Robe"
which is almost fire and water proof. It has churches of all denominations, three
public schools and two academies, a live daily newspaper, a weekly and semi-
weekly, and a monthly devoted to live stock interests, and many handsome public
and private buildings. Three dairies and creameries cannot supply the demand
for their products. The two banks carry deposits running from $1,200,000 to
$1, 500,000. Pendleton is the junction-point with the line leading north to Grange
City, where it makes another connection with the line from Umatilla to Spokane.
On this branch line we pass Saxe, Havana, Eastland, Adams, and

AtllClia, Oregon. Population of township, 1,250. An important wheat
shipping-point. Surrounding country rich in agricultural capabilities. Fine trout
fishing in all the streams. Climate delightful. Then come, in the order named,
Weston, Downing, Blue Mountain, Bates, Melton, Spofford, and then we reach

Walla Walla, Washington. County seat of Walla Walla County,
one of the garden spots of the Pacific Northwest. The town is situated 21S miles
east of Portland and 204 miles southeast of Spokane. It has a population yl
10,048, thirteen churches, four public schools, six collegiate institutions, including
two Catholic, one Episcopalian, one Adventist, one business college and Whitman
college, two extensive manufactories of threshing machines and agricultural imple-
ments, and ice, broom, saddle-tree, and sash and door factories, a distillery, two
breweries, four newspapers and three banks, carrying deposits running from $2,500,-
000 to $3,500,000. Walla Walla has a five-troop United States cavalry post, and
the Washington State penitentiary is located here. It has three hotels and numer-
ous restaurants and lodging houses. It is also an important railway center, the
O. R. & N. Co.'s branches to Wallula, Dixie, and Dudley having their termini
here. Continuing northward, we pass in quick succession Valley Grove, Hadlcy,
and Prescott, then comes

Bolles, Washington. In the rich Walla Walla Valley. Population, 50.
Grain shipping-point. Lands productive and high priced. The junction with the
branch to

Waitshurg, Washington. Population, 1,000. Four churches, a pub-
lic school and a denominational academy, planing mill and chop mill, a combined
harvester manufactory, a bank, a flouring mill with a capacity of 350 barrels a day.
Surrounding region rich in soil. And to

Dayton, Washington. Population, 3,000. Eleven churches, four
schools, a brewery and malt house, two flouring mills. Surrounded by rich grain-
growing lands, where there never was a crop failure. Good timber, convenient
and fine trout streams. Again we take the main line and continue our northward
journey. Menoken and Alto are passed, and we arrive at

Startmck, Washington. Population, 371. About 6,000 acres of rich
wheat lands tributary. Some government lands yet open, chiefly suited for grazing.
The junction points with the branch for Delaney, Chard, Zumwalt, and

Pomeroy, Washington. Township population, 1,200. Six churches,
a grammar school of eight grades, and a high school, one bank, two newspapers,
a flouring mill, a feed mill, and a planing mill. In the heart of one of the richest
grain, fruit, and vegetable growing regions on the Pacific Coast. Land from $5.00
to $25.00 an acre. Two hotels at $1.00 a dav and ud. The next station is

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 319

Grange City, which will be described in plait- cm the line Id Spokane, and we
retrace our steps to Pendleton, take up again the main line, and after passing
Barnhart, Yorkum, and Nolin, we reach

Echo, Oregon. Population, tributary, 800. Good school, two churches,
flouring mill with a capacity of 150 barrels a day. Three irrigation ditches leave
the Umatilla River near Echo, and water a large body of rich lands. All
kinds of grain, grasses, and vegetables flourish. Good opportunities for
homeseekers.

Umatilla, Oregon. Population, 250. Junction of Spokane and Hunt-
ington lines of the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company. District school,
Umatilla and Stokes irrigation ditch, seven miles long; soil, under irrigation, good
for grass and fruit, especially melons.

Here we decide to make a side trip, in a northeasterly direction, to Spokane and
its interesting environments. Following the banks of the beautiful Columbia,
we pass Cold Springs and Juniper and arrive at

Wallula, Washington. A town of 500 inhabitants, and principally
important as a railway junction-point, for here converge the several branches of
the O. R. & N. Co. and the Washington & Columbia River railroad.

Leaving Wallula, we are taken along the banks of the beautiful Snake River, and
pass rapidly the small stations of Humorist, Snake River, Page, Simmons, Walkers,
Scott, Moore, and Aver, and reach Grange City, where the line from Pendleton has
its connection. Crossing the Snake River we are landed at Riparia, where we may
leave the train and take the O. R. & N. Co.'s steamers, "Spokane" or "Lewiston,"
for the trip up the Snake River to

Lewiston, Idaho. Population, 3,000. County seat of Nez Perce Countv,
beautifully situated at the junction of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, and sur-
rounded by one of the richest farming, fruit-growing, stock-raising and mining re-
gions in the Pacific Northwest. The town has fine waterworks, electric light and
sewerage systems; five churches, the State Normal School, private academies for
boys and girls, and good public schools; three banks, a number of the largest mercan-
tile houses in the state, two flouring mills, two sawmills, a foundry, and a sash and
door factory. The United States land office is here, and a splendid steel
bridge unites Lewiston with Clarkston, on the opposite side of Snake River,
thus virtually combining the names of the two famous explorers in a dual city.
The Clarkston Irrigation Company has invested $1,000,000 in canals, ditches,
and other improvements. The city is the supply and distribution point for all
the great mining regions about Buffalo Hump, Elk City, and Florence, and has daily
lines of stages to all important camps. Returning to Riparia we again resume the
rail journey.

La Cl'OSSe, Washington. Population, nominal; is the junction with
the branch to Pampa, Hooper, Washtucna, Kahlotus, Sulpher, and Connell.

Colfax, Washington. Population, 3,500. County scat of Whitman
County, which has produced $4,500,000 worth of wheat in a single year's crop, or
$180.00 for every man, woman, and child in its borders, besides hundreds of thou-
sands more in other grains, fruit, vegetables, live stock, wool, and dairy stuff. The soil
is unsurpassed on earth in fertility. Near Colfax has been raised 83 bushels of wheat
to the acre, and five miles north of the town there have been harvested 706 bushels
from ten acres. Crops of 90 bushels of barley and 1 25 bushels of oats to the acre are
not uncommon. Three public schools and one private school, a college, eight
churches, a hospital, two newspapers, three banks, two of them national, that have

320 OVER THE RANGE

for several years past paid annual profits of 35 per cent.; a sawmill, a flouring mill,
iron works, roller feed-mill factory, elevators, warehouses, and all ordinary business
houses, electric lights, waterworks and grain elevator factory. An important grain
and fruit shipping-point. Whole region fertile, growing and prosperous, and new
settlers coming in every day.

Pullman, Washington. Population of 'township, 2,000. Seat of State
Agricultural College and Experimental Station, good public schools, two banks, two
newspapers, churches of various denominations. Surrounding country rich in soil,
and yielding heavy crops of wheat, oats and barley, vegetables and fruits.

MOSCOW, Idaho. County seat of Latah County. Population, 5,000. Seat
of State University of Idaho. Has waterworks, electric light, telephone, and sewer-
age systems; a high school and three public schools, nine churches, three banks, four
newspapers, eight grain warehouses, one flouring mill, two feed mills, three saw-
mills, one brick factory. Placer and quartz mines near. Surrounding region rich
in soil, producing all varieties of grains, grasses, fruits.

Oake.sdale, Washington. Population immediately tributary, 6,000.
Six churches, fine public school with handsome brick building of eight rooms, a
flouring mill with capacity of 100 barrels a day, one newspaper, machine shops,
and lumber yard. Country rich in resources for farming, fruit-growing and stock-
raising.

Garfield, Washillg'ton. Population, 1,000. Four churches, a school
with eight departments, a bank, a live weekly paper. Supply point for the Cceur
d'Alene mines that lie east of it. Surrounded by one of the richest agricultural
regions in the country.

Tekoa, Washington. Junction of Oregon Railroad & Navigation Co.
Spokane line and Cceur d'Alene branch. Three churches, two schools, an opera
house, and lodges of all the fraternal orders, a flouring mill, creamery, fruit drier,
sash and door and box factories under construction. Rich agricultural region and
mineral belt near. On the Cceur d'Alene branch are

Harrison, Idaho. Population, 1,100. Five churches, a good school, one
newspaper, six sawmills, shipping 300 carloads of lumber a month; several promis-
ing mines being developed. The town is situated on Cceur d'Alene Lake at the
mouth of St. Joseph River, in a picturesque region with a delightful climate, and is
becoming a popular summer resort. Soil of the St. Joe Valley wonderfully pro-
ductive.

Wardlier, Idaho. Population of township, 3,200. Three mines in opera-
tion, and promising prospects in every direction; three concentrators, four churches,
two schools, one newspaper, one bank, one hospital, and business houses in all
usual lines, and a free reading-room. Man}- excellent opportunities for mining
men, either as prospectors or investors. Fine fishing and hunting, deer, bear,
grouse, and trout. Delightful summer climate.

Wallace, Idaho. Population, 2,500. In the heart of the famous Cceur
d'Alene mining region, which, since its discovery in 1884, has produced nearly
$80,000,000 in gold, silver and lead, and which shipped 34,851 tons of ore during the
single month of October, 1900. Ten mines in operation, extensive sampling works,
four churches, two banks, three newspapers, two hospitals, a high school, a
foundry, two breweries, a planing mill, wholesale grocery and hardware houses.
From Wallace extend branches to the mining regions of Burke and Mullan. On
the main stem again, we encounter

Latah, Washington. Population of township, 1,200. Three churches,

3 22 OVER THE RANGE

one school, a bank and a weekly paper. Situated in a great grain and cattle-raising
region, where dairying is profitable.

Fairfield, Washington. Population of township, 769. Five large grain
warehouses, planing mill, two churches, a good school. Surrounding region as rich
as a garden, yielding unfailing crops of grain, sugar-beets and all ordinary fruits
and vegetables. Pure, soft water found everywhere at a depth of 15 to 25 feet.
From Fairfield a short branch extends to

Waverly, Washington. Population, 600. A beet-sugar factory that
used 6,000 tons of beets last year, three stores, two churches, a good public school
and two large warehouses.

Rockfbrd, Washington. Population of township, 2,000. A flouring
mill, with capacity of 300 barrels a day, three sawmills, a brick and tile plant, five
general merchandise stores, one bank, a weekly newspaper, three churches, good
public schools. Fine timber land to the north, and rich prairie south. Abun-
dance of pure, soft water, and good chances for homeseekers.

Spokane, Washington. The falls of the Spokane River, in the heart
of the city, have 374,000 possible horse-power, or more than four times as much as
St. Anthony's Falls at Minneapolis. The minimum is 32,000 horse-power, of which
only about 7,000 is utilized. The population in 1880 was 300; in 1890 it was
19,222, an increase of 6,200 per cent in ten years. It is now 37,047, an increase of
245 per cent since the census of 1890. In 1880 the total assessed valuation was
$1,800, in 1900 it was $19,636,621, an increase of 1,090,900 per cent. Nine rail-
roads center in the city, four trans-continental and five local, and twenty-two pas-
senger trains arrive and depart daily. The city owns its waterworks systems, which
cost $1,000,000, and pays a yearly cash revenue of $115,000. It has seventy-five
miles of graded streets, thirty-five miles of electric railway, excellent electric light,
gas, and sew r erage systems; two daily and eight weekly newspapers, besides a number
of monthlies, and five banks, with a capitalization of $1,500,000 and deposits
amounting to $5,550,000. Its bank clearings have increased 300 per cent in five
years, aggregating now $65,000,000 a year. It has sixty-one churches, eighteen
public schools, including a high school, with buildings and property valued at
$700,000; three business colleges and a number of private and denominational
institutions, while but a short distance away are the State Normal School at Cheney,
and the State Agricultural College and Experimental Station at Pullman. New
buildings, costing $1,500,000, are now in process of construction, and ten and one-
half miles of new pavements were laid last year. The city has four flouring mills,
with a capacity of 3,000 barrels a day, and has, in a single season, shipped 537,000
barrels of flour to China and Japan. It has over 200 manufacturing establish-
ments, including flour, lumber, shingle, and planing mills; foundries, iron works,
machine and car shops; furniture and sash and door factories, breweries, bakeries,
tanneries, woolen mills, and a beet-sugar factory near at hand; cigar, cracker, pickle,
soap, broom, and tent and awning factories; potteries, tile and terra-cotta works,
brickyards, and stone and marble works; soda, mineral-water, vinegar, cider,
and bottling works. Fort Wright, in the edge of the city, is one of the most beau-
tifully situated army posts in the United States. There are six large modern hotels.
Spokane is the debarking points for the famous Kootenai mining region of British
Columbia.

Returning, without delay, to Umatilla, we again resume the journey toward
Portland. From Umatilla to Portland the line of the railway clings closely to the
banks of the beautiful Columbia River.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 323

MIGHTY
COLUMBIA.

Peerless in Beauty.

Historic in interest and peerless in the pictur-
esque beauty of its surroundings, the mighty Co-
lumbia River, with a How at times of over 1,600,000
cubic fed of water every second — greater than the
Mississippi or St. Lawrence ever attains — fed by
the everlasting snow fields and glaciers, gracefully
winds its way through the Pacific Northwest, grow-
ing in size until, at a point fifteen miles above it-.
mouth, it reaches tin- remarkable width of seventeen miles.

For two hundred miles or more it forms the boundary line between Oregon and
Washington, and for the greater part of this distance the scenery is unsurpass-
able. He who travels along or sails upon this matchless river for the first time
is overwhelmed. From the Pacific Ocean to Portland, one hundred and ten miles,
the Columbia and Willamette are navigable to the large ocean-going vessels, while
from Portland to the Dalles, nearly one hundred miles, lines of steamers ply, pass-
ing through the Cascade Locks, where the United States government has recently
expended over $3,000,000 in order to overcome the rapids at that point.

There is much of interest in the story of the discovery of the Columbia river,
and in the history of its exploration during the half-century or more following. To
Captain Robert Gray, in the American ship, Columbia, of Boston, belongs the
honor of first sailing the river which bears the name of his vessel. The Columbia
and its sister ship, the Washington, were sent out from Boston in 1787, on a fur-
trading expedition to the North Pacific Coast. In May, 1792, when opposite the
point now known as Fort Stevens, noticing that an immense body of water poured
from the land into the ocean, Captain Gray determined to investigate, resulting
in the discovery of the great stream. Captain Cook, on his exploring expedition
of 1778, failed to notice the entrance, and the ships of Vancouver, which had
passed up the coast a few weeks previously, learned first of the great river from
Captain Gray, whose vessel they fell in with at sea. Soon afterwards explorers
sailed up the river for a considerable distance, and penetrated far into the interior.

Heppner Junction, Oregon. Population, 50, 152 miles east of Port-
land. Junction of Heppner branch with main line of Oregon Railroad & Navigation
Company. Shipping-point for live stock, wool, and grain. Seven miles of
irrigation ditches in vicinity. Soil fertile in grass, grain, and fruit. Good winter
grazing.

Heppner, Oregon. Population, 1,146. County seat of Morrow County.
Both town and county arc new, both growing daily. It has five churches, a public
school employing eight teachers, two live newspapers, splendid (Waterworks and
electric light system, a national bank earning $500,000 of deposits, four
wholesale and retail general merchandise houses, a planing mill, two large grain
and wool warehouses, a cold-storage plant. It has a flouring mill that runs day
and night, and turns out seventy barrels of high-grade flour a day. The Heppner
Mining Company is developing the Mayflower group of mines in the Susanville
district, with fine gold prospects. The surrounding country, though as yet thinly
settled, is rich in all agricultural and pastoral resources. With a total population
of but 4,151, the county last year produced 1,000,000 bushels of wheat, worth $450,-
000. Heppner handles 3,000,000 pounds of wool a year, and is the trading-point
for large sections of Morrow, Grant, Crook, Wheeler, Gilliam, and Malheur coun-
ties. Again on the main line, we come to

Arlington, Oregon. Population, 488. Two churches, one graded school,

3 2 4 OVER THE RANGE

one national bank, one weekly newspaper, two hotels, an extensive cold-storage
plant. Ships much wheat, wool and live stock. Rich soil.

Biggs, Oregon. Junction of Columbia Southern Railway with Oregon
Railroad & Navigation Company. Important grain shipping-point. Sherman
County, in which it is situated, with but 900 voters, produced 3,000,000 bushels
of wheat in 1900, worth, at fifty cents a bushel, $1,500,000.

At Dalles we enter the beautiful scenery of the lower Columbia.
Mosier, Oregon. Population, 300. Surrounded by rich farming region;
soil adapted to every variety of grain, grass, fruit, and vegetable. Fine fishing
in neighboring streams.

Hood River, Oregon. Population, 700. Three churches, one school.
Center of one of the greatest fruit-growing regions in the world. Hood River took
sixteen medals on fruit at the Chicago Exposition, including seven on apples. It
ships from 75 to 125 carloads of strawberries each season. Cherries have paid
as much as $1,950 an acre, clear profit for a single crop; strawberries, $900, and
apples, $25.90 from a single tree. Hood River apples are sold all over the United
States. Numerous extensive fruit-shipping companies and a lumbering plant,
and business houses of all kinds. Many inducements to farmers and fruit-raisers.
Centered in delightful and charming surroundings, sixty-six miles east of Port-
land, on the line of the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company, nestles the pros-
perous and enterprising little town of Hood River, the mart of the famous fruit
valley of the same name. The climate is ideal the year round, the rigors of winter
and the extremes of summer being unknown.

For scenic charms few spots equal it, and it is rapidly coming to the front as
the popular summer resort of the Upper Columbia River, offering the happy com-
bination of rest and quiet life with pure and exhilirating mountain air. In the
foreground is the majestic Columbia; across the river, in Washington, towering
high above the other nearby peaks is snow-crowned Mount Adams, 12,470 feet
high; in the opposite direction — to the south twenty-seven miles — is Mount Hood,
perpetually covered with snow, rearing its head heavenward 11,225 f eet > and form-
ing a picturesque background to the valley; and on the east and west are the forest-
covered foot-hills of the Cascades.

Nowhere else in the entire world is there a simi-
lar-sized section where Nature has provided such
an abundance of unparalleled mountain scenery as
in the Pacific Northwest. Three general ranges,
linked by numerous cross-spurs, traverse it in a
north and south direction — the Coast ten to twenty
miles from the ocean, having an extreme altitude of
of 4,000 feet; the Cascades, one hundred to one hun-
dred and fifty miles inward, ranging in height from 6,000 to 12,000 feet, and the
Blue Mountains, in Eastern Oregon and Washington, from 3,000 to 10,000 feet.

But the trip of all mountain trips in this matchless scenic wonderland of the
Pacific Northwest, is to the snow-capped summit of one of the mighty and silent
sentinels which tower high above the lesser peaks. Mount Adams, Mount Saint
Helen, Mount Jefferson, and Mount Rainier, perpetually crowned with snow,
stand forth in wondrous fascination. But more beautiful and impressive than
all combined is Mount Hood, the pride of the mountain climbers and tourists.
Fifty miles east of Portland by air-line and ninety-three by shortest route, this favor-
ite proudly rears its head 11,225 ^ eet heavenward, thousands of feet above every

MOUNT HOOD.

Cloud Cap Inn.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 325

neighboring object. It is one of the most notable peaks in the West, serving as
a guide-post to Lewis and Clark on their memorable trip of exploration to the
coast in 1805-6, and later to the pioneers who passed over the latent gold ledges
of the rich Sumpter district, glanced at the beautiful valleys, climbed the mountains
through forests of pine and fir, slept on the bunch-grass plains — Oregon's future
grain fields — and with one eye on Mount Hood, hastened on to Western Oregon.

Easily accessible, hundreds climb to its summit every summer. The trip is
delightful in every particular, those who have once experienced it always being
eager to repeat the pleasure.

From Mount Hood Station conveyance is taken for a coaching trip to Cloud
Cap Inn, which stands on the northeastern slope of the mountain, at an elevation of
6,800 feet. Up through the pretty and prosperous town the coach starts on its
twenty-seven mile spin, the road leading past scores of well-kept apple and straw-
berry farms, for which the valley is noted, the unique and picturesque cabin, sur-
rounded by smaller ones, being reached in time for supper. Comfortably furn-
ished, with pine logs blazing in the huge fireplaces, and with a table supplied with
everything that a hungry visitor could wish, the place is most inviting.

From Cloud Cap Inn the summit of Mount Hood seems but a step away, but
in fact the distance to its top is four miles. A three minutes walk from the Inn
brings the mountain climber to Eliot Glacier, on the northeast slope of the moun-
tain, a mile long by a third of a mile wide. From its base the stream of Hood River
has its source. Coe Glacier lies on the north slope of the mountain, Sandy Glacier
on the southwest, Zigzag Glacier, west of south, White River Glacier, east of south,
Newton Clark Glacier, southeast, and one vast unnamed icefield southwest of
the Ladd Glacier.

For three miles, from the Inn to the top of Cooper's Spur, the way leads over
ground devoid of snow, then for a mile snow and ice are encountered. The rope
line begins about 900 feet from the summit, and for a fourth of this distance alpen-
stock and pluck are also needed, but the top once reached, the plucky climber is
well repaid for the effort. To the north, sixty miles, is Mount Adams, 12,470 feet
high; on Puget Sound, one hundred and fifty miles away, is Mount Rainier, 14,440
feet; and to the west is Mount Saint Helen, 9,750 feet. For miles and miles the
mighty Columbia is seen winding its way through the great section, while in
every direction, as far as eye can see, stretch bounteous fields of grain and fertile
valleys.

Those who do not care to scale the summit of the mountain have ample oppor-
tunity to hunt and fish, the forests in the vicinity of Cloud Cap Inn abounding with
deer, bear, cougars, grouse, quail, and other game, while the streams are tilled with
speckled beauties.

VientO, Oregon. An important lumber manufacturing point, surrounded
by fine timber. Good fishing and hunting. United States fish hatchery just across
the Columbia River opposite the station.

Cascade Locks, Oregon. Where the United States Government has
expended over four million dollars in constructing a canal around the falls of the
Columbia River. Forty-five miles east of Portland. Population, 375. Two churches,
a public school, a sawmill, fish wheels and extensive salmon fisheries. Amid the
grand scenery of the Cascade Mountains and Columbia River Gorge. Fine trout
stream. Charming summer resort.

Bonneville, Oregon. Forty-one miles east of Portland. Beautiful pic-
nic and camping grounds, splendid scenery, streams alive with trout. A day spent

326 OVER THE RANGE

here at the foot of the Cascades, with rich trout streams on every hand, is rest
that is refreshing.

MultoilOlliall Falls, Oreg'Oll. Multonomah, the grandest of all
Columbia's falls, at the very foot of which the train makes a four-minute stop
that passengers may leave the cars and, from a specially constructed platform,
behold the beautiful spectacle as it tumbles over the top of a precipice eight hun-
dred and forty feet high.

Gordon Falls, Mist and Bridal Veil follow in quick succession.

LatOUrelle, Oregon. Population, 350. Two schools, extensive saw-
mills and lumbering-plant. Latourelle Falls, two hundred and twenty-five feet
high, and one of the most picturesque cataracts in the state Far-famed Rooster
Rock within one and a half miles.

Troiltdale, Oregon. Population, 500. Two churches, one school, large
slaughter and packing houses, one of the largest establishments of the kind on
the coast. Surrounded by a rich fanning region; fine scenery, gravel roads and
bicycle paths, streams full of trout.

Fairview, Oregon. Population, 250. Two churches, one school, flour-
ishing creamery, and cheese factory. Rich agricultural region.

Then comes Portland, the metropolis of the northwest (described elsewhere in
this volume), and we have completed our journey, so far as the railway is con-
cerned, but we should not overlook the

PACIFIC OCEAN TRIP: PORTLAND TO
SAN FRANCISCO.

And pleasurable as are all these trips offered by the Oregon Railroad & Navigation
Company — up and down the Columbia, to the mountains, beaches, and inland
resorts — one yet remains — by ocean steamer from Portland to San Francisco —
that possesses delights and charms not enjoyed on the others. Staunchly built and
thoroughly equipped in every particular, the steamships of the Oregon Railroad &
Navigation Company make the trip in about fifty hours, and there is rest and new
fife in every one of the seven hundred and sixty-five miles.

The steamship Columbia, having accommodations for nearly two hundred first-
class passengers, and almos as many second-class, is a type of the^line and the
pride of the ocean-traveling public between the two places. She is safe, complete,
and perfect in every detail, thousands of dollars having recently been expended in
improving, refitting, and furnishing her. She is two hundred and thirty-four feet
long, forty feet wide, and twenty-two feet deep; has the latest and most improved
engines, with two thousand two hundred horse-power, steam-steering gear, and
electric fights and bells. She has spacious aad well-furnished saloons, and her
staterooms, bathrooms, and toilet-rooms are models of completeness. The meals
are in keeping with the splendid equipment and reputation of the steamship. The
officers are always obliging and courteous, and spare no pains in making the
passengers comfortable and the trip pleasant. No accident has ever occurred to
the Columbia, or to her sister ships of this line, but as a precaution she carries seven
life-boats, six large life-rafts and hundreds of life-preservers.

The scenery on this trip includes the beauties of the Lower Columbia through
miles and miles of the famous salmon-fishing waters, past Astoria, and out the
mouth of the great river, between Fort Canby and North Head on the right, and

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 327

Fort Stevens and the costly government jetty on the left. The forest-covered
slopes of the Coast mountains form a pretty and striking background to the point
where water and shore meet. Speedily the steamship plows her way southward
through the liquid sapphire, past lonely Tillamook lighthouse, dangerous Rogue
River Reef, Cape Mendocino, Humboldt Bay, and Point Arena, then into California's
beautiful and world-famed Golden Gate, shortly afterward pulling alongside the
company's wharf, where the passengers, refreshed, invigorated, and captivated by
their ocean jaunt, with reluctance, leave the boat.

328

OVER THE RANGE

ALTITUDE OF MOUNTAIN PEAKS OP THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS.

Colorado and Utah.

KAMPART RANGE.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

14,147 Pike's Peak El Paso Manitou Springs.

FRONT RANGE.

From Lulu Pass to Canon City in the transverse valley of the Arkansas. This range
divides Grand County from Boulder County, passes through Gilpin County, Clear Creek County,
and Park County, and ends in Fremont County.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

14,271. .Long'sPeak . .Boulder. . .Boulder. 14,336. .Torrey'sPeak.ClearCreek.Georgetown.

13,173. .Audubon Boulder.. .Sunset. 14,411. .Gray's Peak.. .Clear Creek. Georgetown.

13.520. .Arapahoe Boulder.. .Sunset. 14,321. .Evans Peak.. .Clear Creek.Georgetown.

13,283. .James Peak. . .Gilpin Central City. 14,340. .Mt. Rosalie.. .Clear Creek. Georgetown.

13,133. .Perry's Peak. . Gilpin Central City. 12,446. .Bison Peak. . .Park Fairplay.

12,873. .Mount Flora. .Gilpin Central City.

MEDICINE BOW RANGE.

Is due northern continuation of the North Range.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

13,832 Haynes Peak Larimer

13,167 Clark's Peak Larimer

BLUE RTVER RANGE.

Sometimes called Eagle River Mountains; runs parallel with the Park Range through
Summit County. It ends in the western part of Park County.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

13, 398.. Mount Powell. Summit. .Dillon. 13,565. Mount Guyot Summit. Breckenridge.

12, 382.. Red Peak Summit. .Dillon. 13, 800. Mount Hamilton. Summit. Bn>ckenridge.

12,890.. Miles Peak.. . .Summit. .Dillon. 13,835. Silver Heel Park . . . . Como.

13,200. .Whale Peak. . .Park Breckenridge.

PARK RANGE.

Begins in the northern boundary of the State, marking the boundary lines of Routt and
Larimer and ends in the transverse range of the Arkansas Mountains, passing through Eagle,
Summit, Lake, Park, and Chaffee Counties,

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

12,126. . Mount Zirkel. Larimer. 14,008. .Sherman Pat k Alma.

14,269. .Quandary Summit .Breckenridge. 13,750.. Sheridan (No. 2). Park Fairplay.

14,297. .Lincoln Park Alma. 13,909. .Horseshoe Park Fairplay.

13, 796.. Arkansas Park Alma. 13,738. .Ptarmigan Park Fairplay.

13,961 . .Buckskin Park Alma. 13,328. .Buffalo Peak Parfi Fairplay.

14,185..Bross Park Alma. 14,132. .Goat's Peak Park Fairplay.

13,650.. Evans (No. 2). Park Alma.

SAGUACHE RANGE.

Begins in Eagle County and runs parallel with the Park Range, the Arkansas River flowing
between them in the southern region. It traverses Lake and Chaffee counties and ends in the
Cochetopa Hills, the central part of the Continental Divide.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

,, 17fi ( Mount of the ? t- orr1 „ -rq^ nnfF 14,375. .Harvard, Chaffee Buena Vista.

I4,wt> j Ho iy cross. ^agie....Keawiir. 14,187. .Yale Chaffee. ...Buena Vista.

13,073.. Homestake Ragle.... Red Clif*. 14,199. .Princeton.... Chaffee. ...Salida.

14,424 .Mount .Massive. Lake Leadville. 14 245. .Antero Chaffee Salida.

14,436 .Elbert Lake Leadville. 14,239. .Shavano Chaffee. ...Maysville.

14,302. .La Plata Peak.. Chaffee.. Buena Vista. 14,055. .Ouray Chaffee.... Marshall Pass.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 329

ELK MOUNTAINS OR ASPEN GROUP.

This range is a great semi-circle o^ mountains In Pitkin County, with Aspen In the career
and with spurs running into the adjoining county of Gunnison.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

12,823.. Sopris Peak... .Pitkin Carbondale. 13,327. .While Back.. .Gunnison. Crested Butte.

13,097. .Capital Peak. . .Pitkin Aspen. 13,113. .Teocalli Peak. Gunnison. crested Butte.

13, 978.. Snow Mass Pitkin Aspen. 13,956. .Grizzly Pitkin Aspen.

14,008. .Maroon Peak.. Pitkin Aspen. 13.350. .Italian Peak . .Gunnison. Crested Butte.

13,885. .Pyramid Peak. . Pitkin Aspen. 13,357. . White Rock. . .Pitkin Aspen.

14,115. .Castle Peak. . . .Pitkin Aspen.

WEST ELK MOUNTAIVs.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point,
13,102 West Elk Peak Gunnison Gunnison.

SANGRE DE CRISTO RANGE.

It unites at its northern point with the Arkansas Hills, which run east and west, and with
the Cochetopa Hills, which run from the southwest to the northeast and which form a part of
the Continental Divide.

N. B.— There are many unnamed peaks above 13,000 feet in this range.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

12,446. .Hunt's Peak.. .Fremont . .Poncha. 14,233. .Crestone Crant Moffat.

12,863. .Rito Alto Custer Villa Grove. 14,041. .Humboldt Custer Silver Cliff.

13,600.. Silesia Peak.. .Custer Hot Springs. 14,483. .Sierra Blanca. .Costilla Alamosa.

1 3,729 . . Gibson Peak . ..Custer Hot Springs. 14, 176 .. Old Baldy Costilla Blanca.

13,447. . Horn Peak .... Custer Moffat. 13,615 . . Grayback Costilla Blanca.

CULEHA RANGE.

Is a continuation of the Sangre de Cristo Range.

Height, Name. County. Nearest Point.

14,079 Culeha Peak Las Animas Trinidad.

13,61 1 Trinchera Las Animas Trinidad.

13,718 Spanish Peak Las Animas Trinidad.

THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS.

This range is the southern part of the Continental Divide. It has many lateral ranges,
like buttresses, and its general course is from southeast to northwest, where it joins with the
Uncompahgre Range and the Cochetopa Hills. It is very little known, and contains many high
unnamed mountains. It is spread over Saguache, Hinsdale (southern part), Archuleta, Rio
Grande and Conejos counties.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

14,032.. Stewart Peak... Saguache.. Lake City, -io iK4 MawimhV; Pnalr Hinsrt.le (Wagon
14, 100.. San Luis Peak. .Saguache. .Lake City. 1^.154. Macomb s .Peak.. Hinsdale. } WneelGap-

13,131.. Mesa Peak Saguache. .Lake City. 12.673. Bellevue Peak.. .Rio Grande.Del Norte.

12,840.. Bristol Head.... Hinsdale.. . 13,081. Del Norte Peak. Rio Grande.Del Norte.

14,092. .Red Cloud Hinsdale.. .Lake City. 13,347. Conejos Rio Grande. j Pagosa

14,149. .Handies Peak.. .Hinsdale.. .Lake City. 12, 824. Banded Peak Archuleta .. J Springs.

13,400. .PoleCreekPeak.Hinsdale.. .Lake City. 14,065. Simpson's Peak..Rio Grande.Del Norte.
12,506. .San Juan Peak. .Hinsdale.. .

NEEDLE MOUNTAINS.

A series of short ranges on the west side of the Grand Divide, buttressing the San Juan
Mountains. It contains many high isolated peaks named and unnamed.

tight. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

12,305 \ She ^ d an 1 f eak \ La Plata. . .Durango. 14,055 { *%%£$& \ ' ' San Juan ' ■ ■ Needleton.

14,054. .^olus La Plata. . .Durango. 13,542. . Mount Kendall.San Juan Silverton.

14,051. .Needle Peak La Plata. . .Durango. 13,356. .Mount Canby. .San Juan Silverton.

13,755. .Mount Oso La Plata. . .Durango. 13,550. .King Solomon. San Juan Silverton.

13,928. .Pigeons Peak La Plata. . .Durango. 13,501. .Sultan San Juan Silverton.

13,357. .The Hunchback. San Juan. .Durango.

330 OVER THE RANGE

OURAY MOUNTAINS.

A prolongation of the San Miguel Mountains to the north, uniting with the Uncompahgre
chain, which runs from west to east.

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.
14,340 Mount Sneffels Ouray Ouray.

SAN MIGUEL MOUNTAINS.

Nearest
Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Point.

14,075. .Unnamed San Miguel. Telluride. 13.890. .Unnamed Dolores Rico.

14,160. .Lizard Head . .San Miguel. Trout Lake. 12,703. .Mount Freeman. Dolores Rico.

14,309. ..Mount Wilson. Dolores Ophir. 12,516. .Mount Elliott Dolores Rico.

13,502. .Dolores Peak. Dolores Ophir. 12,542. .Anchor Doleres Rico.

12,703..MountDolores.Dolores Rico. 12,635. .Lone Cone.. .an Miguel.Telluride.

LA PLATA MOUNTAINS.

Are a prolongation south of the San Miguel Range.
Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

13,376 Hesperus Montezuma Dolores.

13.456 Babcock La Plata Durango.

UNCOMPAHGRE MOUNTAINS.
This range is short and runs from west to east. It contains some very high mountains,
usually at right angles- to the chain.
Height. Name. County. Nearest Paint.

14,419 Uncompahgre Hinsdale Ouray.

14,069 The Wetterhorn Hinsdale Ouray.

WASATCH MOUNTAINS (UTAH).

This is the principal mountain range of Utah and extends from north to south through the

central part of the state. Salt Lake City lies at its feet. Some of its peaks are snow-capped the

year round. Nearest

Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. Coanty. Point.

12 080 .Twin Peaks. ...Salt Lake.. Salt Lake City. Timpanogos . ...Utah Provo.

12,194. .Monte Cristo.. .Weber Ogden. 10,100. .Mount Heber. . .Wasatch Heber.

12i062. .Clayton's Peak. Wasatch. . .Park City.

UINTAH MOUNTAINS (UTAH).
The general trend of this range is east and west. It is just north of the Uintah Indian
reservation near the Wyoming line.
Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

11 730. .Mount Baldy. . .Wasatch Heber, 13,787. .Gilbert Wasatch Heber.

12!000. .Mount Agassi/.. Summit Heber. 12,000. .Mount Nebo Juab Goshen.

13,000. .Wilson's Peak. .Wasatch Heber.

OQUIRRH RANGE (UTAH).
This is the beautiful range of mountains that skirts the western shores of Great Salt Lake
and extends north and south parallel with the Wasatch Mountains. It has no prominent peaks,
the entire range averaging an elevation of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Mount Nebo might be
considered in this range, which joins hands on the south with the mighty Wasatch.

HENRY MOUNTAINS (UTAH).
Away in the southeastern corner of the state lie the Henry Mountains, the Elk Range, the
La Sals, and the Blue Mountains. These have recently come into prominence by location of
valuable mineral deposits.
Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. Height. Name. County. Nearest Point.

11, 470.. Mount Ellen Garfield. .Green River. 13,000. .Mount Peale....San Juan.. Thompson.

11,050. .Mount Pennel.. .Garfield. .Green River. 12.271. .Mount Tomaski. Grand Thompson.

11,000. .Mount Linnfeus.San Juan.Thompson. 12,586. .Mount Waas — Grand Thompson.

DEEP CREEK MOUNTAINS (UTAH).
The Deep Creek Range extends north and south along the border between Utah and
Nevada. These mountains, like the Parowan, Iron, and numerous other small ranges in the
southwestern portion, are but spurs of the main mountain range known as the Wasatch and of
which the Oquirrhs are a part. There are numerous peaks with an elevation of 8,000 to 10,000
feet.

TO THE GOLDEN GATE.

331

MOUNTAIN PASSES.

Feet.

Alpine Pass 13.550

Argentine Pass 13,100

Cocbetopa Pass 10,032

Hayden Pass 10,780

Trout Creek Pass. 9,346

Berthoud Pass 1 1.349

Marshall Pass 10,856

Veta Pass 9,392

Feet.

Poncha Pass 8,945

Tennessee Pass 10,240

Tarryall Pass 12,176

Breckenridge Pass 9,490

Cottonwood Pass 1 3,500

Fremont Pass 11.540

Mosquito Pass 13,700

Ute Pass 11,200

ELEVATION OF LAKES.

Feet.

Twin Lakes 9,357

Grand Lake 8,153

Green Lakes 10.000

Chicago Lakes 11,500

Evergreen Lakes . . 10,500

Feet.

Seven Lakes 11,806

Palmer Lake 7.238

Cottonwood Lake 7,700

Trout Lake 9.800

ALTITUDES OF TOWNS AND CITIES.

REVISED SINCE FIRST EDITION FROM ENGINEER'S MEASUREMENTS.

Feet.

Alamosa 7,546

Animas City 6,554

Animas Forks 11,200

Antonito 7,888

Aspen 7,874

Buena Vista 7,970

Canon City 5,344

Castle Rock 6,220

Colorado Springs 5,992

Crested Butte 8,875

Creede 9,016

Conejos 7,880

Cottonwood Springs 8,950

Cuchara 5,943

Cumbres 10,015

Delta 4,983

Del Norte 7,880

Denver 5,196

Durango 6,520

El Moro 5,879

Garland 7,936

Granite 8,945

Grand Junction 4,594

Gunnison 7,680

Glenwood Springs 5,758

Howardsville 9,700

Irwin 10,500

Kokomo 10,614

Lake City 8,686

Feet.

La Veta 7,024

Leadville 10,200

Los Piuos 9,637

Montrose 5,811

Malta 9,580

Mancos 7,008

Manitou 6,318

Ojo Caliente 7,324

Ouray 7,721

Ogden, Utah 4,286

Pagosa Springs 7,108

Pinos, Chama Summit 9,902

Poncha Springs 7,480

Palmer Lake 7,238

Pueblo 4,669

Bed Cliff 8,615

Eidgway 7,002

Robinson 10.861

Rosita 8,500

Ruby Camp 10,500

Saguache 7,723

Salt Lake City 4,228

Silver Cliff 7,816

Silverton 9,224

Salida 7,050

Telluride 8,756

Trimble Springs 6,575

Westcliffe 7,864

Wagon Wheel Gap 8,449

PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES.

Acequia A-sa-kia

Crested Butte Crested Bute

Costillia Costea

Canon Can-yon

Cumbres Cum-breez

Cuchara Cu-cha-ra

Canejos Co-na-hos

Chihuahua Che-wa-wa

Huerfano. Wa- far-no

La Junta La Hun-ta

La Jara La Hara

La Veta La Va-ta

Manitou Man-i-too

Monero Mo-na-ro

Navajo Na-va-ho

Ojo Caliente O-ho Cal-i-en-te

Ojo O-ho

Pueblo de Taos Pueblo-de-Tows

Pifion Pin-yon

Saguache Si-watch

Sierra Mojeda Sierra Mo-ya-da

Santa Fe San-ta Fay

San Juan San M an

San Miguel San-me-gil

Sapinero Sapi-na-ro

Tlerra Amarilla Tier Ama-rea

Trinchera Trin-chara

Vallejo Vall-a-ho

Wanatoya Wa-ha-toy-ya

INDEX

OF TOWNS AND POINTS OF INTEREST

COLORADO.

Accquia

Alamosa to Espanola and Santa Fe.

Alamosa to Silverton

Alamosa

Animas Canon

Antelope Springs

Antonito

Arkansas River

Aspen

Aspen Branch (D. & R. G. R. R. ).

Avalanche Creek

Bathing at Glenwood Springs . . . .
Bathing Pool at Glenwood Springs.

Bear Creek Falls

Black Canon of the Gunnison . . ..

Bowerman, Camp

Broadmoor

Brown's Canon

Buena Vista

Burnham

Canon City

Canon of the Grand River

Carbondale

Carlile Springs

Castle Rock

Cerro Summit

Cimarron

Cimarron Canon

Chama

Cheyenne Mountain

Chipeta Falls

Chrvsolite Extension (D. & R. G.

R.R.)

Clark's Magnetic Springs

Cliff Dwellings

Coal Basin

Coal Creek Branch

Coal Creek

Colorado City

Colorado Springs

Cottonwood Springs

Crane's Park

Creede

Creede Branch

Crested Butte

Crested Butte Branch

Cripple Creek

Cripple Creek District

Cripple Creek Short Line

Crystal River Railroad

AGE.

17
105
113

99
121

i°3
106

142
5 2
5°
5 2
49
5°

r 34

2 3
40
40
16
33
44
5°
3 1
17

117

43
3i

125

5 2

33
33
23
19

10 3

82
27
32

25
5°

Cuchara Junction 95

Cumbres Pass 117

Curecanti Needle 86

Del Norte 100

Delta 90

Denver 13

Denver to Pueblo 13

Dillon 143

Dolores 129

Dolores Canon 129

Douglas 17

Downward to Dillon 143

Dulce 117

Durango 119

Durango to Ridgway 125

Eagle River Canon 46

Eagle River Valley 46

Elk Park 123

El Moro 93

Florence 32

Florence & Cripple Creek R. R. .. 32

Floresta 84

Fort Logan 16

Fountain 29

Fremont Pass 142

Fruita 57

Garfield Memorial 115

Garland 96

Glen Park 19

Glenwood Springs 49

Grand Junsction 55

Grand River Canon 47

Grand Valley 55

Granite 40

Gunnison 82

Gunnison, Canon of the 86

Gunnison River 86

Hotchkiss 92

Ignacio 119

La Jara 105

Lake City 84.

Lake City Branch 84

Lake Fork Canon 84

La Veta 95

La Veta Pass 95

Leadville 43

Leadville to Dillon 140

Littleton 16

Lizard Head Pass 129

Los Pinos Valley 113

333

334

INDEX.

COLORADO — Continued.

PAGE.

Lost Canon 127

Lumberton 117

Mancos 127

Manitou 23

Marshall Pass 80

Minturn 46

Missouri River to Denver 9

Mears Junction 78

Meeker 55

Monarch Branch 76

Monte Vista 99

Montrose 88

Monument 19

Monument Park 19

Mount of the Holy Cross 44, 142

Mount Princeton Hot Springs .... 40

New Castle 55

North Fork Branch 90

Ophir Loop 131

Ouray 134

Ouray to Montrose 138

Overland Park 16

Pagosa Junction 117

Pagosa Springs 117

Palmer Lake 17

Palmilla 106

Paonia 92

Parkdale 36

Parnassus Springs 31

Penny's Hot Springs 52

Perry Park 17

Petersburg 16

Phantom Curve 113

Pike's Peak 27

Placita 52

Poncha 76

Poncha Pass 78

Poncha Springs 76

Preface 5

Pueblo 29

Pueblo to Ogden 32

Pueblo to Alamosa 93

Red Cliff 44

Red Cliff Canon

Redstone

Ridgway 131,

Rico

Rifle

Romeo

Royal Gorge

Royal Gorge Hot Springs

Salida

Salida to Grand Junction

San Luis Valley Branch

San Luis Valley

Sapinero

Sedalia

Sierra Blanca

Silverton

Silverton to Montrose

Spanish Peaks

Stage Ride, Ouray Toll Road ....

Steamboat Springs

Telluride

Tennessee Pass

Texas Creek

Toltec Gorge

Tomichi Meadows

Trimb'e Hot Springs

Trinidad

Trinidad Branch

Trout Fishing in the Rio Grande . .

Trout Lake

Twin Lakes

Valley View Hot Springs

Vance Junction

Vapor Caves, Glenwood Springs . .

Villa Grove

Wagon Creek Junction

Wagon Wheel Gap

Walsenburg

Waunita Hot Spring

Wellsville Hot Springs

West Cliff

West Cliff Branch

Wolhurst

AGE

5 2

138

129

55
106

36
34
39
76

97
84
17
97
123

133

*33

131
43
36

ir 5

121

93
03

103

129
42
78

131
5°
78
96

101

95
82

39
38
36
17

UTAH.

Alta 66

American Fork 64

Bingham 66

Bingham Branch 66

Bingham Junction 65

Book Cliffs 57

Brigham 304

Cache Junction 304

Castle Gate 59

Climbing the Wasatch 57

Colliston 304

Colton 59

Corinne 145

Cottonwood Branch 66

Dewey 304

Fort du Chesne 59

Geological Features 145

Grand Canon of the Colorado .... 57

Great Salt Lake 70

Green River 57

Helper 50

Hot Springs 68

Hot Springs 304

Jordan River 66

Kelton 146

Kyune 59

Lehi 65

Logan 306

INDEX.

335

UTAH — Continued.

Monument 146

Ogden 144, 3°4

Ogden to San Francisco 144

Ogden to Portland 304

Oregon Short Line 304

Park City 73

Park City Branch 73

Pleasant Valley Branch 00

Price 59

Promontory 145

Provo 62

Provo Canon Branch 64

Red Narrows 60

Saltair 72

Salt Lake 70

Salt Lake City 66

Salt Lake City to Ogden 74

San Pete Branch 60

Soldier's Summit 60

Spanish Fork 62

Spanish Fork Canon 61

Springville 62

Thistle Junction 60

Thompson's 57

Tintic Branch 62

Towns in the Desert 148

Utah Desert 57

Utah Lake 64

Utah Valley 61

Warm Springs 68

"What the Engines Said" 145

Woodside 57

NEW MEXICO.

Aztec 121

Barranca 107

Bloomfield 121

Chama 117

Comanche Canon 108

Dulce 117

Embudo no

Espanola no

Espanola to Santa Fe 1 1 1

Farmington 121

Indian Pueblos no

Lumberton 117

Ojo Caliente 107

Pueblo Santa Cruz no

Pueblo San Juan no

Pueblo de Taos no

Santa Fe in

NEVADA.

Battle Mountain 150

Beowawe 150

Brown's 153

Carlin 149

Carson Lake 153

Carson City 154

Cluro 150

Desert 154

Elko 149

Golconda 150

Gravelly Ford 150

Hot Springs 153

Humboldt 152

Humboldt Valley 149

Humboldt Palisades 149

Humboldt Lake 153

Lake Region 153

Lovelocks 152

Mirage 153

Moores 148

Mud Lake 153

Nevada Desert 152

Oreana 152

Palisades of the Humboldt 149

Palisade 149

Pyramid Lake 153

Rye Patch 152

Reno 154

Sierra Nevada Range 155

Toano 148

Twelve Mile Canon 149

Valley Region 150

Virginia City 154

Wadsworth 154

Walker's Lake 1^3

Wells 148

Winnemucca 152

Winnemucca Lake 153

CALIFORNIA.

Acton 226

Ager 285

Agnews 269

Alameda 269

Alameda Mole 270

Alameda Point 269

Alcatraz Islan 1 176

Alcatraz 233

Alma 267

Alvarado 269

Alviso 269

American River Bridge 162

Anaheim 203

Anderson 278

33 6

INDEX.

CALIFORNIA — Continued.

PAGE.

Angel Island 176

Antioch 180

Antonio 235

Aptos 250

Arbuckle 289

Arcadia 267

Army Point 166

Arroyo Grande 237

Athlone 183

Auburn 160

Azusa 208

Baden 265

Bailey's 281

Bakersfield 188

Banta 166

Bay Shore 266

Beach Drive 237

Belmont 264

Benicia 166

Ben Lomond 266

Bentwood 180

Berenda 183

Beresford 264

Big Trees 266, 273

Boulder Creek 206

Bradley 242

Bromela 236

Buena Park 203

Burbank 225

Burlingame 265

Byron 180

Byron Hot Springs 180

Calaveras Grove 273

Caliente 188

Callender 236

Cameron 190

Campbell 268

Camulos 226

Canons of the Coast Line 232

Cape Horn 160

Capitan 233

Capitola 252

Carnadero 256

Carpinteria 227

Carquinez Straits 166

Cascade 159

Casmalia 235

Castle Crag 281

Castroville 246

Centerville 269

Channel Country 228

Chatsworth Park 225

Chico 277

Chico Vecino 278

Chualar 244

City Hall (San Francisco) 174

Clem 267

Cliff House 169, 175

Cliff Trip 230

Climate 2t8

PAGE.

Climbing the Sierra Nevadas 158

Coast Line 225

Colfax 160

Colma 265

Colton 209

Colusa Junction 289

Compton 194

Concepcion 233

Congress Springs 268

Corning 286

Coronado

Crag View

Cucamonga

Cupertino

Davis

Del Monte

Donnor Lake

Downey

Duarte

Dunnigan

Dutch Flat

Eden Vale

Edgewood

Edna

Edwards City

Elmira

Elsinore Lake

Elwood

Emigrant Gap

Fair Oaks

Famoso

Felton

Fernando

Fillmore

Finello

Florence

Fresno

Gato

Gaviota

Germantown

Gilroy

Gilroy Hot Springs

Glenwood

Goleta

Golden Gate Park 1 7c,

Gonzales

Goshen

Goshen Division

Grover

Guadalupe

Historic Ground

Hollister

Hopkins Institute of Art

Horn, Cape

Horseshoe Incline

Independence Lake

Irrigation

Jalama

Kern River Oil Region

Keswick

218
281
220
268
164
247
158
203

159
2 57
285

237
233
166
210
230

159
264
188
266
225
226
286

104
184

2 33
233
288
256
256
267
230

174
244
186
186
237
235
159
255
174
160
238
158
187

234
188
280

INDEX.

337

CALIFORNIA -Continued.

PAGE.

Kingsburg 185

King's City 243

King's River 186

Kirkwood 288

La Honda 264

Lake Tahoe 155

Lamanda Park 205

Lathrop 180

Laurel 267

Lawrence 262

Le Franc 268

Libraries (San Francisco) 176

Lick Observatory 258

Lincoln 275

Lompoc 234

Lompoc Valley 228, 234

Long Beach 196

Los Alamitos 203

Los Angeles 191

Los Angeles to San Diego 205

Los Angeles to Santa Barbara .... 225

Los Gatos 267

Madear 184

Madrone 257

Markets (San Francisco) 176

Martinez 178

Marysville 275

Matilija Hot Springs 227

Mayfield 262

Maywood Colony 286

Maxwell 289

McKittrick 188

Meehan 267

Menlo Park 264

Merced 183

Metz 243

Millbrae 265

Mint (San Francisco) 176

Mission Dolores 173, 176

Mission Santa Barbara 228

Monterey 247

Monterey County 242

Modesto 183

Mojave 190, 226

Mojave Desert 190

Monrovia 208

Montague 285

Montalvo 226

Morganhill 257

Morocojo 246

Mott 282

Mount Eden 269

Mount Lowe 202

Mount Tamalpais 176

Mountain View 262

Murietta 2 ro

Muir's Peak 284

Naples 232

Narlon 235

Narrow Gauge Line 266

PAGE.

National City 216

Neponset 246

New Almaden 268

Newark 269

New Castle 160

Newhall 190, 225

Newport 204

New Roseville 2 18

Nordhoff 227

Norman 288

Norwalk 203

Oakland 176

Oakland Mole 166

Oceano 237

Oceano to San Miguel 237

Oceanside 210

Oceanview 265

Ontario 220

Opal 252

Orange 204

Orella 233

Orland 288

Oroville 276

Overhanging Rock 233

Oxnard 226

Pacific Grove 249

Pajaro 250

Palo Alto 262

Paraiso Springs m 244

Pasadena 199

Paso Robles 239

Paso Robles Hot Springs 239

Pescadero 264

Pinnacles, The 243

Pinole 166

Piru 226

Plains Region 162

Point Arguello 234

Pomona 223

Port Costa 166

Port Los Angeles 199

Post Office (San Francicso) 175

Presidio Reservation 175

Railway Offices (San Fransicso) . . 176

Raymond 205

Red Bluff 278

Redding 280

Redwood City 264

Redwood Forest 264

Richfield 286

Riverside, East 209

Riverside, South 209

Riverside 210

River Traffic 182

Rocklin 162

Roseville Junction 162

Roseville 218

Russell 269

Sacate 233

Sacramento 162

338

INDEX.

CALIFORNIA —Continued.

PAGE.

Sacramento Canon 281

Salinas 244

San Antonio Mission 243

San Ardo 242

San Augustine 233

San Benito County 254

San Benito Valley 254

San Bernardino 208

San Bernardino County and

Valley 209

San Bruno 265

San Buenaventura 227

San Carlos 264

San Diego 212

San Diego Bay 214

San Diego to Los Angeles 218

San Fernando 190

San Fernando Tunnel 190

San Francisco 1 68

San Francisco, South 265

San Francisco Bay 171

San Francisco to San Diego 168

San Francisco to the Great North-
west . 275

San Gabriel 202

San Gabriel Valley 206

San Joaquin Valley 180

San Jose 255, 258

San Juan 254

San Juan County 254

San Lucas 242

San Luis Obispo 237

San Luis Obispo County 237

San Martin 257

San Mateo 265

San Miguel 242

San Pedro 194

Santa Ana 204

Santa Anita 233

Santa Barbara 228

Santa Catalina 194

Santa Clara 262

Santa Clara Mission 260

Santa Clara Valley 255

Santa Cruz 252

Santa Cruz and Broad Gauge Line. 250

Santa Cruz Mountains 266

Santa Margarita 239

Santa Maria 236

Santa Maria Valley 228

Santa Monica 197

Santa Paula 226

Santa Ysabel 240

Saratoga Springs 268

Saticoy 226

Saugus 225

Schumann 235

Seal Rocks 169, 175

Selma 185

SesDe Canon 226

PAGE.

Shasta 284

Shasta Region 281

Shasta Retreat 282

Shasta Springs 282

Shore Trip to Santa Cruz 250

Short Tours Adjacent to Los

Angeles 194

Sierra Madre Villa 206

Sierra Nevada Range 158

Sims 281

Sisson 282

Sixteenth St. Station 166

Soda Springs 159

Soledad 243

Soldier's Home 199

Somis 227

Southward Bound 178

Spreckle's Sugar Factory 246

Stanford Stock Farm 264

Stanford University 262

Stockton 182

Summerland 227

Summit (Sierra Nevadas) 159

Sunnyvale 262

Surf 234

Sutro Baths 175

Sutro Heights 175

Sweet Brier 281

Sweetwater Dam 218

Tahoe, Lake 155

Tajiguas 233

Tangair 235

Tassajara Springs 246

Tehachapi Pass 189

Tehachapi Summit 189

Tehama 278

Templeton 239

Tipton 187

Tracy 180

Traver 186

Tropico 225

Truckee 15 s

Tulare 187

Tulare County 187

Tustin 204

Union Mill 267

Upper Soda Springs 282

Upton 284

Valencia Street 265

Vallejo Junction 166

Visalia 186

Waldorf 235

Watsonville 250

Webber Lake 158

Webster 164

West San Leandro 269

West San Lorenzo 269

West Side 286

Wheatland -275

Whittier 207

INDEX.

339

CALIFORNIA Continued.

PAGE.

Wildomar 210

Williams 289

Willows 288

Wilson's College 194

Wright 267

PAGE,

Yolo 289

Yosemite, To the 271

Yosemite Valley 271

Yuba River 275

Zayante 267

IDAHO.

American Falls 311

Bellevue 311

Blackfoot 307

Bliss 312

Boise City 312

Caldwell 314

Dubois 307

Franklin 306

Glenn's Ferry 312

Hailev . 312

Harrison 320

Idaho Falls 307

Ketchum 312

Kimama 311

Lewiston 319

Market Lake 307

McCammon 306

Meridian 312

Minidoka 311

Mountain Home 312

Moscow 320

Nampa 312

Oxford 306

Payette 314

Preston 306

Pocatello 314

Shoshone 311

Spencer 307

Wallace 320

Wardner 320

Weiser 314

MONTANA.

Butte 311

Dillon 310

Divide 310

Grand Canon of the Yellowstone . . 308

Lima 310

Melrose 310

Monida 307

Silver Bow 311

Yellowstone National Park . ..307, 308

OREGON.

Albany 292

Ashland 290

Arlington 323

Athena 318

Baker City 314

B fggs 3 2 4

Bingham Springs 316

Bonneville 325

Cascade Locks 325

Columbia River 323

Dalles 324

Divide 292

Durkee 314

Echo 319

Elgin 316

Eugene 292

Fairview '. . 326

Heppner 323

Heppner Junction 323

Hilgard 316

Hood, Mount 324

Hood River 324

Hot Lake 315

Huntington 314

Jacksonville

Kamela .

Lalourelle

Le Grande

Manufacturing

Magnificent Harbor

Meacham

Modern Improvements

Mosier

Multonomah Falls

Mount Hood

Oregon City

Oregon Railway & Navigation Co.

Oregon and the Siskiyou

Pacific Ocean Trip

Pendleton

Perry

Picturesque Surroundings

Pleasant Valley

Portland

Portland to San Francisco

Rogue River Valley

Roseburg

Salem

290
316
326
316

295
299
316
295
324
326

3 2 4
293
3i4
290
326
316
3i6
296
3M
293
326
290
292
292

34°

INDEX.
OREGON — Continued.

Scenic Attractions 292

Siskiyou Station 290

State Line 290

Troutdale 326

Umatilla 319

Umpqua Valley . 292

Union 315

Viento 325

WASHINGTON.

Bolles 318

Climate of Puget Sound 297

Colfax 319

Dayton 318

Fairfield 322

Garfield 320

La Crosse 519

Latah 320

Magnificent Harbor 299

Okesdale 320

Pomeroy 318

Pullman 320

Rockford . . 3 22

Seattle 300

Seattle, Advantages of 302

Seattle, Beauty of

Spokane

Starbuck

Tacoma

Tea Trade with the Orient

Tekoa

Terminal and Shipping Facilities.

Trade with the Middle West

Trade with South America and

Mexico

Waitsburg

Walla Walla

Wallula

Waverlev -

MISCELLANEOUS.

Altitude of Mountain Peaks and
Passes 328

Altitude of Mountain Passes 331

Altitude of Lakes

Altitudes of Towns and Cities . .
Pronunciation of proper names .

302
322
3i8
296
300
320
299
299

3i8
3i8
3JQ
322

331

33*
33*

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University of California

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LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388

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AA 001 031 239 5

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Full text of "Over the range to the Golden Gate : a complete tourist's guide to Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Puget Sound, and the great Northwest"

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